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Origin
The Urban Growth
The Guilds
The Development of Trade
The Appearance of Banking
Elements of Gothic Art
Examples of Gothic Cathedrals
Current Example of this Task
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• Gothic art was a Medieval Art movement that developed in France in the mid-12th century, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe.
• Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscript.
• The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals and churches. Christian art was often typological in nature: the New Testament, the Old Testament, Saints' lives, Virgin Mary,...
• Secular art came during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could pay to patronize the arts and workers.
• With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed. Artists were often required to be members of a painters’ guild. More artists are known because they signed their names.
The urban growth
• Europe became more prosperous because agricultural production started to increase from the 12th century.
• Food production increased and there was less hunger. Then, there was a population increase.
• New farming techniques resulted in less work for people. Many peasants had to migrate to cities to find work.
• Peasants found a better life because they were free.
• Some old cities were bring around. New cities set up, often near a castle or monastery, at crossroads or on a trade route.
• Different kinds of people lived in cities: rich merchants who governed the city; craftsmen, shopkeepers; poor people who did not have a job. Groups of jews who lived in Jewish quarters or Moorish quarters on Iberian Peninsula.
• Each city had its own government, the city council which was led by a major.
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• Population increased and then they needed clothes and objects made of wood and metal. So, craftsmen grew.
• Craftsmen of the same profession lived in the same street.
• All skilled workers joined a guild which had its own statute, where there were members’ rights and obligations.
• Guilds controlled: production, raw materials, number of workers, prices,...
• Their structure was: masters, apprentices and oficials. They had to pass an exam if they wanted to get a higher post.
• Guilds took care their members and their families. Also, they built hospitals. Anyone needed to belong to a guild if he wanted to trade.
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• There was an evolution and improvement of the land routes.
• The enhancement of sea routes and trade ships did a better navigation.
• The birth of a new social class: bourgeois, which did not have to obbey lords.
• Consequently, cities did not offer all the products that bourgeois needed. Then, luxury goods were obtained through trade.
• Merchandises were transported by land, river and sea. The two remarkable sea routes were: Mediterranean and Atlantic-Baltic.
• Some imported items were: perfumes, silks, spices,...
Some exported goods were: wheat, wine, tins, weapons,...
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• Consequently, banking came to light due to the development of trade and the fixing of international fairs every year.
• WHY DID BANKING APPEAR? Money was necessary apart from barter. Banking was an economy’s instrument.
• People related to this work were: - Bourgeois: They lent money to
noblemen. - Moneylenders: among them,
Jews were important.• Banking techniques changed and new
financial methods were developed. - Payment by credit - Bills of exchange
PinacleSteeple
Rose window
Tympanum
Flying Buttress
SideDoor
• Pointed arches and rib vaults were used.
• There was stained glass on the walls.
• Gothic cathedrals were high and lighter because they were a symbol of reaching heaven.
• The grown plant was the latin cross.
• The Gothic cathedrals were a sign of prestige.
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• This book was written by Ken Follet. Its story is about the building of a Gothic cathedral in the Middle Ages.
• There is a film based on this novel.
• Both of them have been well received by the critics.