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Urban SpaceV.03

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URBAN SPACE the logical structure of the reasoning process Seattle Public Library - OMA edy subangkit|25209036
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Page 1: Urban SpaceV.03

U R B A N S P A C E t h e l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e r e a s o n i n g p r o c e s s

S e a t t l e P u b l i c L i b r a r y - O M A

edy subangk i t | 25209036

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the term "urban design" was coined in north america in the late 1950s and replaced the narrow and some what out moded term "civic design"istilah "urban design" diciptakan di america utara pada akhir 1950-an dan mengganti pengertian yang sempit mengenai perencanaan kota yang dikenal dengan "civic design. yang digagas pada event "urban design conference 1956" dimana isi konfrensi tersebut adalah mensepakati platform untuk merilis Program studi urban design di Harvard pada tahun 1959-1960.

The guide identified seven objectives of urban design, each relating to the concept of place :Character : a palce with its own identity; Continuity and enclosure : a place where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished; Quality of public realm : a place with attractive and successful outdoor areas; Ease of movement : a place that easy to get to and move through; Legibility : a place that has a clear image and is easy to understand; Adoptability : a palce that can change easily; Diversity : a place with variety and choice Panduan mengidentifikasi tujuh tujuan desain perkotaan, masing-masing yang berkaitan dengan konsep "place":Karakter: sebuah tempat dengan identitasnya sendiri; Kontinuitas dan ketertutupan: suatu tempat di mana ruang publik dan swasta secara jelas dibedakan; Kualitas wilayah publik: sebuah tempat yang menarik dan sukses di luar daerah; Kemudahan pergerakan: tempat yang mudah dicapai dan bergerak melalui; Keterbacaan: sebuah tempat yang memiliki gambaran yang jelas dan mudah untuk memahami; Adoptability: sebuah tempat yang dapat dirubah dengan mudah; Diversity: sebuah tempat yang beragam dan banyak pilihan

as part of "place making" tradition, there have been a number of attempts to identify the desirable qualities of successful urban place and good urban form.Kevin Lynch (1981, pp. 118-19) identified five performance dimensions of urban design :Vitality, the degree to which the form of places supports the function, biological requirements and capabilities of human beings; Sense, the degree to which places can be claerly percieved and structured in time and space by users; Fit, the degree to which the form and capacity of spaces matches the patten of behaviour that people engage in or want to engage in; Access, the ability to reach other person, activities, recources, services, information, or places, including the quantity and diversity of elements that can be reached; Control, the degree to which those who use, work or reside in places can create and manage access to spaces and activities.sebagai bagian dari "place making" , ada sejumlah upaya untuk mengidentifikasi sifat-sifat yang diinginkan untuk mendapatkan urban place yang sukses dan bentuk kota yang baik.Kevin Lynch (1981, hal. 118-19) mengidentifikasi lima dimensi kinerja desain perkotaan:Vitalitas, sejauh mana bentuk tempat-tempat yang mendukung fungsi, kebutuhan dan kemampuan biologis manusia; Sense, sejauh mana tempat-tempat yang dapat dirasakan secara jelas dan terstruktur dalam waktu dan ruang oleh pengguna; Fit, sejauh mana bentuk dan kapasitas ruang sesuai dengan perilaku orang-orang yang terlibat dalam atau ingin terlibat dalam; akses, kemampuan untuk menjangkau orang lain, aktivitas, sumberdaya, jasa, informasi, atau tempat, termasuk kuantitas dan keragaman unsur-unsur yang dapat dihubungi ; Control, sejauh mana orang-orang yang menggunakan, bekerja atau tinggal di tempat-tempat yang dapat membuat dan mengatur akses dalam ruang dan kegiatan.

tradisi

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over past forty years , urban design has become a recognised field activity. although its scope is broad and its boundaries often 'fuzzy' and sometimes contested, this chapter has argued that it should be seen as an integrative 'joined-up' activity, at the heart of which is a concern, for making places for people. lebih dari empat puluh tahun terakhir, urban design telah menjadi kegiatan lapangan yang diakui. meskipun cakupannya luas dan batas-batasnya sering 'kabur' dan kadang-kadang dipertanyakan, bahwa hal itu harus dilihat sebagai suatu integratif, gabungan dari kegiatan, yang menjadi inti permasalahan adalah, untuk membuat tempat bagi orang-orang.

urban space can be regarded as the evolved state of urban form immediately prior to the onset of large scale industrialisation and urbanisation. the processes of urban growth in traditional (pre-industrial) cities can be broadly devided into "organic" and "planned". until the industrial revolution, urban development was limited in a number of fundamental ways, resulting in urban spaces modestly scaled.ruang kota dapat dianggap sebagai negara berkembang bentuk perkotaan menjadi yang utama pada saat industrialisasi dan urbanisasi. proses pertumbuhan perkotaan tradisional (pra-industri) secara luas kota dapat dibagi ke dalam "organik" dan "direncanakan". sampai revolusi industri, pembangunan perkotaan terbatas secara mendasar, yang menghasilkan ruang-ruang perkotaan skala sederhana (dengan menggunakan stardar dan aturan).

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNIST URBAN SPACE DESIGNhealthier buildings, medical knowledge developed during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. provided criteria (the need for light, air, sun, and ventilation, and access to open spaces) for the design of healthier buildings and environments; healthier environments, design buildings providing healthier internal condition to create healthier environments; accomodating the car, the car and the urban highway were potent symbol of the new age; architectural design philosophies, buildings were designed from the inside-out, responding only their programme and functional requirements, they become sculptures 'object in space'. designing buildings in this manner also expressed their modernity; attitude to the past, the spirit of the age- that was a reaction to nineteenth century historicism, and expressed a radical break with the past. although this dismissal of the past was a matter of rhetoric than reality, it was important in shaping attitudes and values (middleton, 1983, pp 730).KARAKTERISTIK MODERNbangunan , pengetahuan medis yang berkembang selama abad kesembilan belas dan awal abad kedua puluh. kriteria yang diberikan (kebutuhan untuk cahaya, udara, matahari, dan ventilasi, dan akses ke ruang terbuka) untuk desain bangunan dan lingkungan yang sehat; sehat , desain bangunan menyediakan kondisi internal yang sehat untuk menciptakan lingkungan sehat; mengakomodasi kendaraan, mobil dan jalan raya kota sebagai simbol zaman baru; filosofi desain arsitektur, bangunan dirancang dari dalam keluar, hanya menanggapi program ruang dan fungsi, mereka menjadi patung-patung 'objek dalam ruang'. merancang bangunan dengan cara ini juga menyatakan modernitas; sikap ke masa lalu, semangat zaman itu merupakan reaksi terhadap historisisme abad kesembilan belas, dan menyatakan pemutusan hubungan dengan masa lalu. meskipun masa lalu hanya soal retorika dan bukan kenyataan, hal ini penting dalam membentuk sikap dan nilai-nilai (Middleton, 1983, hal 730).

URBAN SPACE DESIGN sehat

lingkungan

Page 4: Urban SpaceV.03

CHARACTERISTICS AND CRITIQUES OF MODERNIST URBAN SPACE DESIGNparticipation and involvement, modernism was percieved to have a lack of dialogue with end user; Le Corbusier for example, had suggest that people would have to be re-educated to appreciate his vision; conservation, during the 1960s and early 1970s, policies that protected historic area were introduced, an conservation became part of urban planning. greater respect for the uniqueness of place and their history, and for the continuity of local pattern and typologies; mix uses, the tendency towards sterility was exacerbated by large, generally mono functional office blocks and shopping malls, which internalised much of tradition street life and activity; urban form, morphological approach to urban design based on "tried and tested" stressing continuity with rather than a break from, the past. they failed to produce good street and good cities, there was a recognition that the typical fabric and its overall orchestration were better in previous eras; architecture, the international style and architectural modernism had become. new ideas about arhitecture emerged, including stylistic, pluralism, and recognition of the built environment's decorative and contextual properties; cities for people, as a reaction of to the exclusive emphasis on cars, there has been a new concern for pedestrian, and a desire to create pedestrian dominant environments and environments that facilitate use by a range of travel modes.KARAKTERISTIK DAN KRITIK MODERNpartisipasi dan keterlibatan, modernisme dianggap memiliki tidak ada dialog dengan pengguna, Le Corbusier misalnya, telah menunjukkan bahwa orang itu harus dididik untuk kembali menghargai visi; konservasi, selama tahun 1960-an dan awal 1970-an, kebijakan yang melindungi daerah bersejarah diperkenalkan, sebuah konservasi menjadi bagian dari perencanaan kota. lebih menghargai keunikan tempat dan sejarah mereka, dan untuk kesinambungan pola lokal dan tipologi;mix uses, kecenderungan terhadap sterilitas tersebar secara meluas, bangunan fungsional dan pusat perbelanjaan dibangun dalam bentuk monoblok, yang menghilangkan kehidupan di jalan; urban form, pendekatan morfologis desain perkotaan didasarkan pada "dicoba dan diuji" menekankan kesinambungan daripada memecah seperti pola lampau. mereka gagal untuk menghasilkan jalan dan kota-kota yang baik, ada pengakuan bahwa tipologi dan keseluruhan elemen lebih baik pada era sebelumnya; arsitektur, gaya internasional dan arsitektur modernisme telah terjadi. ide-ide baru mengenai arhitecture muncul, termasuk gaya, pluralisme, dan pengakuan dari lingkungan binaan yang dekoratif dan elemen kontekstual; cities for people, sebagai reaksi terhadap penekanan eksklusif pada mobil, telah ada perhatian baru bagi pejalan kaki, dan keinginan untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang dominan bagi pejalan kaki dan lingkungan yang memfasilitasi perjalanan kaki. digunakan untuk berbagai moda transportasi.

URBAN SPACE DESIGN

memfasilitasi

Page 5: Urban SpaceV.03

NEW MODERNISMsince the mid-1980s, a radical new modernist approach, closely related to deconstructivism, has persisted primarily in the ideas rather than built projects of an architectural avant garde aiming to create architecture and urbanism that accurately reflect the contemporary social condition. Jenks (1990, pp 268-87) identifies elements of new modernism that convey its spirit, hermantic coding, disjunctive, complexity, explosive space, frenzied cacophony, thematised ornament, traces of memory, comic destructive and non-place sprawl. new modernist have turned away from social ideals of modernism. many new modernist projects are recognisable by their use of fractal geometry, exploiting the ability of computers to construct convoluted shapes and structures. new modernist tend to see urban design as big architecture, the theoritical influences has so far outweighed the actual impact on the urban development process. some of those built frank gehry's guggenheim museum in bilbao, and daniel libeskind's jewish museum in berlin.

NEW MODERNISMsejak pertengahan 1980-an, sebuah pendekatan modernis baru yang radikal, berkaitan erat dengan deconstructivisme, telah berlangsung terutama dalam ide-ide daripada membangun proyek-proyek avant garde, arsitektur bertujuan untuk menciptakan arsitektur dan urbanisme yang secara akurat mencerminkan kondisi sosial kontemporer. Jenks (1990, hal 268-87) mengidentifikasi unsur-unsur modernisme baru,

. modernis baru telah berpaling dari cita-cita sosial modernisme. proyek modernis dapat dikenali dengan penggunaan fractal geometri, memanfaatkan kemampuan komputer untuk membangun bentuk dan struktur rumit. modernis baru cenderung melihat desain perkotaan sebagai big architecture, pengaruhteori sejauh ini telah melebihi dampak sebenarnya pada proses pembangunan perkotaan. beberapa diantaranya yang didesain oleh Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum di Bilboa, dan daniel libeskind's jewish museum di Berlin.

hermantic coding, disjunctive, complexity, explosive space, frenzied cacophony, thematised ornament, traces of memory, comic destructive and non-place sprawl

TYPES OF URBAN SPACE?retails : markets, shops, restaurants?commercial : ruang sewa, exhebition space, container city?cultural : opera, museum, alun-alun?instiutional : library?green way?waterway?playing field?park?plaza?communal garden

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unprecedented growthWithin the past decade, the Seattle area has been the site of unprecedented growth. This has included numerous large-scale architectural projects that have attracted international attention and local criticism (Paul M. Davis, dailyuw.com)

The incredible shrinking city!Negative growth trends are largely associated with cities in North America and Europe, where the number of shrinking cities has increased faster in the last 50 years than the number of expanding cities. In the United States alone, 39 cities have endured population loss. (Knute Berger, crosscut.com)

lack of public spaceSeattle has a reputation for doing a lousy job with public plazas. For all the vast sums spent in recent years on public buildings - more than $1.5 billion on stadiums, a downtown library, two music halls, a new federal courthouse, and a new city hall - Seattle still lacks.In times more optimistic about our sports teams, the issue used to be framed as: Where do we go to celebrate when the Mariners win the World Series?

Okay, we need to lower our expectations. Winning can just be a nice day at the ballpark, right? But the question remains. Where does Seattle gather for big civic celebrations? The Pike Place Market is too small. Seattle Center is too far from downtown. Ditto for the University of Washington's Red Square. Westlake Park is clumsy, unless you're partial to the papal balcony look. (O. Casey Corr, crosscut.com)

Seattlefailures

proposal to counterurban failures

new approach to community design.

introducing "building as public space"

The Library’ s insistence on one kind of literacy has blinded it to other emerging forms that increasingly dominate our culture, especially the huge efficiencies (and pleasures) of visual intelligence. New libraries don’t reinvent or even modernize the traditional institution; they merely package it in a new way. (OMA)

defining the problem before the answer. This means analyzing the multiple functions and organizations necessary in the library, and the constraints and benefits of the site, then developing a form based upon those needs. One method of analyzing those needs is called wallpaper. This process involves taking one programmatic element, such as a computer workstation, and graphically multiplying the necessary space for one station by the number of stations required. (Rebecca Dudley, lecturer in the UW architecture department, worked on the OMA library design competition)

Our ambition is to redefine / reinvent the Library as an institution no longer exclusively dedicated to the book, but as an information store, where all media - new and old - are presented under a regime of new equalities. In an age where information can be accessed anywhere, it is the simultaneity of all media and the professionalism of their presentation and interaction, that will make the Library new. (OMA)

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seattle public library-OMAconcept of situationMerlau-Ponty 1962

"involvement in circumstances" or "active concern with sets of natural, cultural or human problems"

situation problemscultural | natural | human problems

urban spaceunprecedented growthThe incredible shrinking city!lack of public space

perpustakaan bagai penjara yang kondisinya terancam oleh media elektronik yang kehilangan kendali, tradisi dan peradaban. dengan kata lain perpustakaan menjadi moralistik dan difensif

di satu sisi telah terjadi erosi domain publik, dengan berkembangnya bisnis hiburan, orang-orang lebih memilih untuk meluangkan waktu ditempat hiburan

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"learn how to act in certain kinds of circumstances"Mallin 1979

re-definetransformasi

memberi makna baru pada perpustakaan, mentransformasi menjadi gudang informasi (agresif mendalangi teknologi informasi, mengumpulkan, meringkas, menyebarkan, "membaca dan memanipulasi informasi") yang tidak diragukan lagi kesetiaannya pada buku.

re-invent menemukan kembali perpustakaan sebagai institusi tidak lagi secara khusus didedikasikan untuk buku, tapi toko informasi, di mana semua media - baru dan lama - dalam kesetaraan. Dimana informasi dapat diakses di mana saja.

flexibilityStrategi yang lebih masuk akal membagi bangunan menjadi kompartemen spasial didedikasikan dan diperlengkapi untuk tugas tertentu.

kompresi isi dari perpustakaan secara keseluruhan dapat disimpan pada satu chip, atau fakta bahwa satu perpustakaan sekarang dapat menyimpan konten digital dari semua perpustakaan, berpikir ulang : bentuk-bentuk baru memungkinkan ruang penyimpanan yang didedikasikan untuk buku-buku asli bentuk-bentuk baru membaca meningkatkan aura buku riil.

aura Seattle telah berperan dalam definisi masyarakat baru. Selain perpustakaan biasa, akan ada 'atraksi' yang mengeksploitasi lokasi sistem perpustakaan di Seattle, di jantung dari budaya yang muncul. Bidang 'penerbangan,' revolusi digital dan evolusi dari budaya perusahaan, akan disorot dengan menawarkan akses ke bahan-bahan yang unik dan arsip, terorganisir dalam core yang spesifik.

logical structure

Page 9: Urban SpaceV.03

booksmaps

magazines

newspapers

e-book

world wide webdatabase

s-track

microform

filmstrips

rent a print

LP recordphotocopy

audio cassete

cinemacomic book

photographyyellow pages

documentary

paperback

video

microchipfloppy disc

compact disc

cd-rom

e-book

www

database

s-track

microform

filmstrips

rent a print

LP record

photocopy

audio cassete

cinema

comic book

magazines

newspapers

maps

photography

yellow pages

documentary

paperback

video

microchip

floppy disc

compact disc

cd-rom

1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

books

design solutionnew equalitiesbuku dan media elektronik mendapatkan perhatian yang sama, perpustakaan ini harus dapat mengakomodasi ledakan informasi sebagai kewajiban sosial

*timeline diagram by Bruce Mau

*

Page 10: Urban SpaceV.03

design solutionsocial rolePerpustakaan telah berubah dari sebuah ruang untuk membaca menjadi sebuah pusat sosial dengan banyak tanggung jawab.

perpustakaan baru dengan fasilitas tambahan menciptakan ketidakseimbangan konseptual karena tidak pernah ada format yang fundamental, maka perpustakaan baru ini disesuaikan untuk mengakomodasi peran sosial yang baru.

workstations

voter registration

video

discussion group

friends of the library

remote accessbibliography

art exhibitsreaders advisory

young adults services

library war service program

children's collectionno cost

public libraryexpanded conception of service

*modern library area*

specialization

americanization

increased community prominence

adult educationgreat books program

handicaped services

training the disadvantages

information and referral centers

workstations

voter registration

video

discussion group

friends of the library

remote access

bibliography

art exhibits

readers advisory

young adults services

information desk information desk

library war service program

children's collection

no cost

public library

expanded conception of service

*modern library area*

specialization

americanization

increased community prominence

adult education

great books program

handicaped services

training the disadvantages

information and referral centers

*timeline diagram by Bruce Mau

*1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

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applicationplatformsdengan memodifikasi posisi dari lantai khas bangunan high-rise amerika, bangunan akan muncul dan akan mendapatkan cahaya matahari yang diinginkan, konteksnya : semua sisi akan bereaksi

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conclusion

c u r r e n tcondition

unprecedented growth | The incredible shrinking city! | lack of public space

proposal

new approach to community design | introducing "building as public space"

re-define memberi makna ulang pada perpustakaan sebagai gudang informasi dari segala media

situationproblems

solution alternatives

re-definetransformasi

re-inventflexibilitykompresi

aura

a n a l y z i n g t h e m u l t i p l e f u n c t i o n s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s

new equalitiessocial role

programming as building design

Page 14: Urban SpaceV.03

reference

Rowe, Peter (1987). Design Thinking. Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press.

Merleau-Ponty,Maurice (1962). Phenomenology of Perception (translated by Collin Smith). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Mallin, Samuel B. (1979). Merleau-Ponty's Philosophy. New Heaven, Conneticut : Yale University Press

OMA (1999). Seattle Public Library Proposal.

I. Carmona, Matthew, II. Heath, Tim, III. Oc, Tanner IV. Tiesdel, Steven (2003). Public Places-Urban Spaces : The Dimension of Urban Design. Oxford Burlington MA : Architectural Press


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