Urbanization Ppt Pd.8-1

8/3/2019 Urbanization Ppt Pd.8-1

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IntroductionLiving conditions varied greatly.It all depended on your social class and your

job.

Urban population expanded, making housing amajor problem.There was housing shortages, since cities andfactory towns were so crowded.There was a growth of slums.Deterioration of exciting housing occurredbecause of overpopulation.


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Homes of the WealthyCliffe Castle, Keighley is an example.

A very large home that looks like a castle. Has towers on its side.

Is surrounded by a garden. The estate itself stretches for thousands of miles. Now open for the public (museum)


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Homes of the Poor Lived in very small houses on crampedstreets.

Would share toilet facilities and have opensewers. It was very damp. Disease was spread through a contaminated water

supply.

Working Class died due to disease. Example: cholera from drinking water, chest diseases

from the mines, and smallpox.


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Improved ConditionsConditions did improve.Public health acts were introduced coveringthings such as sewage, hygiene and makingboundaries upon the construction of homes.

The first housing law (the 1867 New York City tenement houselaw) was revised in 1879 to prohibit windowless rooms.

in 1901, better provision for light and ventilation, fire protection,and sanitation was required.

The Gilded Age created a larger middle class. Lawyers. Doctors.


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Housing LawsThe first housing law (the 1867 New YorkCity tenement house law) was revised in1879 to prohibit windowless rooms. Thefindings of a tenement house commissionresulted in a new law in 1901, requiringbetter provision for light and ventilation,fire protection, and sanitation.


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Working Conditions cont.Another issue that arose from the growth of factories concerned child labor.In an agriculturally based nation, it was perfectly normal for children to workon the family farm. Now that the nation was moving towards an Industrialand Urban lifestyle, though, it became dangerous for children to work.Factories were a dangerous place for anyone to work, but especially for children. Aside from dangerous equipment, working hours for children also

became an issue.With the Industrialization and Urbanization boom, factories required anextremely large yet extremely cheap workforce. The easiest source of cheap work at the time was in women and children. In the mid to late 1800s,women and children could work the same number of hours as men and stillreceive less pay for their work. This was mostly because women andchildren could not physically do the same kind of work that men could do,but it was also believed that women and children didnt need as much paybecause they were not directly responsible for supporting the family. Thisstandard obviously held many negative consequences relating to the workforce. Between 1881 and 1905, there were approximately 37,000 strikesacross the country demanding better pay and working conditions.


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Working Conditions cont.Factories at the time of Urbanization were an unsafe, unsanitaryplace. The equipment was dangerous, not to mention dirty. All of thenecessities for a successful factory led to great pollution as well asthe development of slums. Since factory workers worked such longhours, they needed to live nearby. However, factory workers gotpaid very little, so they couldnt afford to live in a nice home. Thesesmall homes were located in the dirty neighborhoods close to thefactories, the slums.Working conditions also lead to many prejudices againstimmigrants. Many immigrants to the United States came seeking atotally new lifestyle and were willing to do whatever work they couldget to support themselves. They often took jobs in factories as

unskilled workers. This created many prejudices of the old-comerstowards the new immigrants.


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Health and Sanitation

While many urban residents migrated to the cities fromrural areas in the United States, the majority of thenewcomers were immigrants. The concentration of these new arrivals in select urban areas led to theemergence of distinct ethnic neighborhoods andfueled nativist fearsThe sudden influx of millions of poor immigrants led tothe formation of slums in U.S. cities. These new city

dwellers lived in tenement buildings, often with entirefamilies living together in tiny one-room apartmentsand sharing a single bathroom with other families onthe floor.


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Health and Sanitation

Tenements generally were filthy, poorly ventilated, andpoorly lit, making them a hospitable environment for rats and disease.The unprecedented growth of industrial productionduring the Gilded Age also sparked demographicchanges. Attracted by factory jobs, large numbers of rural migrants and immigrants flocked to the industrialcenters of the Northeast. The resulting urbanization

led to an increase in the number and size of Americancities. Poor living conditions, limited health care, and alack of education opportunities afflicted the growingworking class. The urban centers of the Gilded Agewere larger, more densely populated, and ethnically

more diverse than any previous urban settlements.


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The Political Machine(of the Gilded Age)


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A Brief HistoryMostly started by Irish immigrants in NewYork City

Also in Boston and ChicagoDid this to get control of their cities, andimprove their lives


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Structure

There were three elements: Bosses or a county committee, governing the

party, machine and the politicians Election district captains who organized the

party at the neighborhood level Party loyalists who supported the machine

with votes and financial help in exchange for jobs, favors, and help from the bosses andcaptains


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Tammany Hall

One of most famous machinesControlled NYC from late 1700s to early

1960sDidnt really have a single boss, except for Boss Tweed, the last of the machines

politicians


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Machines in General

They would grant jobs and buildingcontracts to those who did them favors.

Machines would often pay off citypoliticians and police, and then get controlof the city

Would also use scare tactics, and illegalvoting to get control.


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The Graft

This was a practice when the machine would getits people papers and such from the cityIn exchange for this the machine would expectmoney or favors in return- these were called

kickbacksThe contract would cost the city more, and the

city would raise taxes, and the taxpayers wouldbe, in essence, paying more then they had toThis would help finance the machine


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By: Lauren Kirk


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New Technology Used with Textiles

M any different methods for creatingtextiles were patented during the IndustrialRevolution including the water frame, thespinning jenny, and the spinning mule.These methods were used not only for theproduction of cotton, but for worsted yarn,

flax, and linen. When the patents ended,many cotton mills arose throughout thecountry.


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S team Power

J ames Watt is responsible for improvingthe steam engine. His model was firstinvented for the purpose of pumping out

of mines, but was later applied to power machines. This adoption of steampowered machinery enabled factories tohave rapid production speeds that werenot available with waterpower.


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Iron Founding

During this time period, coke was applied to allstages of iron smelting. The coke replaced theuse of charcoal. Also the use of potting andstamping and puddling were used in theproduction of bar iron


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Large S cale Production of Chemicals

During the Industrial Revolution, chemicalsbegan to be produced in larger scales.Sulphuric acid was the first chemical to beproduced in such a large scale. The leadchamber process was used to create thischemical. This with other chemicals allowed

many other different innovations to spark upduring this era.


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Cultural BenefitsUrbanization is often viewed as a negative trend but infact it occurs naturally from individual and corporateefforts to reduce expense in commuting andtransportation while improving opportunities for jobs,

education, housing, and transportation.One of the many positive effects of urbanization is thediversity that it creates. Many different types of peoplemove into one city because of urbanization. These manydifferent types of people bring with them variouscultures. These many different cultures make the overallculture of that city very rich.


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Cultural Benefits cont.

Another positive effect of this massmigration of people is that the city is forcedto build many things to accommodatethese people. Urbanization causes thecity to build museums, theatres, parks,libraries, community centers, and schools.


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Works Cited

www.socialstudieshelp.comwww.albany.edu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizationwww.britannica.com/eb/article-9074449/urbanization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/industrial_revolution


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www.historychannel.comwww.ask.com

www.wikipedia.com/guildedagewww.infoplease.com/gildedage_urbanization.html

www.pbs.org

Works Cited

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Urbanization Ppt Pd.8-1

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