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THE INVADING MECHANISM OF PLAMODIUM VIVAX
ASSOCIATED WITH DUFFY-NEGATIVES FROM THE
ETHIOPIAN POPULATIONSKristie Hanh Bich NguyenDr. Guiyun Yan Post-doc Eugenia Lo
CONTENTS
• WHY should we care about malaria?• WHO are in danger?• WHAT is malaria?• HOW should we approach it?
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT MALARIA?
• Number of Malaria cases is 214 million (2015)
• Number of people at risk of malaria infection is 3.3 million
• 3.45 million people are not at risk
• ~80% of cases occurred in Africa, 12% in South Asia, and 5% in Eastern Mediterranean region
WHO ARE IN DANGER?• It locates in the North of
Africa• All age groups are at risk,
and mortality rate is high among children under age of 5
• Plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Vivax are the two most dominant malaria parasites in Ethiopia
WHAT IS MALARIA?(VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE)
• Transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
• Plasmodium parasitesP. falciparum P. vivaxP. malariae P. ovale P. knowlesi
INVADING MECHANISM
Malaria
Evolution
Infection
Growth
CLINICAL CHALLENGE
• Humans lacking Duffy antigen resistant to P. vivax1
• The human DARC gene determines the presence of Duffy2
• P. vivax recently evolved the capability to infect Duffy (-)3
• Parasites becoming more prevalent and widespread3
Duffy (-)
Duffy (+)
INVADING MECHANISM
• DBP II is a 330 amino acid region characterized by 12 conserved cysteine residues
• The central 170-aa that includes cysteine 4-7 are critical binding residues
• Any key mutations in PvDBP II of Duffy-negative red cells?
PVDBP REGION II POLYMORPHISM
HOW SHOULD WE APPROACH IT?
What is the proportion of Duffy-negative in local populations?
What is the frequency of P.Vivax infection among the Duffy-negatives?
What is P.Vivax’s invading mechanism to Duffy-negative population?
METHODOLOGIES
Sample collection
DNA purification
Parasite detection
NESTED POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (NESTED PCR)
QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QPCR)
Well CqE1 27.05E2 N/AE3 26.54E4 N/AE5 25.70E6 N/AE11 N/AE12 N/AF1 43.30F2 N/AF3 N/AF4 30.20
Based on nested PCR and qPCR assays Based on DARC
Site Sample size Falciparum only Vivax only Co-infectionDuffy genotype
of vivax infection Alaba 49 18 1 0 1 +Mankush 298 179 41 33 73 +; 1-Metehara 275 151 97 11 107+; 1 -Jimma 104 8 92 0 91 +; 1- Asendabo 390 49 23 1 21+; 2-
SUMMARY OF MALARIA INFECTION IN ETHIOPIA
TWO CONTENT LAYOUT WITH SMARTART• First bullet point here• Second bullet point here• Third bullet point here
Group A
• Task 1
• Task 2
Group B
• Task 1
• Task 2
Group C
IDEAS?• Migration to different areas in Africa• Prevention• Vaccine production