Abstract—Air pollution is one of the most important factors

affecting the quality of life and the health of urban population.

Air pollution is a serious problem in all urban and semi-urban

areas in India. The air pollution in Chennai is high owing to

fact that due to tremendous increase in use of private, public

and personal vehicles. The Air Pollution has been up by many

folds causing damage to urban public health and properties.

Thus, it has become necessary to monitor the concentration of

Air Pollutants regularly to take appropriate decisions to

mitigate the same. This paper deals with the real time

monitoring of urban air pollutants using solid state gas sensors

with ARM module that connects the measured airpollution

levels to GIS, GPS and Internet so that the pollution levels shall

be known as and when required to deal with any unwarranted

situations.Also the data obtained in this process can be utilized

by Public, Government and Non-governmental organizations to

take appropriate decisionsin order to protect public health and

properties.

Index Terms—Air quality, GIS, GPS, sensors and internet.

I. INTRODUCTION

The effects of air pollution on public health are being felt

worldwide. Pollutants, such as particulates matters (PM10)

and Ozone; primarily resulting from emissions of oxides of

nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons/air toxins (HC or VOCs),

destroy sensitive tissues (in people, animals and plants),

impair respiratory functions, degrade building materials and

deteriorate the aesthetic aspects of environment [1]. India is

facing a serious double burden problem of disease. For the

past couple of years people have been suffering from Dengue,

Chicken guniya and Flu fevers. At the same time, other

chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer,

cardiovascular disease and respiratory disorders are

becoming more dominant. It is clear that the pattern of

economic growth that adopted by developing countries

increasingly associated with environmental pollution. Indian

cities are also being exposed to high levels of air pollution

and people living in cities are paying a price for the

deterioration in air quality. Air pollution is a serious problem

in thickly populated and industrialized areas in Chennai. The

air pollution in Chennai is abundant, especially in areas

where pollution sources and the human population are

concentrated. Furthermore, though the variety and quantities

of polluting sources have increased dramatically, the

development of a suitable method for monitoring the

Manuscript received June 06, 2012, revised June 30, 2012.

H. Prasad Raju and P. Partheeban are with the Department of Civil

Engineering, St. Peter’s University, Avadi, Chennai, India, (email:

prasadrajuh@gmail.com; parthi011@yahoo.co.in).

R. Rani Hemamalini is with the Department of ECE, St. Peter’s College

of Engineering and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, India, (email:

ranihema@yahoo.com).

pollution causing sources has not followed at the same speed.

Economic growth and industrialization are proceeding at a

rapid pace, accompanied by increasing emissions of air

polluting sources.

Some of the main factors identified as reasons for

increasing vehicular pollution in the Indian mega-cities can

be put together as follows:

High volume of traffic and urban population

dynamics

Excessive increase in private / personal vehicles

Improper maintenance of vehicles

Growing traffic bottlenecks

Less Eco-friendly mode of transport and fuel

technologies

Lack of comprehensive fiscal strategies to check

the increase of private / personal vehicles

Urban environmental management addresses problems

that are spatially distributed as well as dynamic. The two

basic methods or paradigms addressing these dimensions are

data bases and geographical information systems (GIS) on

the one hand, and dynamic simulation models on the other [2].

To prevent or minimize the damage caused by atmospheric

pollution, suitable monitoring systems are urgently needed

that can rapidly and reliably detect and quantify polluting

sources for monitoring by regulating authorities in order to

prevent further deterioration of the current pollution levels.

So as to carry out urban mobile air pollution monitoring over

an extensive area, a combination of ground measurements

through sensors and wireless communication networks and

internet GIS was used for this purpose. This portable device,

comprising solid state gas sensors integrated to a Personal

Digital Assistant (PDA) linked through Bluetooth

communication tools and Global Positioning System (GPS)

allowed rapid dissemination of information on pollution

levels at multiple sites simultaneously. The Air Quality report

generated and published using Internet, GPS and GIS to

provide real-time information to the public and enhanced

public participation [3].

II. NEED FOR THE STUDY

In India, the number of motor vehicles has increased from

0.3 million in 1951 to 115 million in 2010. The number of

two wheelers registered has increased from 38.56 million in

2001 to 82.40 million in 2010 registering an increase of 114%

over the period, while the number of Light Motor Vehicles

(passengers) and Jeeps showed an impressive growth of 78%

and 46% respectively during the same period. The total

number of cars registered has increased from 5.30 million in

Urban Mobile Air Quality Monitoring Using GIS, GPS,

Sensors and Internet

H. Prasad Raju, P. Partheeban, and R. Rani Hemamalini

International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012

323

2001 to 12.37 million in 2010 which show a growth of 133%

during the period. In Chennai, Motor vehicle population has

increased at a phenomenal rate as an average 9.7% for the last

few decades from 87,000 (1984) to 20,38,875 (2008) [4].

Vehicular emissions are of particular concern since these are

ground level sources and thus have the maximum impact on

the general population. Also, vehicles contribute significantly

to the total air pollution load in many urban areas. Under the

National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM)

network, four air pollutants, namely SPM, CO, SO2 and NO2

have been identified for regular monitoring at all the 290

stations spread across the country. Out of which the entire

Chennai city has got only 6 ambient air quality monitoring

stations [5]. With this limited number of stations, to

represent the air quality in Chennai city spatially is difficult

task. Hence there is need for a co-ordinated methodology to

monitor air quality continuously and made available the same

data in real time for decision makers and public as well in

order to take necessary steps for mitigating pollution.

III. METHODOLOGY

In this study, three solid state gas sensors were used to

measure three gases namely CO, NO2 and SO2 are linked

with GPS through ARM processor [3]. The Chennai city map

was digitized with GIS and GPS by moving around the city

then the digitized map was fed into the internet. ARM

Processor is a type of processor which is used to link different

types of outputs. It also helps in uploading the linked data to

the internet. This ARM Processor and outputs devices are

collectively known as ARM Module. The above said three

sensors and GPS are linked through ARM module, then it is

fed into the server through laptop and then it is uploaded to

the internet. The Pollution data can be viewed through the

web page (www.airpollutioninfo.com). Hence the public can

view the level of pollution in a particular place in Chennai

using the website. Fig.1 shows the block diagram of the

working method of urban mobile air quality monitoring

system using Gas Sensors, GPS, GIS and Internet.

Fig.1. Block diagram of urban mobile air quality monitoring system

IV. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

In this study, three important routes in Chennai were

selected based on the volume of traffic that will generate high

emission from the vehicles. Route 1: Avadi to Tambaram

(this route covers some of the important, official and

commercial areas of the city like Ambatur, Dunlop,

Koyembedu, Vadapalani, Udayam, Airport, etc,.) Route 2:

Kovalam to T. Nagar (This route covers tourists places like

MGM, VGP, KOVALAM, MAYAJAL etc,.) and Route 3:

Avadi to Chennai Central (this route covers all type land

uses namely Industrial, Educational, Residential, Official and

Recreational the areas covered are Ambatur, Annanagar,

Kilpauk and Chennai Central). These three routes on which

the air quality data collected is presented in Fig.2 and Arc

View GIS is used for this purpose [7]. The gas sensors and

GPS are fitted in car and same connected to a car battery for

power supply. The GPS unit and gas sensors are further

connected to ARM processor. The air pollution monitoring

survey is carried in the above said three routes in the

afternoon session the starting and ending time of survey was

kept same inorder to get same pattern of data.

Fig. 2. Study area showing the three routes

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table I shows the AQI for priority pollutants as per United

States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [8]. This

is the rating set by USEPA for determining ambient air

quality. The results of this research work and the ambient air

measurement will be compared with the USEPA ambient air

ratings obtained in the table. The ambient air pollutants

areclassified into categories ranging from very good to very

poor. From (0 – 15) AQI rating is A which is very good, (16 –

31) AQI is B which is good, (32 – 49) AQI is C which is

moderate, (50 – 99) AQI isD which is poor and (100 or above)

AQI is E which is very poor, showing critical values. The

above standards adopted in a study on Vehicular Emissions

and Air Quality Standards in Nigeria by Abam and

Unachukwu [6] and these standards are well fit with the

results of this study.

TABLE I: AIR QUALITY INDEX FOR PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

AQI Category CO (ppm) NO2 (ppm) SO2 (ppm)

Very good (0 -15) 0 – 2 0 – 0.02 0 – 0.02

Good (16 -31) 2.1 – 4.0 0.02 – 0.03 0.02 – 0.03

Moderate (32 – 49) 4.1 – 6.0 0.03 – 0.04 0.03 – 0.04

Poor (50 – 99) 6.1 – 9.0 0.04 – 0.06 0.04 – 0.06

Very Poor(100 or over) >9.0 >0.06 >0.06

On each route, one month data was collected and the

average values of CO concentration observed is presented in

Fig. 3 (Avadi to Tambaram), Fig.4 (Kovalam to T. Nagar)

and Fig. 5 (Avadi to Chennai Central). The concentration of

CO measured for the route Avadi to Tambaram is levels

varied from 0.1 to 5 ppm. It shows that the vehicle pollution

CO Sensor NO2 Sensor SO2 Sensor

ARM

Processor

GPS Module

PC GIS Internet

Online Air Quality to Public and

PCB

International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012

324

of CO is higher in this route. Similarly the concentration of

CO measured for the Route 2 and 3 the maximum and

minimum values are 0.1 to 6 ppm and 0.1 to 8 ppm

respectively. The concentration of CO in route 2 at

Saidapetlocation and Route 3 at Vappery and Chennai

Central Railway station was higher than USEPA ambient air

quality standards the reason is higher traffic levels. As per the

norms of Pollution Control Board (PCB), the CO level should

not exceed 8 ppm in industrial areas, 3.2 ppm in residential

areas and 1.6 ppm in sensitive areas. Thus, in all the three

routes measured CO concentrations are above the standards

of USEPA and PCB in important areas.

Fig. 3. Concentration of CO observed in route 1(Avadi to Tamabaram)

Fig. 4. Concentration of CO observed in route 2(Kovalam to T. Nagar)

Fig. 5. Concentration of CO observed in route 3 (Avadi to Chennai Central)

Fig. 6 to Fig. 8 shows the concentration of SO2 measured

for the Route 1 to 3 respectively. The concentration of SO2

measured for the route Avadi to Tambaram is levels varied

from 0.006 to 0.07 ppm. It shows that the vehicle pollution of

SO2 is higher in this route. Similarly the concentration of SO2

measured for the Route 2 and 3 the maximum and minimum

values are 0.004 to 0.044 ppm and 0.0069 to 0.045 ppm

respectively. The SO2 concentration at stations Ambattur

Estate, Chennai Central Railway Station and T. Nagar was

higher than the USEPA limit and nearly 40 percent of the

locations are within the boundary of USEPA ambient air

quality standards the reason could be nearing highway traffic

capacity level. As per the norms of PCB, the SO2level should

not exceed 0.037 ppm. Thus, in all the three routes measured

SO2concentrations are above the standards of USEPA and

PCB in important areas.

Fig. 6. Concentration of SO2 observed in route 1(Avadi to Tamabaram)

Fig. 7. Concentration of SO2 observed in route 2 (Kovalam to T. Nagar)

Fig. 8. Concentration of SO2 observed in route 3 (Avadi to Chennai Central)

Fig. 9 to Fig. 11 shows the concentration of NO2 measured

for the Route 1 to 3 respectively. The concentration of NO2

measured for the route Avadi to Tambaram is levels varied

from 0.036 to 0.47 ppm. It shows that the vehicle pollution of

NO2 is higher in this route. Similarly the concentration of

NO2 measured for the Route 2 and 3 the minimum and

maximum values are 0.035 to 0.45 ppm and 0.036 to 0.47

ppm respectively.The NO2 concentration at stations

Ambattur Estate, Chennai Central Railway Station, Gandhi

Nagar and T. Nagar was higher than the USEPA limit and

nearly 50 percent of the locations are higher than the

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325

boundary of USEPA ambient air quality standards the reason

could be nearing highway traffic capacity level. As per the

norms of PCB, the NO2level should not exceed 0.04 ppm.

Thus, in all the three routes measured NO2concentrations are

above the standards of USEPA and PCB in important areas.

Fig. 9. Concentration of NO2 observed in route 1 (Avadi to Tamabaram)

Fig. 10. Concentration of NO2 observed in route 2 (Kovalam to T. Nagar)

Fig. 11. Concentration of NO2 observed in route 3 (Avadi to Chennai

Central)

Hence the developed tool kit can be used for measuring

mobile emission and the kit can be used in other routes and

the pollution level through the internet can be made available

for public purposes. If the same system is implemented by

the government, it is easy for the public to know about

pollution levels particularly hazardous gas emission from the

industries. The following are the advantages:

1) Old methods are more time consuming.

2) Public can know the pollution data without any aid

of technical persons.

3) It is real-time based system when compared to

other methods.

4) It is useful for Pollution Control Board to view

pollution data and to rectify or take necessary steps

to control pollution.

5) It can be used to monitor industrial pollution by

placing near the chimneys and through virtual

control

6) It is cost effective compared to other methods

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Currentair quality is better than a decade ago. However,

Chennai still has been facing serious air pollution problems.

As seen in Chennai, black and white smoke from truck and

public buses exhaust still occurs. This is attributed to the

rapid economic and industrial growth, combined with a lack

of implementation of air quality and requires the PCB to

adapt or extend the current PCB’s air quality monitoring

systems and also facilitate the problem of analyzing and

monitoring air pollution in Chennai.

The traditional air quality monitoring system, controlled

by the PCB, is extremely expensive. Analytical measuring

equipment is costly and time consuming, and can seldom be

used for air quality reporting in real time. The PCB has been

forecasting and reporting real time air quality levels through

the Internet in the form of maps. However, the air quality

index of each monitoring site is just shown by rather coarse

levels; good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and

hazardous.

The air quality report should be more in detail, including

information such as air quality interpolated maps, relating to

other information for better understanding the air quality

level. For these reasons, this work is aimed to build up an

easy monitoring system using low cost portable gas sensing

systems ‘solid state gas sensors’ so as to carry out air

pollution monitoring over an extensive area and to be able to

report real time air quality data through Wireless Internet GIS.

To facilitate the problem of analyzing and monitoring air

pollution and also to assist in establishing priorities and

measurements of air pollution in the Chennai city this method

is proven to be much useful.

A. Future Scope of Study

In this study only one mobile setup is being made but this

can be extended to number of stations by buying more gas

sensors, and all the data’s from different stations can be

brought into a single receiver station and same can be

uploaded into the internet. This study can also be extended

for monitoring various industrial air pollutants and a

technical alert system can be setup for PCB to monitor major

industries causing pollution. This study may be extended

further for the following;

To monitor air pollution levels for different

environmental conditions.

To monitor pollution level from industrial chimneys

To monitor pollution level from industrial sewage

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USA.

Prof. H. Prasad Raju, presently working as Assoc.

Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering of

St. Peter’s University, Chennai, India, was graduated

in B.E. Civil Engineering in 1991 from Sardar

Vallabhai National Institute of Technology (formerly

known as Sardar Vallabhai Regional College of

Engineering & Technology, South Gujarat

University), Suratand completed M.E. Environmental

Engineering in 1995 from Government College of

Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Now he is pursuing Ph.D.

from St. Peter’s University, Chennai. He has been serving various

institutions for the past 12 years at different levels, involved in teaching,

student counseling, and prepared lab manuals for Strength of Materials and

Fluid Mechanics and Machinery and established Survey Lab in Civil

Engineering department. He has 6 years industrial experience in the field of

Pollution Treatment and 2 years in Construction of buildings as well. He has

organized national conference and short term training programme for

students and faculties sponsored by CSIR, ICMR and AICTE. He has

published 6 papers in the national/international journals and conferences. He

has guided 30 students for project thesis in different areas of civil

engineering at undergraduate level. He is the member of IEI, ISTE and FIV.

Dr. P. Partheeban, is currently working as Professor

and Dean (Academic) at St. Peter’s College of

Engineering and Technology, Avadi, Chennai,

Tamilnadu, India. He has completed his B.E. Civil

Engineering in 1990 from Kongu Engineering College

and completed M.E. Urban Engineering from College

of Engineering, Anna University. He completed his

Ph.D. from National Institute of Technology, Trichy

on Transportation Engineering in 2003. He has been

serving different institutions for the past 20 years at various levels and

involved in teaching, student counseling and establishing of laboratories in

Civil Engineering Department. He has visited the United States of America,

Netherlands, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Singapore and China in connection

with presentation of papers in the international conference. Under his

guidance, one candidate has completed Ph.D. and six students are pursuing

Ph.D. in Civil Engineering. He has published a book titled “Engineering

Mechanics” for engineering students. As a teacher for engineering students,

received award from ISTE as best faculty teacher for the student chapter and

also received Air India BOLT award. To his credit he had organized 25

Seminars, Conferences and short term training programme for engineering

faculties sponsored by AICTE, DST, CSIR, DRDO and ICSSR. He had

published research work papers more than 55 in the national/international

journal and conferences. He has developed GIS software for Transportation

Planning and management.

Dr. R. Rani Hemamalini, has been serving in the

field of teaching for the past 20 years at various levels.

Presently she is working as a Professor and Head,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

at St. Peter’s College of Engineering and Technology,

Avadi, Chennai. Her area of research includes Process

controls and Instrumentation, Embedded System,

VLSI. She has been involved in establishing

laboratories in Electrical, Electronics, and

Instrumentation & Communication Engineering departments. She was

received Boyscast fellowship award from DST and also received Air India

BOLT (Broad Outlook Learned Teacher) award from Air India. She visited

United States of America, Singapore and China in connection with

presentation of papers in the international conferences through travel grants

received from AICTE, CICS and DST. Under her guidance 2 candidates

completed their Ph.D. and guiding 8 Ph.D. students presently. She carried

one DST sponsored project and two AICTE sponsored projects related to

control engineering with total cost of Rs.30 lakhs. She has published more

than 55 papers in the national/international journal and conferences. She is

member of the Institute of Engineers (India), ISA, ISTE and IEEE.

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