Urbanization and Ger area

PUREV-ERDENE. Ershuu

Architecture departmentCivil Engineering School

Mongolian University of Science and Technology

Historical background

1639-1778, - Pre urbanization period - nomadic settlement. The city location changed 28 times from the ancient capital HAR-HORUM to NIISLEL HUREE that evolved into a religious, political and international trade development center of the country.

1778 until now which the sedentary civilization period begun with, or the period of struggling for the development and national symbol.

During these periods, the city managed to maintain the current status of the socio-economic and political center.

Ulaanbaatar urban development divided two periods:

Dambadarjaa monastry 1765

Historical background

Pic1. Niislel huree (present Ulaanbaatar) in 1912

Maimaachin

Emperor Palace

Mongolian felt house called “Ger”

Gandan Monastry

Zuun huree

During 30’s almost 900 temples destroyed

Urbanization of UB city.

Pic2. The first general plan of the UB city development based on rational urbanization process.1953

Urban development steps in UB city In 1960-1965, the city location and construction layouts initiated.

In 1965-1975, the city general plan formulated with economic efficiency estimations based on land maps, and comprehensive engineering and geological surveys.

In 1975-1985, the capital city urbanization works were carried out based on the national policy, methodological directions and norm-standards, well adjusted to the national territorial, natural, climatic specifics.

In 1985-1990, numerous national experts on projecting and urbanization had been trained, thus enabling the national manpower to carry out independently all projecting works well fitting to the Mongolian local conditions.

From 1990, in conjunction with the socio-political changes and transitions to the free market economy, a new radical trend emerged in the UB urbanization plan, and currently in force legal acts serving basic norms and standards.

Nomads lifestyle

Traditional Mongolian Dwelling

Ideally suited to Mongolia's nomadic way of life and harsh weather, the Ger has been the most popular dwelling for hundreds of years.

A round wooden-framed felt tent covered in durable white canvas seems to be the most simple description of this portable home. The modern shape of the Mongolian Ger has been formed as the result of the long development through huts, marquees and wheeled abodes. During ancient times, people made shelters from dry branches and animal skins. This could have been the first version of current Mongolian Ger. The history of the Ger goes back to 2500-3000 years BC. In medieval era large Gers that belong to kings and nomadic chieftains were built on special wheeled floors and were dragged by a number of oxen (22 at usual).

Interior of the Ger, and structure

The Mongolian Ger has two key component: the wooden frame work and the felt cover. The wooden wall shell is called 'khana', the upper wooden poles (measuring 1.5-3 meters) are 'uni', the central supporting two columns are known as 'bagana' and the uppermost smoke hole is 'toono'. A Ger has 4-12 khanas, depending on its size. The number of uni or upper poles ranges between 45 and 120 depending on the number of khanas. Any ger has a toono ,the smoke hole and baganas, 2 columns supporting the toono. There are several felt layers, covering the wooden framework and outer white canvas which is designed to make the Ger look prettier and protect the felt covers from rain and snow. Mongolian nomads, who move several times each year, pack their Gers onto the back of camels or camel and ox carts. The weight of a ger is approximately 250kg-s.It only takes half an hour to collapse an average ger and a bit longer to re-build it.

Re-settlement

Population growth in UB urban area

2004 893.4 36.42005 928.5 37.532006 965.3 38.6

Urban sprawl

Migration effects

05000

10000

15000200002500030000

350004000045000

Year

Peo

ple

In migration Out migration

Graph 1. Number of migrating people in UB. 1989-2003

The new Mongolian constitution of 1992 guaranteed the people the right of free choice of their place of residence being the legalbasis for the ongoing internal migration process in the country.

Fig3. Number (1000) of net-migration to UB by region, 1989-2003

Increase of unplanned sprawl in urban area

Pic4. Land use ratio in planned and unplanned areas

Pic5. General view of Ger districts

Environmental pollution of Ger area

0.0180.021 0.022

0.030.028 0.028

0.032

0.0120.010.011

0.0090.007 0.006 0.006

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

mg/

m3

Nitrogen oxide Sulphur dioxides

Graph3. Change of ambient concentrations of air pollutants of UB city.

y = 0.001x + 0.0049

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year

Num

ber

of s

tove

s

00.0020.0040.0060.0080.010.0120.014

Mg/

m3

Number of stovesYearly average SO contents of airLinear (Yearly average SO contents of air)

Graph2.Relation of SO pollutionand coal burning stove

Urban Ger settlement brings: - Soil and - Surface, under ground water pollution - Reducing quality of life

Winter air pollution

Model Area PlanningModel Area Planning 1717thth horoo, Suhbaatar district horoo, Suhbaatar district

12,13,14,15,1712,13,14,15,17thth horoo, Songino-Hairhan district horoo, Songino-Hairhan district

The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)

Research of problem finding

The comments discussed during meetings

Lack of kindergartens, schools and other social services facilities, which creates major problems for residents

- In case of construction of apartment houses, residents could give land for construction and get apartments in return

- It is needed to plan a safe road - Options on how different size of land, which

varies between 0,3-0,7 hectares, owned by various people will be reflected in the project planning

- Effectiveness of land re-planning projects

Public participation

- Whether different treatment shall be used for people who grow in their yards trees and other plants

- After planning stage, when implementation phase will start and finish

- The role and participation of the capital city municipality and the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development

- Solutions proposed for families which reside on someone else’s yard and do not own the land

- Type of apartment buildings to be built

- Parties which will participate in the implementation process.

The comments discussed during meetings

“Neighborhood Residential Unit” Planning

This is a basic urban planning unit to plot community facilities such as kindergarten, elementary school and parks in residential area. Basically, service coverage of 1 school is a basic unit, which consists of 7,000 – 10,000 population.

Children’s park

Commercial center

Community center

Neighborhood park

Pedestrianroad

Kindergarten

Trunk road

District road

App. 1km

School

“Neighborhood Residential Unit” Planning

Dambadarjaa-planning scheme

  Present PlanArea (m2) % Area (m2) %

Road 0 0,00% 207 400 19,01%Pedestrian 0 0,00% 82 000 7,52%Park 0 0,00% 88 200 8,08%River, water 2 000 0,50% 2 300 0,21%School and kindergarten 0 0,00% 47 100 4,31%Public facilities 5 000 0,50% 12 600 1,15%Residential area 99810 99,08% 262 200 24,04%Apartment area (reserved land) 0 0,00% 86000 8%

Total 109 300 100,00% 1 093 000 100,00%

Planning area - 109,3гаTemple area– 5,54 гаPopulation – 7000Households – 1500Plots – 933Streets – 55

PlannedPopulation11000-12000School for 1250 childrenKindergarten for 530 children Community center– 1Green area– 3,6 га

School

Green in marsh land

Commercial street

Kindergarten

Fire station

1km (Service radius)

Electricity & Heating

plant

Community center

Bogd Zonhov mountain

Dambadrajaa temple

Clinic

Dambadarjaa-planning scheme

School Commercial area

Kindergarten

Community center,

Clinic

1km (Service radius)

Green belt

Bus station

Unur  Present Plan

Area (m2)

% Area (m2)

%

Road 2 490 8,00%

182 600

19,59%

Pedestrian 0 0,00%

109 000

11,60%

Park 0 0,00%

92 500

9,90%

River, water 2 000 0,50%

5 000 0,53%

School and kindergarten

0 0,00%

27 600

2,96%

Public facilities 5 000 0,50%

26 650

2,80%

Sub-total 9 490 1,00%

443 350

47,57%

Residential area 893 396

99,00%

400 064

42,93%

Apartment area (reserved land)

0 0,00%

88 530

9,50%

Total 902 886

100,00%

931 900

100,00%

Unur – plaaning scheme

Planning area– 93 гаPopulation– 9000

PlannedPOP13500, 145 Person/ha School for 1052 childrenKindergarten for 440 childrenCommunity center– 1Green area– 8,4 га

Apartment

Common house Townhouse

Detached house

Dambadarjaa district planning

Dambadarjaa district planning

Waste water treatment plant

Unur district planning

“Land pooling ” system“Land readjustment” system

before

after

road

Reserved land(for public purpose , to sell)

Detached house

apartmentschool

Green area

townhouse

“Land pooling ” system

“Land readjustment” system

““land poolingland pooling”” system system

Land reserve

Thank you for the attention.