Date post: | 16-Feb-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | lawrence-babatunde-ogunsanya |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 28
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
1/28
Lecture 08: Urbanization & City Growth
Lawrence Ogunsanya
URBAN DESIGN IV
Ur
ban
design
lecture
8
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
2/28
Urbanization is a process that leads to the growth of
cities due to industrialization and economic
development, and that leads to urban- specific changes
in specialization, labour division and human behaviours.
The population is growing at the rate of about 17 million
annually which means a staggering 45,000 births perday and 31 births per minutes.
Industrialization is a process that extensively uses
inanimate sources of energy to enhance human
productivity. Following industrialization, surpluses increased in both
agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions of
a population live in cities. Economic forces are such, that
cities become the ideal places to locate factories and
their workers.
INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION:
URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
3/28
INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION:
URBANIZATION
Urbanizat ionrefers to the proportion of people in living
in cities.
It also refers to the process in which rural populations
move to urban areas.
Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country,
considered as an urban system.
Implies better facilities, development, economy, health,
education, comfort.
The urban sys temis the network of individual cities
within a region or country.
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
4/28
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT
URBANIZATION
Currently more than 3.3 billion people live in towns and cities ,the number is expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030. Over 80
percent of this growth will accrue to Asia and Africa ,
In 1800 only about 2 percent of the world's population lived in
urban areas. In only 200 years, the world's urban populationhas grown from 2 percent to nearly 50 percent of all people.
The population of Chicago increased from 15 people to about
20 million, within a span of 78 years.
Almost 180,000 people are added to the urban population eachday
By 2030, it is expected that 60% of the world population will live
in urban areas.
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
5/28
The World At Night
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
6/28
URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
7/28
Urbanization in MDCs and LDCs
More Developed Countries:MDCs
Slow pre-industrial growth
Rapid industrial growth
Slows again once most
previously rural populationsare in cities
Europe, North America,Australia and Japan, thepopulation is 75% to 80%urban.
Canada is 80% urbanized.
Less Developed Countries:LDCs
Rapid urbanization without
proportional industrialization
(population growth, land
tenure) By 2020 majority of LDC
population will live in urban
areas of 1 million+
By 2020 most megacities of
10 million+ will be in LDCs
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
8/28
Urban Growth is Speeding Up
Time required to reach 2 m i l lion popu lat ion:
Rome, Italy 2000 years
Vienna, Austria 400 years
Vancouver, B.C. 115 years
Shenzhen, China 20 years
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
9/28
URBANIZATION: Before & After
New York city, USA: 1876-2015
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
10/28
URBANIZATION: Before & After
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
11/28
URBANIZATION: Before & After
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. 1990-
2014
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
12/28
URBANIZATION: Before & After
Toronto, Canada,
1930-2014
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
13/28
URBANIZATION: Before & After
Fortaleza, Brazil,1975-2011
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
14/28
Share of World Population Growth Urban and
Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025
Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to
sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
15/28
Urbanization in Less developed countries
Source: Marshall, J. 2005
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
16/28
Source: Marshall, J. 2005
Urbanization in Less developed countries
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
17/28
Urbanization in Less developed countries
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
18/28
URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
19/28
CAUSES OF URBANIZATION
The urban system of a country grows mainly by:1. Natural population increase (births deaths)
2. Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with
large rural populations)
3. Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe andNorth America)
4. Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass
formerly rural areas
5. Economic growth
6. Emergence of large manufacturing centres/Industrialisation7. Job Opportunities
8. Availability of easy transportation
9. Demand of More Living Space
10. Lack of Proper Planning Policies
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
20/28
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization affects a range of economic, political,social, cultural and environmental factors:
Impact on atmosphere and climate
Creation of heat island.
Change in air quality. Change in patterns and precipitation.
Firstly, dark surfaces such as roadways and rooftops
efficiently absorb heat from sunlight and reradiate it as
thermal infrared radiation; these temperatures are higherthan surrounding air.
Second, urban areas are relatively devoid of vegetation,
especially trees; that would provide shade and cool the air
through evapotranspiration.
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
21/28
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
22/28
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
Impact on lithosphere and land resources Erosion and other changes in land quality.
Pollution
Impact on hydrosphere and water resources
Flow of Water into Streams. Flow of Water through Streams.
Degraded Water Quality.
Impact on biosphere
Modification of Habitats.
Destruction of Habitats.
Creation of New Habitats
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
23/28
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
24/28
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
25/28
Public health issues resulting from contaminated water
and air and the spread communicable diseases due toovercrowding.
Unemployment and under employment
Severe shortage of housing
Transportation-commuting issues, lack of publictransport, no adequate investment
Social effects - poverty, lack of opportunities,psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,violence and other deviant behaviors
Inflated Infrastructure and Public Service Costs Disparity in Wealth and unequal development
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
26/28
RESOLUTIONS TO THE IMPACTS OF
URBANIZATION
Inner-city renewal and redevelopment.
The planning of new towns.
Rural development
Proper connectivity of environmental law and its application
to the civic society.
Reduce personal traffic and make public transport popular. Introduce Greener and efficient concepts and strategies for
all the activities in urban areas.
Provision of urban services, infrastructure and utility of
quality An efficient and sustainable urban development
An integrated and efficient urban transportation system
Provision and support for environmentally safe and cost-
effective technologies.
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
27/28
Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange
of ideas, and sharing of natural resources. Cities act as beacons for the rural population
because they represent a higher standard of living
Cities offer opportunities to people not available in
the countryside
Social & Religious taboos/ sanctions disappearing
Industrialization, Education, Legislation,
Secularization-sequence of development
Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas
Improvement in economy &Growth of commercial
activities
Social & cultural integration
BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION
7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth
28/28
Questions