Urbanization/ImmigrationPages 565-577• Growth of Urban Areas

• Challenges• Rise of Immigration

• Who & why?• Native reactions• Government restrictions

Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanizationDuring the Gilded AgeDuring the Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.

2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.

3.3. Magnet for economic and social Magnet for economic and social opportunities.opportunities.

4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core

5.5. New frontier of opportunity for New frontier of opportunity for women.women.

6.6. Squalid living conditions for many.Squalid living conditions for many.

7.7. Political machines.Political machines.

8.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.

Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

Immigration

• Why?• Poverty, famine, land shortages, religious or political

persecution• Who?

• Britain, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, China, Japan, West Indies, Mexico

• How many?• Between 1870 – 1920

• 20,000,000

Issues

• Difficult journey• Steamship

• Inspection at Ellis Island or Angel Island• Physical examination• Document examination• Literacy examination• Ability to work• $25

Reactions to Immigration

• Fuel for the political machine• Jobs and favors for votes

• Private social reform• Jane Addams – Hull House• Spread of urban settlement houses

• New Nativism• Labor competition• Political competition

Urban Reformers

• Social Gospel Movement – Salvation through service to the poor

• Food kitchens• Employment assistance• Work conditions

• Creation of Settlement Houses• Community centers for education, health, financial and legal

assistance• Hull House (Chicago) by Jane Adams

Immigration Laws• 1875 First exclusionary act. Convicts, prostitutes, and "coolies" (Chinese contract

laborers) are barred from entry into the United States. • 1882 Immigration Act passed. The federal government moves to firmly establish its

authority over immigration. Chinese immigration is curtailed; ex-convicts, lunatics, idiots, and those unable to take care of themselves are excluded. In addition, a tax is levied on newly arriving immigrants.

• 1885 Contract laborers' entry barred. This new legislation reverses an earlier federal law legalizing the trade in contract labor.

• 1891 `Office of Immigration created. Established as part of the U.S. Treasury Department, this new office is later given authority over naturalization and moved to the U.S. Justice Department. (Today it is known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service.) In the same year, paupers, polygamists, the insane, and persons with contagious diseases are excluded from entry to the United States.

• 1892 Ellis Island opens. Between 1892 and 1953, more than 12 million immigrants will be processed at this one facility.

• 1903 Additional categories of persons excluded. Epileptics, professional beggars, and anarchists are now excluded.

Social Change and ReformPages 578-594• Religious change• Darwin’s Theory• African-Americans

• Education• Booker T. vs. W.E.B.

• Horatio Alger• Women’s Rights• Prohibition Movement

Evolution vs. Creation

Segregation and Discrimination• Voting Restrictions

• Literacy tests• Poll tax• Grandfather clause (white only)

• Jim Crow Laws• Legal separation (segregation) of races

• Plessy v. Ferguson• 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision allows ‘separate but

equal’

Race Relations• Racial etiquette• Riots• Lynchings• African-American Leaders

• Booker T. Washington• Gradual approach to racial equality• Equality through economic independence

• W.E.B. Du Bois• Immediate social and economic equality• Founded Niagara Movement (later NAACP)

• Ida B. Wells• Journalist (Memphis) has to leave after lynching stories

Women’s Suffrage Movement• Suffrage = right to vote• Focus of women reformers since 1848• Strategy

• Gain right to vote by state• Pursue court cases to test 14th amendment• Push for a constitutional amendment• Form political organizations

• National American Woman Suffrage Association

• Leaders• Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul

Women’s Suffrage MovementKey Events• 1848 – Seneca Falls Convention – declaration calls for voting

rights for women• 1878 – Proposed amendment for women’s suffrage in U.S.

Congress (denied)• 1893 – Colorado becomes the first state to grant women right to

vote (15 more by 1918)• 1913 – Pickets protest President Wilson’s inauguration • 1919 – Proposed amendment for women’s suffrage in U.S.

Congress (approved)• 1920 - 19th amendment ratified by ¾ of state legislatures

Rise of the RailroadsPages 536-545• Expansion of the Railways• Transcontinental Success• Improvements and innovations• Abuses• Government actions and regulations

Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization

1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other

industries.

1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other

industries.

3. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.

4. Abundant capital.5. New, talented group of businessmen

[entrepreneurs] and advisors.6. Market growing as US population

increased.7. Government willing to help at all levels

to stimulate economic growth.8. Abundant natural resources.

3. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.

4. Abundant capital.5. New, talented group of businessmen

[entrepreneurs] and advisors.6. Market growing as US population

increased.7. Government willing to help at all levels

to stimulate economic growth.8. Abundant natural resources.

More Causes of Rapid IndustrializationMore Causes of Rapid Industrialization

Railroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad Construction

Age of Railroads

• Transcontinental Railroad – 1869• Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads• Harsh work conditions

• Time problems• No standard time zones

• Opportunities • Nationwide network of suppliers and markets• New towns and communities • Expanded travel and settlement

What time is it?

• Eastern Standard Time = +1 hour• Central Standard Time = NOW!• Mountain Standard Time = -1 hour• Pacific Standard Time = -2 hours

Railroad Problems

• Corruption• Credit Mobilier – company inflated costs to build

railroads – paid off Congressmen• Price fixing against farmers

• Overbuilding• Non standard gauges / iron vs. steel rails• Competition• Lack of government regulations

Cornelius [“Commodore”] VanderbiltCornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt

Can’t I do what I want with my money?

Can’t I do what I want with my money?

William VanderbiltWilliam Vanderbilt

$ The public be damned!

$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

$ The public be damned!

$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

Robber Barons / Gospel of WealthPages 545-551• Andrew Carnegie• John D. Rockefeller• J.P. Morgan• Social Darwinism• Gospel of Wealth

Big Business Emerges• Andrew Carnegie

• Steel Baron – 80% of American Steel• Management Genius• Gospel of Wealth

• 90% ($325 million) donated to music, arts, and libraries• John D. Rockefeller

• Oil Baron – Standard Oil – 90% of American Oil• Consolidate, compete, and dominate• Philanthropist - $500 million to U of C, foundations, and hospitals

• J.P. Morgan• Financial Genius• Philanthropist – smaller scale but still huge $$

New Type of Business EntitiesNew Type of Business Entities

1. Pool 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.

2. Trust John D. Rockefeller

1. Pool 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.

2. Trust John D. Rockefeller

* Standard Oil Co.

* Standard Oil Co.

Standard Oil CompanyStandard Oil Company

New Types of Business EntitiesNew Types of Business Entities

2. Trust:

* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller

2. Trust:

* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller * Vertical Integration:

A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing * Vertical Integration:

A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing

B. Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

B. Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

Iron & Steel ProductionIron & Steel Production

U. S. Corporate MergersU. S. Corporate Mergers

Railroad Impacts• Grange

• Organization to protect farmers• Sponsor candidates, create legislation, and take legal action to regulate

freight rates and protect farmers and consumers• Supreme Court forces issue on the Federal Government

• Wabash v. Illinois• National government has responsibility for regulation of interstate trade • Leads to the creation of Interstate Commerce Commission

• Interstate Commerce Act• Congress gets the power to regulate railroads• Will this fix the issue?

• Panic of 1893• Financial problems of the Railroads cause largest depression ever (up to

then!)

Industrial Consolidation:Iron & Steel FirmsIndustrial Consolidation:Iron & Steel Firms

New Financial BusinessmanNew Financial BusinessmanThe Broker:

* J. Pierpont MorganThe Broker:

* J. Pierpont Morgan

New Business CultureNew Business CultureLaissez Faire the ideology of the

Industrial Age.Laissez Faire the ideology of the

Industrial Age.

* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.

* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.

* The market was not man-made or invented.

* No room for government in the market!

* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.

* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.

* The market was not man-made or invented.

* No room for government in the market!

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism British

economist. Advocate of

laissez-faire. Adapted

Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.

Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

British economist.

Advocate of laissez-faire.

Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.

Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

Social Darwinism in AmericaSocial Darwinism in America

William Graham Sumner

Folkways (1906)

William Graham Sumner

Folkways (1906)

$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.

$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!

$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.

$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!

New Business Culture:“The American Dream?”New Business Culture:“The American Dream?”

Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” * Horatio Alger [100+ novels]

Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” * Horatio Alger [100+ novels]

Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of Industrialization

The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of Industrialization

Russell H. Conwell

Russell H. Conwell

$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.

$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.

$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.

$ Should not help the poor.

$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.

$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.

$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.

$ Should not help the poor.

“On Wealth”“On Wealth”

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.

$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).

$ Inequality is inevitable and good.

$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.

$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).

$ Inequality is inevitable and good.

$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

Regulating the TrustsRegulating the Trusts1877 Munn. v. IL

Decides a private company can be regulated in the public interest

1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole

1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co. Decides E.C. Knight diversified

enough to avoid violating Sherman Act

1877 Munn. v. ILDecides a private company can

be regulated in the public interest1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific

Railroad Company v. IL

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole

1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co. Decides E.C. Knight diversified

enough to avoid violating Sherman Act