Date post: | 16-Aug-2015 |
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Urbanization and its
health effects on urban areas
URBANIZATION : THE PHYSICAL GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS AS A RESULT OF GLOBAL CHANGE.
Environmental
Housing
Social
Lifestyle
Combined factors of individual issues may cause health problems to evolve
Emerging health problems
Environmental problems
air ,water ,noise pollution
ozone depletion
food safety
natural source depletion
Climate changes
Health Problems Poor air – asthama, alergy
unclean water – transmission of infections disease through water supply (water food born diseases)
Climate changes- extreme heat and cold
Noise –sleep disturbances
Social Social problem lead to health
problem Social services Overcrowding Lack of resources Poverty Unemployment Lack of education Crime Mental , health problems Voilence
Accidents- alchol
Malnutrition caused by poverty
Suicide -lack of health , mental services
Injuries caused by drugs or stress
ill health obstacle to social economic development . Poor people live shorter lives.
Lifestyle Major killers related lifestyle Problems caused by several factors lack of education access to health care access to social services poverty overcrowding stress (non communicable disease such as heart disease, cancer
obesity and diabetes)
Priority
Healthy schools
Water supply
Health and hygiene education
Garbage removal and disposal
Drainage and sanitation
Income generation
Low Cost HousingLOW COST HOUSING IS A NEW CONCEPT WHICH DEALS WITH EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AND FOLLOWING OF TECHNIQUES WHICH HELP IN REDUCING THE COST CONSTRUCTION THROUGH THE USE OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS ALONG WITH IMPROVED SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY WITHOUT SACRIFICING THE STRENGTH, PERFORMANCE AND LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE
Major causes of High Building Costs
• EXPENSIVE MATERIALS
• LACK OF NECESSARY BUILDING SKILLS
• DESIGNS
• MATERIAL SELECTION
• BUILDING METHODS
• EQUIPMENT'S
Areas from where cost can be reduced
1) REDUCE PLINTH AREA BY USING THINNER WALL .
2) USE LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIAL IN AN INNOVATIVE FORM LIKE SOIL CEMENT BLOCKS IN PLACE OF BURNT BRICK.
3) USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY MATERIALS WHICH CONSUMES LESS ENERGY LIKE CONCRETE BLOCK IN PLACE OF BURNT BRICK.
4) USE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIALS WHICH ARE SUBSTITUTE FOR CONVENTIONAL BUILDING COMPONENTS LIKE USE R.C.C. DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES IN PLACE OF WOODEN FRAMES.
5) PREPLAN EVERY COMPONENT OF A HOUSE AND RATIONALIZE THE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE COMPONENT IN THE BUILDING.
6) BY PLANNING EACH AND EVERY COMPONENT OF A HOUSE THE WASTAGE OF MATERIALS DUE TO DEMOLITION OF THE UNPLANNED COMPONENT OF THE HOUSE CAN BE AVOIDED.
Methods• RAT – TRAP BOND WALL
• CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING
• SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY
• FILLER SLAB TECHNOLOGY
URBANIZATION AND MENTAL HEALTH
Urbanization affects mental health through the influence of increased stressors and factors such as overcrowded and polluted environment, high levels of violence, and reduced social support.
Impact of urbanization is associated with an increase in mental disorders.
Migrants were much more likely to report depressive symptoms than non-migrants, presumably due to family separation and reduced social support.
The detrimental impact of migration on mental health existed only for solo migrants, but not for migrants accompanied by family members.
In addition, migrants often face increased life and work-related stressors and unfavorable working environments, as they have to cope with new conditions and are over-represented in labor-intensive jobs.
The elevated stress tends to put migrants at higher risksfor stress-related health deficits.
The detrimental impact of migration on mental health existed only for solo migrants, but not for migrants accompanied by family members.
In addition, migrants often face increased life and work-related stressors and unfavorable working environments, as they have to cope with new conditions and are over-represented in labor-intensive jobs.
The elevated stress tends to put migrants at higher risksfor stress-related health deficits.