INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 6, No 3, 2015
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402
Received on July 2015 Published on November 2015 352
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial
technology: a case study of Gwalior city, Madhya Pradesh, India Monika Sharma1 Padmini Pani2, Mohapatra S. N1
1- Centre of Remote Sensing & GIS, SOS in Earth Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior
474011, India
2- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, JNU, New Delhi 110067, India
doi: 10.6088/ijes.6040
ABSTRACT
Rapid Urban growth and development is one of the major causes for the solid waste disposal
which is assuming alarming proportions now a days. The Municipal solid waste produced by
our cities pose serious health problem in India as well as in the World. Most of the Indian
cities do not have proper arrangements for urban solid waste disposal. The main problem for
the in waste disposal management is to find out suitable sites for the urban solid waste
disposal. Gwalior, certainly is one of the leading commercially developed urban city of
northern Madhya Pradesh. The city has been expanded rapidly in the last few decades. In the
present study the urban solid waste disposal site selection for Gwalior city has been done
using geospatial technology. The multi criteria analysis has been considered for the present
site selection of solid waste disposals. The seven different criteria that are taken into
consideration have been grouped in to two categories as physical (lithology, geomorphology,
land use and land cover, slope) and socio-economical (population, distance to roads, distance
to drainage) and analysed for the site selection in a GIS environment by multi criteria
weighted overlay analysis method. Finally on the basis of degree of suitability a site
suitability map has been prepared showing very low, low, moderate, high and very high
suitable areas for the disposal of solid waste. The result shows that 6.20% and 10.22% of the
area are very highly and highly suitable for disposing of Municipal solid waste. These areas
are mostly confined to the north and south to south eastern part of the area. The paper
highlights the capability of geospatial technology in the urban waste disposal site suitability
analysis.
Keywords: Solid waste, geo-spatial, multi-criteria, weighted overlay, GIS
1. Introduction
Solid waste has become a major environmental issue in the present scenario of our country
and is increasing with that of the growth of urbanization. Improper management of solid
waste produced by our cities pose serious health problems in the surroundings. Indian cities
have a striking similarity when it comes to heaps of garbage and overflowing waste bins
(Salahuddin 2011 ). With the country’s population having crossed the 1 billion mark, coupled
with unplanned development and urbanization, an enormous amount of waste is going to be
generated The invasion of food packed in plastics, aluminum or thermocol; bottled water;
canned cold drinks; milk in sachets; chips in pouches; pilot pens; plastic ropes and poly bags
has not only led to an increase in the volume of garbage, but has also taken away easily the
manageable elements from our garbage. (www.vatavaran.org). Our country has witnessed a
bursting of urban population which has increased from 217 million to 377 million over the
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 353
last two decades and is expected to touch 600 million by the end of 2031 as per the New
Climate Economy Report by The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate
(www.firstpost.com). It is estimated more than 55 million tons of municipal solid waste is
generated in India every year and the yearly increase is estimated to be about 5%. It is also
estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium, & large cities & towns in India is
about 0.1kg, 0.3-0.4kg & 0.5kg per person per day respectively (Energy Alternatives India).
Currently unscientific way of disposal of municipal solid waste is in practice for most of the
cities in our country. (Akolkar,.2005).
Today, Geospatial Technology play a major role in the solid waste management..
Advancement in remote sensing and GIS techniques has made waste disposal site selection
more accurate and convincing. (Kontos et al., 2005). The various factors such as socio-
economic , environmental and land use should be considered along with the peoples well
being for developing a waste disposal site.
GIS undoubtedly provides better data management, higher quality analysis and improves the
efficiency. The use of GIS reduces the time, cost and enhance accuracy (Akbari et al.,
2008). Since the planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data hence GIS paly
a very crucial role in the decision making for the solid waste management site selection.
Some of the key planning decisions where GIS is essentially required are planning routes for
vehicle transportation, finding optimal locations for transfer of stations. Locating new
landfill sites and for monitoring of all sites.GIS is a tool that not only reduces time and cost
of the site selection, but also provide a digital database for future monitoring program of the
sites (Yagoub et al. 2008 ). Hence, GIS has become an essential tool now a days because of
the above mentioned capabilitities, Moreover, the data accuracy significantly affects the
result. The issue of solid waste disposal had been successfully handled through implementing
proper effective management process such as waste reduction, reuse of recycle, proper
disposal etc. by the developed countries. However, in the developing countries, municipal
solid waste management system is either not efficient or still at the elimentary stage and as
such solid waste generated has become a threat to the environment. It has been observed that
there is a tendency to dispose wastes indiscriminately and in an uncoordinated manner,
thereby resulting in unhealthy environment, which is adversely affecting natural resources
and human health. Many researchers have applied GIS successfully for the waste disposal site
selection and associated problems (Ghosh et al 2006, Chang et al. 2008, Chen and Kao
2008,Zamorono 2008 et al. 2008, Nishanth et al. 2010, Sener et al. 2011, Kanchanabhan et
al. 2011, Katpatal and Rao 2011, Pandey et al. 2012, Paul 2012, Kumar and Hassan 2013,
Yesilanacar et al. 2015, Shukla et al. 2015).
2. Study Area
The present study aims to extract the suitable sites for disposing the municipal urban solid
waste for Gwalior city of Madhya Pradesh. Geospatial technology in the form of Remote
sensing and GIS have been integrated with the field survey to find out the suitable waste
disposal sites. The historical city of Gwalior is now the major commercially developed city of
northern part of Madhya Pradesh which between 260.13’ to 260.29’ N latitudes and 780.10
to 780.25’ E longitudes. The city is located 319 kilometers south of Delhi. The average
summer and winter temperatures are 310C and 15.10C respectively. Gwalior district is 9th
most populous district out of total 50 districts in Madhya Pradesh The population density of
Gwalior is 5,478/km2. The total Municipal ward area covers 130.11 km2. and consists of 60
wards .A 5 km buffer area from the Municipal ward has been considered for the present
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 354
study which covers 68 villages apart from the municipal area (Fig.1). The total municipal
ward and surroundings area considered for the study covers 494.73 km2. Collection of the
urban disposed waste is the major problem of the municipality authority of Gwalior. For this
reason, municipality authority is being used the storage bins (Fig. 2a) for collecting all type
of solid wastes. The storage bins were placed at various key points of the city by the
municipality authority. Some of the notable ones are at
Figure 1: The Municipal ward area of Gwalior and its surroundings
Railway station, City center, Girls college-Morar, DD Nagar, Bijli-ghar, Lakshmi-bai colony,
Maheshwary hospital etc. However, one can easily find at few places the wastes are being
thrown on the streets open spaces and drains (CPCB, Bhopal 2010-2011). The allotted
vehicles (Fig. 2b) are being used for collecting this waste and dumping in the very large open
space at Sagar tal and Laxshmiganj ( Fig.3a. and 3b.) and are not suitable for the City
environment. The Solid waste of the Lakshmiganj and Sagar tal are being segregated between
decomposable and non-decomposable wastes. Municipality has developed solid waste
treatment and processing plant at Shivpuri link-road, gram Kedarpur, Gwalior which spreads
around 25 hectares are and is, operated by M/s AKC developers ltd where the decomposable
waste are again transported. (Fig 4a) The remaining non-decomposable waste is being used
for very large open space land filling area along Morena National Highway 92 (Fig. 4b.)
Figure 2a: Storage Bins Figure 3: Vehicle collecting waste
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 355
Figure 3a: Solid waste disposal site Figure 3b: Solid waste disposal site
at Sagar Tal at Laxmiganj
Figure 4a: Landfill site along Figure 4b: MSW processing plant at
National Highway 92 Shivpuri link road, gram,
Kedarpur, Gwalior
3. Materials and Methodology
In the present study Landsat 8-OLI sensor data of 15m spatial resolution
(http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov), Survey of India topographic sheets 54J/4 & 54J/3 and
Gwalior municipal area ward map have been used. A 5 km buffer zone has been created
around the Municipal ward are for finding a suitable site of Municipal solid waste. A total of
68 villages fall under this buffer zone having population of 8902 while the 60 municipal
wards have population of 1054420 as per the Census 2011. The evaluation of waste disposal
site suitability based on multi-criteria analysis in GIS has been done as per the methodology
adopted by Abessi and Saeedi 2009. These criteria are grouped into two main categories
including physical (lithology, geomorphology, land use and land cover, slope) and socio-
economical information (population, distance to roads, distance to drainage). Individual
criteria based thematic maps covering both the categories were prepared using Arc GIS 10
software. Various scores have been assigned to all the attributes of input data on logical basis.
The scores ranges from 0 to 8 which represent land constraints for solid waste sites..Based on
their relative importance weights were assigned to the thematic maps of both categories
mentioned above. To get the output,ap to be meaningful and consistent the total weights have
been added up to 100%.. All input maps were created from various spatial data sets. Various
datasets that has been used for the preparation of corresponding thematic maps have been
tabulated in Table 1. All the prepared thematic maps have been assigned different
weightages (Table 2.) .Multi criteria based weightage overlay analysis has been performed
using the spatial analyst tool of ARC MAP 10 to derive the suitability map. The methodology
adopted for the present study has been graphically represented in Fig.5.
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 356
Table 1: Data sets used for preparation of various thematic maps
Table 2: Weightage assigned for various themes
Figure 5: Flowchart showing methodology adopted for present study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Lithology
Lithology forms one of the important considerations for such kind of investigation as waste
disposal sites are directly over the bedrock and soil cover. In the study are three distinct types
of lithology have been grouped as consolidated sediments (compact ferruginous shales) ,
intrusive rocks (quartz reefs/quartzites) and un-consolidated sediments ( sand and silt with
clay). These areas are identified from Landsat 8 satellite image with the help of Survey of
India Topographic sheets and ground survey of the area. The consolidated sediments are
Data Sets Themes
Survey of India Topo sheet
(54J/4 & 54J/3) Lithology, Geomorphology, Land use and Land cover,
Distance to Drainage, Distance to Roads Landsat 8 (Path/Row-
145/42)
Google Earth
Aster Digital Elevation
Model (30m) Slope
Municipal Ward Map Population zone
Themes Weightage
Geomorphology 16
Lithology 16
Land use and Land cover 16
Slope 14
Drainage 13
Population 12
Roads 13
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 357
exposed mostly in the northern southern eastern and western side of the area whereas the
intrusive rocks occupies mostly in the south west portion of the area. However, the
unconsolidated sediments dominantly covers the central as well as northwestern portion
(Fig.6). In order to prevent the solid waste disposal sites from the groundwater pollution the
impermeable and thick rocks are considered as best sites. Hence for the study area the
intrusive rocks and consolidated sediments are thought to be highly suitable and un-
consolidated sediments are considered as less suitable for waste disposal. The major
lithological features, their suitability score and area have been tabulated in Table 3.
Figure 6: Lithological Map
Table 3: Suitability scores and the areal coverage for lithology
‘
4.2 Geomorphology
The major geomorphic units that have been mapped using Landsat 8 satellite image with the
help of SOI topographic sheets are Alluvial plains (older and younger), denudational hills
(large and small), pediment-inselberg complex, buried pediplain, residual hills and
structural hills (Fig. 7). The denudational hills (large), denudational hills (small) are high,
pediment-inselberg complex, buried pediplain, residual hill and structural hills are moderate
and alluvial plain older, alluvial plain younger are less suitable for waste disposal. The major
geomorphological features and their suitability score, area has been given in Table 4.
Lithology Suitability
score
Area in
km2
Consolidated Sediments 5 93.01
Intrusive Rocks 7 52.25
Un-Consolidated Sediments 1 349.47
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 358
Figure 7: Geomorphological map
Table 4: Suitability scores and areal coverage for geomorphology
4.3 Land use and land cover
The major land use/land cover classes mapped are crop land, crop land in forest, deciduous,
fallow land, gullied/ravenous land, institute/ industry/park/plantation, lakes/pond, land with
scrub, land without scrub, mining/industrial waste, reservoirs, rivers, town-city, villages (Fig.
8). It was analysed that the fallow land , gullied/ravenous land, land without scrub,
mining/industrial waste, deciduous are highly suitable , where as land with scrub is
moderate and crop land, crop land in forest, institute/ industry/park/plantation, lakes/ponds,
reservoirs, rivers, town-city, villages are less suitable for waste disposal. The land use and
land cover features and their suitability score, area are given in Table 5.
Geomorphology Suitability score Area in km2
Alluvial plain older/upper 1 328.60
Alluvial plain younger/low 1 4.52
Denudational hills (large) 7 124.30
Denudational hills (small) 7 1.74
Pediment-inselbergcomple 5 23.11
Pediplain weathered/buried 5 9.81
Residual hill 3 1.53
Structural hills (large) 3 1.12
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 359
Figure 8: Land use/Land cover map
Table 5: Suitability scores and areal coverage for land use and land cover
4.4 Slope
For the slope map creation first slope raster has been prepared in percentage, then
reclassified into different percentage of slope categories as (0-1%), (1-3%), (3-5%), (5-10%),
(10-15%), (15-35%), (35-50%), (50-70%) and (greater than 70%) respectively with the help
of ASTER DEM.(Fig. 9). The slope of the area has been classified in to different classes
based on the percentages of slope. Those areas where slope (15 – 35 % %), were considered
as high, (5-10%), (10-15%) were moderate and that of (0-1%), (1-3%), (3-5%), (35-50%),
Land use and Land cover Suitability score Area in km2
Crop Land 1 191.87
Crop Land in Forest 1 13.26
Deciduous 4 101.44
Fallow Land 5 53.27
Gullied/Ravenous Land 5 5.05
Institute/ Industry/Park/Plantation 1 11.18
Lakes/Ponds 0 0.32
Land with Scrub 2 5.75
Land without Scrub 5 25.16
Mining/Industrial waste 5 3.47
Reservoirs 0 1.73
Rivers 0 1.69
Town-city 1 69.12
Villages 1 11.42
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 360
(50-70%) and (greater than 70%) were considered as less suitable for waste disposal. Slope
codes and their suitability score, area has been given in Table 6.
Figure 9: Slope map
Table 6: Suitability scores and areal coverage for slope
4.5 Distances to drainage
For distance to drainage map creation first all drainages within the 5 m buffer zone and the
municipal ward area has been digitized .Secondly a multi ring buffers zone of all drainages
with 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 meters distance have been prepared (Fig.10).The 5000,
3000 meter buffer zones are highly suitable, 2000 meter buffer zone is moderate and 1000,
500 meter buffer zones are less suitable for waste disposal. Distance to drainages buffer
zones and their suitability score, has been delineated in Table 7.
Slope codes Suitability score Area in km2
1 (0-1%) 0 24.51
2 (1-3%) 0 62.32
3 (3-5%) 1 80.63
4 (5-10%) 2 167.05
5 (10-15%) 3 84.12
6 (15-35%) 7 69.52
7 (35-50%) 0 2.86
8 (50-70%) 0 0.39
9 (Greater than 70%) 0 3.33
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 361
Figure 10: Distance to drainage map
Table 7: Suitability scores and areal coverage for distance to drainage
4.6 Distances to roads
Multi ring buffers zone of all roads with 1000, 2000, 3500, 5000 and 7000 meters were
created (Fig. 11). The buffer zone of 5000, 3500 meter were high, 7000 meter buffer zone
was moderate and 2000, 1000 meter buffer zones were less suitable for waste disposal. (Table
8).
4.7 Population zone
For the population zone map creation first the 5km buffer zone of municipal ward area has
been divided and then , population of villages or wards in each zone have been computed
and the zones are classified as per the population majority with help of municipal ward map,
SOI topographic sheets and Google Earth (Fig. 12). Population buffer zones and their
suitability score, area has been given in Table 9.
Drainage distance ( in meter) Suitability score Area in km2
500 0 123.31
1000 1 92.86
2000 2 147.50
4000 4 84.33
5000 5 46.73
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 362
Figure 11: Distance to road map
Table 8: Suitability scores and areal coverage for distance to roads
Figure 12: Population zone map
Road distance ( in meter) Suitability score Area in km2
1000 0 180.35
2000 1 76.13
3500 3 114.74
5000 4 113.45
7000 2 10.05
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 363
Table 9: Suitability scores and areal coverage for population (based on 2011 Census data)
4.8 Weightage overlay analysis
The weightage overlay analysis has been done on the basis of overlaying the various thematic
raster maps described above and multiplying each by their given weight and summing them
together. The weights were assigned to various thematic raster on the basis of their influences
to the surroundings for finding site suitability. The decision rule of suitable site selection are
given in Table10. The final output was reclassified for highlighting the different classes of
suitable waste dumping sites (Fig. 13). . The final result suggests that 134.14 km2 of the area
is very low suitable, 206.35 km2 is low suitable, 72.95 km2 is moderately suitable, 50.61 km2
is high suitable and 30.68 km2 is very high suitable for discarding urban municipal solid
waste. Suitable area observed in the study is shown in the Table11. Fig. 14 shows the existing
waste disposal sites along with the ward boundary has been overlaid with the final suitability
map.
Table 10: Decision rule used for suitable site selection
Criteria
Suitability class
Highly suitable Moderately
suitable Less suitable
Lithology Intrusive Rocks Consolidated
Sediments
Un-Consolidated
Sediments
Geomorphology
Denudational
hills (large),
Denudational
hills (small)
Pediment-
inselbergcomplex,
Buried pediplain,
Residual hill,
Structural hills
(large)
Alluvial plain older,
Alluvial plain younger
Land use and
land cover
Fallow land ,
Gullied/Ravenous
land, Land
without scrub,
Mining/Industrial
waste, Deciduous
land with scrub
Crop land, Crop land in
forest, Institute/
Industry/Park/Plantation,
Lakes/Ponds,
Reservoirs, Rivers,
Town-city, Villages
Slope (15-35%), (5-10%), (10-15%) (0-1%), (1-3%), (3-5%),
(35-50%), (50-70%)
Distance to
drainage (in 5000, 3000 2000 1000, 500
Location Population zone (Number of
Person)
Suitability
score
Area in
km2
Akbarpur 4068 8 62.51
Sonsa 9144 7 36.28
Naugaon 9229 7 69.43
Baragaon 12629 6 47.60
Bhadroli 14869 5 36.74
Girwai 16280 4 54.31
PuraniChhawani 22843 3 57.76
Gwalior 1054420 1 130.11
Total 494.73
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 364
meters)
Distance to road
(in meters)
5000, 3500
7000
2000, 1000
Population 4068, 9144,
9229, 12629
14869, 16280,
22843 1054420
Figure 13: Site suitability map for solid waste
Table 11: Waste disposal suitability area coverage and their distribution
5. Conclusion
This paper has attempted to summarize the methodology to select suitable waste disposal site
and demonstrates the importance of Remote Sensing and GIS technology, as an information
tool for solving the environmental problems particularly for the selection of suitable sites for
the disposal of solid wastes. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are also very capable and
can be effectively used for the management of waste collection. The proper understanding
Suitability
class Area in km2 Area %
Very low 134.14 27.11
Low 206.35 41.71
Moderate 72.95 14.75
High 50.61 10.23
Very high 30.68 6.20
Total 494.73 100.00
Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Monika Sharma et al.,
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 365
and back ground knowledge of the physical aspects of an area such as geology, slope
geomorphology topography drainage are necessary for giving proper weightage for the
overlay analysis in GIS.
Figure 14: Present waste disposal sites overlaid with suitability map
As per the weighted overlay analysis of the present study only 6.20% of the area was found
very high suitable and 10.22% area is highly suitable for the solid waste disposal sites which
means a total of about 16.42% area is suitable as per the present scenario. It is very clear from
observing Fig 13 and Fig 14 that out of four existing waste disposal sites three falls in very
low and one in low suitable categories whereas it should have been either in the high or very
high suitable zone. However it has to be mentioned here that the various criteria considered
here are case specific and may vary from area to area depending upon the population. Thus
the management of municipal solid waste can be effectively done with the use of geospatial
technologies which will certainly be a great relief for the city administrators..
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