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URBANIZATION
“Cities have always been the fireplaces of
civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into
the dark, cold world.”
- Theodore Parker
Suburbanization
Infrastructure
Edge city
Planned communities
Central-place theory
World cities
Primate city
Bid-rent theory
CBD (central business district)
Zoning
Commuter zone
Ghetto
Gentrification
Postindustrial city
High-tech corridors
MEGACITIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
TransportationAccess to water routes more
important prior to railroads
NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco
Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATIONSITE – the physical
characteristics of a specific areaOriginally located for
commerce and defensepeninsulas and
islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)
hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Access to fresh waterdomestic
consumptionlevel of
industrialization, standard of living, and population growth
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Geological character
- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock
- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fieldsBirmingham, England – near coal deposits Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally
located around diamond minesHouston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of
MexicoChicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to
Corn Belt
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Situation can change over time –
+ discovery of new resource
+ construction of new recreational lake
- change in transportation patterns
- agricultural areas effected by drought
FUNCTIONS OF A CITYJobs and Services
Residential
Trade and Commerce
Manufacturing
Public Administration
Personal Services
IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION
Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800
Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor
England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)
In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT
Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward
EuropeBoston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small
domestic hinterlands
Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)Crude national railroad networkRailroads converged with internal waterwaysChicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT
Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)Rapid development of iron and steel industriesRapid industrial growth within Northeast and
Midwest
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)Complex highway and air transportationImproved amenities and speed led to increase
suburban developmentSunbelt migration
Bid Rent Theory
Related to the “gravity model” and “distance decay.”
Edge Cities
• Central Place Theory • Spatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle
Walter Christaller
Node
PRIMATE CITY STATUSA country’s leading city is always is proportionately
large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
Not all countries have a primate city
• India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore
• China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro
RANK-SIZE RULE
• The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc.
- George Zipf
RANK-SIZE RULE
• Paris (2.2 million) v. Marseilles (800,000)
• London (6.9 million) v. Birmingham (1 million)
• Mexico City (9.8 million) v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)
MEGALOPOLIS
• Jean Gottman (1950s)
• 300 mile stretch of BosWash
• Greek for “very large city”
• Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas
MEGALOPOLIS• Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and
grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas
• As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically
• Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country
MEGALOPOLIS• Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important
• Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center
• 40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins
• 30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis
PRIMATE CITY of the World
• New York, New York• The City That Never Sleeps!
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”
World Systems theory
economic core
economic periphery
HDI
Globalization
international division of labor
transnational corporation
NAFTA
economic activities
commodity chains
Outsourcing
maquiladoras
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
industrial location
Bid Rent theory
time-space compression
GROWTH AND DIFFUSIONIndustrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES• Location theory
helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures
• Transportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
• Weber’s least-cost theory
• Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries
that industrialized• Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• North American
manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today
• Asian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• Enormous gaps
between rich and poor, both globally and regionally
• Underlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• 21st century opened
with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector
• Rapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well
CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS
• Spatial organization of world economy
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
• Declining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20th century
• Technology is accelerating the pace of life
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING• Deindustrialization
in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery
• International labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts
QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY
IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT
CRITIQUES OF MODELS
• Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems TheoryCore Semi-peripheryPeriphery
CRITIQUES OF MODELS• Alfred Weber – Least Cost
Theory• #1 cost in industrial
location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market
• Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories have their impact as well
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE
Agribusiness
Factory farming
Genetically modified plants
Norman Borlaug
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
Plant domestication
Agricultural regions
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Second Agricultural Revolution
Plantation agriculture
Crop rotation
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION• NEOLITHIC
REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
• SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
• THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS
• Upper SE Asian Mainland
• Lower SE Asian Mainland
• Eastern India• SWA• East African Highlands
• Meso-America• North-Central China• Mediterranean Basin• Western Sudan• Andean Highlands• Eastern South America
AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES• Nigerian women
spread seeds• Slash and burn in Peru
• Center pivot irrigation in Oregon
AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Hunting & Gathering
• Shifting Cultivation(slash-and-burn)
• Pastoral Nomadism
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Subsistence Ag
• Commercial Ag
• Mixed Crop & Livestock
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Dairy Farming
• Grain Farming
• Livestock Ranching
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION• Mediterranean Ag
• Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming
• Plantation Farming
AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
• Columbian Exchange• NAFTA
von THUNEN MODEL
• Originator of spatial models
• Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands
von THUNEN MODEL
• “Isolated state” – no trade connections
• Possessed only one market
• Located centrally in the state
• Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain
• All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it
• Farmers sought maximum profits
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
MODERN AG REVOLUTION• The complex of seed and
management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland
• 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• 1965-1983 average yields• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies
• PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS• New variations of seeds/plants
• Irrigation• Mechanization
• Fertilization• Use of pesticides• More food
MODERN AG REVOLUTION• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of
land
• Ground water depletion• Conflict between agricultural societies
and urban sprawl
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• Increased mechanization
• Development of
biotechnology
HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE
• Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?