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7/30/2019 Urban Transport Crisis in India_literature review
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Dinesh Poudel
Roll No: 013-1207
Msc TEAM
Nepal Engineering College
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Outline
1. Literature Information2. Abstract
3. Limitation and shortcoming
4.Transport problems of developing countries
5. Urban Condition in India
6. Trends in land use
7. Urban Transport problems
8. Nine Improvement policy
9. Conclusion
10. Findings in our context
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Literature Title :Urban transport crisis in India
Literature type : JournalJournal : Transport Policy
Edition: Transport Policy 12 (2005) 185198
Author: John Puchera,
Nisha Korattyswaropama,
Neha Mittal,
Neenu Ittyerah
Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1987, USA
Online Edition :Www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpolicy
Available online :21 April 2005
Copyright: Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpolicyhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpolicy7/30/2019 Urban Transport Crisis in India_literature review
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2.Abstract
This article summarizes key trends in Indias transport
system and travel behavior, analyzes the extent andcauses of the most severe problems, and recommends
nine policy improvements that would help mitigate
Indias urban transport crisis.
Environmental pollution, noise, traffic fatalitsand injuries, congestion, and mobility problems are far
more severe in developing countries
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The literature more focus in concentric development first and
then outer development
Some of these recommendations may seem too ambitious or
overly optimistic. Like radical changes in transport policiesIt seems highly unlikely that all the recommended measures will
be adopted, or implemented
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4.Transport problems of developing countries
Unplanned, haphazard development without adequate
infrastructure
Limited network of roads, often narrow, poorly
maintained, and unpaved
Extremely congested roads with an incompatible mix of
both motorized and non-motorized vehicles
Rapidly increasing ownership and use of private carsand motorcycles
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Transport pblm. Continued
Inadequate roadway accommodations for buses and
non-motorized transportPrimitive or non-existent traffic control and
management
Overcrowded, uncomfortable, uncoordinated,
inefficient, and dangerous public transport
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5.Urban conditions in India
Rapid
populationgrowth of Indias
cities
Mumbai (Bombay)
Kolkata (Calcutta)
Delhi
Chennai(Madras)
Hyderabad
Bangalore
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35 metropolitan areas had populations exceeding one million, almost twice as many
as in 1991 (Office of the Registrar General of India, 2001).
Rapid growth Causes :
Rapid growth in travel demand, Overwhelming the limited transport infrastructure
Alarming levels of congestion, air pollution, noise, and traffic danger
Indias poor especially disadvantaged
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6.Trends in land use and travel behavior
Lack of effective planning and rampant sprawled development Greatly increased the number and length of trips
Longer trip distances /less walking and cycling
FSI Floor Space Index ( ratio of floor areas to land areas ) in India
:1.6 where as 5 to 15 in Asian city centers
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Sprawl-spread out in an unnatural or ungraceful way
Less stringent land use regulations
Discourage development in centre
Seek location on suburban fringe
Low density and Sprawl development causes enormous
problems in public transport.
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7. Urban transport problems in India
Indias 20-fold increase in thecombined number of cars, taxis,
trucks, and motor cycles from
1971 to 2001
The number of traffic fatalities
has increased more than 5-foldsince1971
Traffic fatality rate per million
inhabitants has tripled over the
past three decades
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7.1. Traffic injuries and fatalities
Traffic Fatalities in India
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Traffic injuries and fatalities contd..
Motorcycles and bicycles each account for more than twice the share
Cars, taxis and buses appear to be the safest modes
Pedestrians account for a slightly higher percent of fatalities than their
share of total trips
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Traffic fatalitiesin different
mode
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7.2. Environmental pollution
levels of air pollution concentrations are highest for suspended
particulate matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particulate matter
(RSPM), which exceed WHO air quality standards, as well as official
Indian government standards, for all of the cities
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7.3. Roadway congestion
Traffic congestion is frustrating and time consuming for travelers
Roadway speeds for motor vehicles in Mumbai fell by half from
1962 to 1993, from 38 km/h to only 1520km/h
Most roads in Indian cities are narrow and lack of modern traffic
signals and signage
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7.4. Equity
Most of Indias urban poor cannot afford any private
motorized transport at all, and many cannot even afford the
low fares on public transport
Due to travel distance and economic status urban poor live
in congested slums in older, deteriorating inner-city areas andvictim of environmental pollution
Poor get around cities mainly by walking or cycling, theirspecifically non-motorized transport needs are yet further ignored
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7.5. Inadequate public transport
Vast improvements are needed in Indias public transport
systems
The slowness, unreliability, danger, and overcrowding of buses
and trains has forced many middle class passengers to shift to
cars, motorcycles, and scooters
Instead, yet further congesting the roads and worsening air
pollution, noise, and safety problems
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8.1. Improved rights of way for pedestrians and cyclists
The national governments Ministry of Urban Affairs and Poverty
Alleviation (2004) has issued a draft urban transport policy
recommending 50% Central Government financing of both cycle
tracks and pedestrian paths in large cities.
8.2. Improved traffic management
Clearly, better driver training, traffic signage, uniformregulations, and strict enforcement are needed.
Chandigarh is an example of a smaller city that has
vigorously implemented such traffic management measures
The main focus of public transport policy must be on improved
bus transport, Suburban rail and metro systems
Chennai have been converted from 2-track to 4-track lines to
enable separation of local from long-distance rail traffic,increasing
both safety and speed
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8.4. Privatization of bus services
Compared to the publicly owned, operated, and subsidized bus
services in the same cities, the privately run services have
higher productivity, lower costs, more passengers per bus, andhigher revenues per bus km of service
8.5. Improve motor vehicle technology and fuelsWith Indias worst air pollution, Delhi was forced to adopt the
rather drastic policy of requiring all buses, taxis, and trucks toconvert from petrol and diesel to CNG (compressed natural gas)
within a period of only 3 years
It is easier to affect future vehicle design than to force
conversions of existing vehicles.
8.6. Design new roads to accommodate the needs
of buses, cyclists, and pedestrians
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8.8. State and local governments should be encouraged
to revise their current land use and development
regulations to promote higher-density development at railstations and along key bus routes
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Large increases in funding will be required for the enormous
investments needed to improve Indian transport systems
8.9. Large increases in funding
8.7. Better cooperation among different transport
agencies, departments, and ministries as well as better
overall coordination of transport and land-use policies
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9. Conclusion
There are two main obstacles to implementing policies needed to deal
with Indias urban transport crisis financial and political.
The very successful TransMilenio Project in Bogota,Columbia, for
example, introduced a bus rapid transit system, bicycle paths, improved
pedestrian facilities, and significant restrictions on private car use A new Technology like CNG gas has been implemented for pollution
control
As now in 2013 implementing these above situation India has made a
rapid change in transportation system like metro rail , BRT, cycle lane.
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Our Planning should be such that it will address all level people (
Poor to rich )Like india we are also facing pollution and our policy should focus on
new eco friendly technology like electric vehicles and management of
old vehicles
Focus should be given for non motorized system like cycling & proper
footpath and better public transport serviceThe private participation approach should be developed for better
services and infrastructure
Good transport management system(ITS) and coordination among
different organization and stake holder is must
The problem in the literature currents reflects our urban problem
in the cities like Kathmandu , Pokhara, Birjung and Biratnagar
Findings :
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Question ???
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THANK
YOU!