www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
Urban NAMAs and the use of carbon market mechanisms
Perspectives Climate Change Alberto Galante Cologne, 30.05.2014
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Agenda
1. Major sources of GHG emission in cities
2. Experience of Urban CDM
3. Barriers for Urban Mitigation Projects
4. Lessons learnt & challenges for Urban NAMAs
2
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] 3
1. Major sources of GHG emission in cities
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Major sources of GHG emission in cities
Cities usually attract high-density popula t ion which leads to increased demand for the energy resources that cause high levels of GHG emissions.
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Major sources of GHG emission in cities
GHG emissions in cities come from several different sectors integrated in the urban environment. The priority sectors (higher GHG emitters) are:
1 Dodman 2009, p. 194ff; Satterthwaite 2008, p. 539, 543
BUILDINGS TRANSPORT WASTE INDUSTRY ENERGY
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Major sources of GHG emission in cities
Source: Perspectives GmbH
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Major sources of GHG emission in cities
The urban share of global GHG emissions is estimated to be between 30 - 40% and up to 75 - 80%1 Urban GHG emissions from a city à methodology / boundaries?
CITY
Power Generation
Industry
Waste
Buildings
Transport
Energy supply
1 Dodman 2009, p. 194ff; Satterthwaite 2008, p. 539, 543
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Major sources of GHG emission in cities
As the population increases, GHG emissions resulting from energy use are likely to increase in Latin American cities :
• The economy grows comparably quickly • The demand for carbon-intensive fuel types may increase
• The number of private cars (a primary source for GHG
emissions) is rising with people’s increased income and their
lifestyle choices
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] 9
2. Experience of Urban CDM
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Experience of Urban CDM
§ Urban CDM is understood as a city-wide CDM project that covers a specific technology, function or sector within the entire city
§ For an urban CDM, it is essential to apply methodologies that are not too narrow in their design and scope, i.e. one single technology at a certain project site or sector
§ Small-scale methodologies would be most suitable and applicable within the urban CDM context based on existing rules and standards
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Experience of Urban CDM
CDM Methodologies in the Urban CDM, e.g. Buildings
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] 12
3. Barriers for Urban Mitigation Projects
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Barriers for Urban Mitigation Projects (Experience within CDM)
§ Technical barriers: e.g. CDM project activities are traditionally technology and sector-specific; issue of eligibility for CDM post-2012
§ Institutional barriers: policy understanding and capacity of municipalities
§ Financial barriers: relatively high overall transaction costs due to dispersed project characteristics and high up-front costs with uncertain revenues from carbon
§ Political barriers: competing priorities, public support.
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] 14
4. Lessons learnt & challenges for Urban NAMAs
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Lessons learnt & challenges for Urban
NAMAs
§ Urban NAMAs: ≠ sectors and ≠ cities in a country à Dispersed mitigation activities
- MRV systems should not be limited to certain project types or technologies
- Standardized approaches (e.g. standardized baselines, benchmarks and default values) could be relevant and facilitate urban NAMAs
§ Possibility to integrate possible emission reduction certificates in the future carbon markets à Double counting risk (cross-sectorial counting)
- National / regional GHG emission registry - A participant of the Urban NAMA not able take part to other NAMAs
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
Urban NAMAs and the use of carbon market mechanisms
Perspectives Climate Change Alberto Galante [email protected] Cologne, 30.05.2014
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected]
Double counting of emissions reductions in Urban NAMAs
17
Definition: § Double counting occurs when an GHG
emission reduction is counted more than once.
§ E.g.: both the host country and the buyer want to count the emissions reductions in their inventories
§ In UNFCCC’s agreements, double counting is mentioned but not clearly defined.
Double counting is very relevant in an urban NAMA context: § Risk of accounting double for the same GHG emissions (cross-
sectorial counting)
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
Experience of Urban CDM
CDM Methodologies in the Urban CDM, e.g. buildings (cont.)
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
CDM Methodologies for Urban CDM
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
CDM Methodologies for Urban CDM
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
CDM Methodologies for Urban CDM
www.perspectives.cc · [email protected] © 2014 Perspectives GmbH
CDM Methodologies for Urban CDM