X r dY o6[n'lltnr:nfnrrreulo?, o.t lfl a u n;e tosr dt,t1 aln tt,tilTe ry't qlm EJBrown Planthopper Outbreaks Situation in Thailand

{urur eiisrud'nd" mrYrurur oiruffn:') Quorur u[turtrf'')

Wantana Sriratanasuf.t' Srkuny" O*nritt) Jintana Chaiwong')

Abstract

Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparuata lugens is an important insect pest of irrigated rice areas in

central and lower northern region of Thailand. The interviews of farmers in the outbreak areas of 6 provinces

during the wet season of 2010 found that the majority of the rice varieties grown in the severe outbreak

(Suphan Buri, Ang Thong and Chai Nat provinces) was Pathum Thani I (28-70%). Whereas in non-severeoutbreak areas (Phitsanulok, Nonthaburi and Nakhon Nayok provinces) about 26-75% of the farmers grew

Phitsanulok 2 and RD31 varieties. At that time, farmers in the outbreak areas applied insecticides which were

hazardous to living organisms in the rice ecosystem namely abamectin and cypermethrin both in form of

single and mixed applications. Mixed insecticides (38.4%) which composed of 2-6 types of pesticides were

applied more than single insecticide (26.06%). They also applied insecticides which induced resurgence of the

BPH population. ln addition, the efficacy of recommended insecticides and resistance monitoring of the

outbreak populations were determined. lt was found that under the massive BPH outbreaks situation, most of

recommended insecticides are not effective. Although the yield had a statistical difference from unsprayed

plot but the return was uneconomical. The farmers had to spray at least 3 times per crop in order to protect

their plants and got the yield higher than non-spray plot about '100-1 10 kg/rai. Most of the BPH populations

showed resistant to recommended insecticides. Besides, BPH population collected from 75-81 locations in 16

provinces could feed on not only the rice varieties which carry resistant gene Bph1, bph2, Bph3 and bph4 but

also the certified varieties namely RD23, RD29, CNT1, PTT1, SPR1, SPR3, SPR60, SPR90 and PSL2.

Occurrences of massive BPH outbreak may result from the genetical diversity of the BPH even in the same

population. The intrinsic factor of the insect itself then causes the continue outbreak of the BPH. However, the

severity of outbreak can be stimulated by farmer's insecticide application behaviors.

Keywords : brown planthopper, outbreak situation in Thailand, resistant variety, insecticide application, insect

adaptibility

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ry nirrin?,i'runvfi'euurrirr n:runr:rir': rrooq6'n: ni.irnililHluo: 'l0900Tvr:d'rnrvi o-zsrg-g140q9Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Tel.0-2579-8140

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Thai Rice Research Journal, Vol. 5 No. 1, January - June 2011

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Table 1 List of insecticides inducing the brown planthopper (BPH) resurgence

al pha-cypermeth rin (pyreth roid )

pyridafenth ion (organophosphate)

lamda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid)

permethrin (pyrethroid)

B PMC+Al pha-cypermeth ri n

terbufos (organophosphate)

ch lorpyrifos (g ran u lar)

methomil (carbamate)

benfu racarb (carbamate)

etrim phos (organophosphate)

tetrafenphos (organophosphate)

triazophos (organophosphate)

cypermethrin (pyrethroid)

cyhalothrin L (pyrethroid)

esfenvarelate (pyrethroid )

buprofezi n +Cyhaloth rin

fen itroth ion +fenvalerate

bu profezi n+ Decameth ri n

qu inaphos (organophosphate)

cyanofen phos (organophosphate)

fenthoate (carbamate)

methyl parathion (organophosphate)

fonophos (orga nophosphate )

isazophos (organophosphate)

esfenvarelate (pyrethroid)

deltamethrin (pyrethroid)

fenvalerate (pyrethroid )

diazinon (organophosphate)

carbofu ran (carbamate)

ca rbosu lfa n +cypermeth ri n

endosulfan+BPMC

fenritrothion+BPMC

phosalon (organophosphate)

isozath ion (organophosphate)

salithion (organophosphate)

Source::Jirr (2542) ( ) =insecticidegroup

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Table 2 Percent of farmers grown popular rice varieties in the outbreak areas in wet and dry seasons during2009-2010

Variety* Chai Nat Suphan Buri Phitsanulok Nonthaburi Nakhon Nayok Ang ThongWS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS

PTTl

SPRl

SPR3

CNTl

PSL2

RD31

RD41

70.09 66.67

5.61 6.487.48 6.486 54 4.63

40.95 28.57

19.05 20.41

4.76 4.083.81 5.108,57 14.296.67 11.22

2.59 0.892.59 3.5713.79 11.6112.07 5.3649.14 59.820.86 3.57

0.67

8.72 5.370.67 2.680.67

73.83 75.17

6.67 4.812.86 0.966.67 10.58- 1.92

15.24 17.31

29.52 26.92

2.86 3.85

62.07 65.66- 1.01

1.72 1.01- 1.01

24.14 25.25

* CNT1 (Bphl) released in 1993 SPR1 (bph2) released in 1994 PTTI (Bph1, bph2) released in 2000PSL2 (Bph3) released in 2000 SPR3 (1R68 . Bph3, bph$ released in 2006RD31 (Bph1, bph2) released in2007 RD41 (bph2) released in 2009WS = wet season, DS = dry season

Table 3 Percent of insecticide application for controlling BPH of the farmers ii-r th" severe outbreak areasduring 2009-2010

lnsecticide Application (%)

Phitsanulok Chai Nat Suphan Buri Ang Thong Nonthaburi Nakhon Nayok Average

abamectin

cypermethrin*

dinotefuran"*

chlorpyrifos

Single

Mixture (2 type)

Mixture (3 type)

Mixture (a type)

Mixture (5 type)

Mixture (6 type)

13.11

8.40

7.99

8.40

34.97

19.67

12.91

4.10

0.82

0.61

2.86

0,44

2.42

7.71

24.45

44.49

14.32

5.29

0.44

0

26.91

7.64

5.45

3.64

25.45

30.18

5.09

1.09

6.97

0

3.70

1.74

15.25

48.15

20.26

7.63

0.44

0

1.49

4.09

5.76

0

44.61

42.94

4.09

2.42

0.19

0.19

6.36

10.31

3.51

0.88

11.64

45.39

21.27

4.17

0

0

9.62

6.18

4.80

4.48

26.06

38.47

12.9

4.12

0.47

0.40

0

0

*inducing resurgence, ""recommended, mixture : herbicide, fungicide, insecticide, hormone

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Thai Rice Research Journal, Vol. 5 No. 1, January - June 2011

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Table 5 Percent efficacyt)of recommended insecticides for controlling BPH in the massive population outbreakareas at Si Prachan, Suphan Buri province in dry season 2010

Treatment

Appl. rate

(9, ml/20 I

water)

After 1" "ppl.

After 2"0 appl. After 3'o appj

7 DAS 15 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS

Yield

(kg/rai)

buprofezin (Applaud 1 0%WP)

bu profezi n + isoprocarb

(Applaud 1 O%WP+Mipcin 50%WP)

etofenprox (Trebon 1 0%EC)

ethiprole (Curbix 1 O%SC)

thiamethoxam (Actara 25%W G)

dinotefuran (Starkle 1 O%WP)

clothianidin (Dantaosu 1 6%SG)

carbosulfan (Posse 20%EC)

buprofezin (Napam 25%WP)

imidacloprid

Untreated

25 g -12.6 36.18

25 g 9.26 23.7420 ml 10.47 49.2540 ml 27.78 78.89

2 g -22.06 10.4715 g 14.49 11.289 g -27.05 -26.24

1 10 ml ',l9.65 35.8130 g 10.95 25.4515 ml 10.47 -5.13

43.62 1.26

-22.80 21.34

37.64 32.6474.18 17.15-68.64 -14.64

-96.93 -4.18-115.78 -52.30

-46.88 20.50

29.38 56.07-92.28 31.80

-13.04 19.89 266.35 b

8.70 20.1756.52 26.99

34.78 13.3539.1 3 13.3534.78 20.7 44.35 -19.8926.09 46.5939.13 32.1030.43 '15.34

306.40 ab

358.55 a

350.80 a

258.08 b

283.85 ab

247.15 b

2B3.BB ab

302.23 ab

244.73 b

242.30 b

1) o/o Efficacy = Qa--Ta x 1ooCa

(Abbott formula)

Ca = No. of BPH after treatment in untreated plot

Ta = No. of BPH after treatment in treated plot

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Thai Rice Research Journal, Vol. 5 No. 1, January - June 201186

Burea

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Table 6 lnsecticide resistance level of BPH populations collected from different outbreak areasdetermined during 2009-2010

lnsecticide Province tDuo (Fo/o) Heterogeneity *"t'tltl:: Resistance revetratio (RR) '

fenobucarb

ethofenprox

I

ethiprole

thiamethosam

dinotefuran

clothianidin

imidacloprid

Phitsanulok

Chai Nat

Suphan Buri

Ang Thong

Nakhon Nayok

Chachoengsao*

Suphan Buri

Ang Thong

Nonthaburi

Nakhon Nayok

Chai Nat*

Suphan Buri

Nonthaburi

Nakhon Nayok

Chai Nat*

Suphan Buri

Phichit.

Phitsanulok

Nonthaburi

Nakhon Nayok

Chai Nat*

Chai Nat

Suphan Buri

Nakhon Nayok

Phitsanulok*

Phitsanulok

Chai Nat

Suphan Buri

Ang Thong

Nonthaburi

Nakhon Nayok

Nakhon Ratchasima*

1.494

0.634

11.924

1.416

1.701

0.'159

5.356

1.878

2.164

'1 .815

0.946

2.713

0.052

0.911

0.017

0.647

0.056

0.093

0.235

0.032

0.020

1.906

0.714

0.693

0123

2.073

3.1 53

7.211

0.507

5.269

0.710

0.1 69

0,860

1.57

0.684

0.52

0.768

0.940

0 363

0,599

0.917

0.117

1.017

0.758

0.857

0 260

2.748

0.960

0.270

0.839

0.920

2.049

0.410

1.111

1.070

0.920

0.880

0.497

0.228

0.415

2.250

0.666

0.564

2.070

9,4

4.0

75.0

8.9

10.7

5.7

2.0

2.3

1.9

159.6

3.1

53.6

11.5

4.6

11.7

1.6

15.5

5.8

5.6

12.3

18.7

42.7

3.0

31.2

4.2

Slightly resistant

Non resistant

Resistant

Slightly resistant

Moderately resistant

Highly resistant

Non resistant

Non resistant

Non resistant

Highly resistant

Non resistant

Resistant

Moderately resistant

Non resistant

Moderately resistant

Non resistant

Slightly resistant

Slightly resistant

Slightly resistant

Moderately resistant

Moderately resistant

Resistant

Non resistant

Moderately resistant

Non resistant

* = susceptible population 1) Resistance ratio (Rn; = High LD_ /Lowest LD_ADB - lRRl Rice Planthopper Project guideline (2010)

RR = 0-5 (non resistant) RR = >5-10 (slightly resistant) RR = > 10-40 (moderately resistant)RR = > 40-100 (resistant) RR = > 100 (highly resistant)

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rJ o.r L?\ n I n:v Lo q Rur q1n LTa tfl u? tqr u tLflv L:o

tr.l ratn. t o rarir.lronar:#q6ir tur)

Heong, K.L. and K. Sogawa. 1994. Management

strategies for key insect pests of rice : critical issues.

pp. 3-1 4. ln '. P.S. Teng, K.L. Heong and K. Moody

(eds.) Rice Pest Science and Management. lRRl.

Los Banos, Laguna, Philippinnes.

Heong, K.L., K.H. Tan, C.P.F. Garcia, L.T. Fabellar and

Z. Lu.2010. Research Methods in Toxicology and

lnsecticide Resistance Monitoring of RicePlanthoppers. lnternational Rice Research lnstitute.

Los BanOs, Phippines. 101 p.

Jairin, J., K. Phengrat, S. Teangdeerith, A. Vanavichit

and T. Toojinda. 2007. Mapping of a broad-

spectrum brown planthopper resistance gene,

Bph3, on rice chromosome 6. Mol. Breed. 19 : 35-

44.

Thanyasiriwat, T., P. Pattawatang and E.R. Angeles.

2009. New biotypes of brown planthopper in

Thailand. (abstract), ln 6tn lnternational IPM

Symposium. Oregon, USA.

89

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94 Thai Rice Research Journal, Vol. 5 No. 1, January - June 2011

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l3lnernrltu:J:vrne runzufiorglrfiotrJiuutfiulffunr: Boonpradub, S. 2008. Enhancing maize productivity inU

:Jnnturir.rqorJu qi'ununr:zufinqr'r LLnrzunflo:Jtt?tuq..t post-rice environments in Thailand. tn : zaidi eti d d v o X- s/ ,"

tilOtilTUut?lU!nun.tT?t.t16.1 l.$Onqlnil U.tfiOqflnO.:fi:_t a/. (eds.) Proceedings of the 10'h Asian Regional

uIulrU10{;oLrnfitr,i':Jnnfit ttfil#it#au nn,,?1,, Maize Workshop, Makassar, lndonesia.nr:yfrur:Ji.: ufio:J:yrarigrnr:td'r.lr runyri.:tituqr-et.ro: chotiyarnwong, A' 1986' Varietal improvement of

n1TT31j't0lO,rrr^rdun:rleoftr.i'.rgrrn6noi'ru soybean for rice farming system and soybeanvarietal testing after rice in Thailand. Report of

- e) o o the Upland Crops Varietal lmprovement MonitoringIo n 6[1To'lil O06-a v aa 4r a 6: o a d d Tour. lnternational Rice Research lnstitute,

wqntE uuill,[flrFlT, LtlS t0ny6[.]14 LtnrolT.l qu?nu. 2526.

nr:ilfr:J:.:vl"ufn'r rrado.:tu:yrrrJnnfi t Philippines'q9(Unilrrn*fl:ernni rrarirur#rufir.:trari. rarir ga- Granados' G'' c' Kitbamroong' c' Tavarasook' M'

qvo'106. tu: Tru.r.rlbnr:mrururrgr'Jfr:rGnr:60.: .:ru chatasiri' P' Grudloyma'' s' chotichun' and s'av L a e , -: Boonpradab. 1994. Winter maize in paddy fieldsTo unr rra6 o.: eri.:fi 1 . 1T -14 l lqe6nr uu 2526. tu

,airrin.:'ruLnunrLrnyn'n:ninrsrrufio o.rfiurtrae.i :search conducted in Thailand in 1992-1994' A

v av d vl , , 4 u,o lvvlvse l\vvvll.4v v.nnr:-r-ui,.il'rffr'Li. 2s36. nr:ilnnfir'htuurrirr rrsr Progress Report' 26 p

Gomez, A.A. and K.A. Gomez. 1983. Multiple Croppingtnil:ynru. u6r1r. nRn: 66(2) : 154-155.

qs $

rr.::;rir o.fir*qTnn. u**. nRn: 59 (S) : 451 48 p'q ' ' Lantican, R.M. 1982. Desirable characteristics of upland454.

flr.rlu qr11:J:ro-u . 2s31. nr:^fisr#rrn6orqoud'.rfi loot for planting before and after wetland rice'

qs^s

'.fi:gr4lnn. u6[1r. nRn:61 (6) :531-534. Report of a workshop on cropping System

q

flr.Jt.rl lruil:y dy. zs+r. drrllrer'lituurmr.:rfiontrari Research in Asia' lnternational Rice Research

qo u a _ lnstitute,Philippines.

To.:[n]earn:'[yru. u6[1 . nRn: T1 (o) : 574-srT.

flilt.ru rru:J:ysiu . 2s4g.:Jnnrirrlnou#rurorirr'l:tri' Navarro' R's' 1986' Breeding technique forfield legumes

qU .UVlill' al vtoL:ny 1,000 nLnnfru. ilfll,r. nan:. 7g (5):54-

for the rice-based cropping systems in the

56. Philippines.pp.l49-160. ln:Reportof the Upland

flalt.ru q41:J:ro-'r, Lyr.r.r lernruuyi, LruqS trnyfii uny crops varietal lmprovement Monitoring Tour'

qu

u.rnr ll,,r3uyiu. 2532. n1:?10flor1t'uffit'liriou lnternational Rice Research lnstitute' Philippines'q

unvu#.:nr:yirur: nrullTuforn rRRr. rarir ag-toa. Pichitporn' s' and N' Potan' 1986' Varietal testing of

q

?ur:rr.:runr:#ruruurnr.:itrn'rrriorrirr"iofi r. upland crops in Thailand' pp' 77-93' /n : Reportd,v y a -. of The Upland Crops Varietal lmprovement

26-27 ilnrrFtaJ 2532, ru Ffl,{uxoul.lrril:silrtnn

0.fi:gilInn. - ' Monitoring Tour. lnternational Rice Research

d, d lnstitute, Philippines.o'r'rr n* oir:Jr.r . 2s21. #rrfiu?. u?1er?'uJrrnrrlu.r'r1.[q

o - oJ 2s21. notfitli n:ruitrnrrtn*nr. Villareal' R'L'' R's' Navarro' v'R' carangal and R'M'

t{n{lu?o ut

ufii ZA_g+. Lantican. 1985. Breeding for rice-based farming

systems. pp.9-22. /n : Proceeding of the workshopAVRDC. 1978. Progress Report. Asian Vegetable

on varietal improvement for Rice-Based FarmingResearch and Development Center, Sanhua,

Tainan, Taiwan, R.o.c. system' March 11-16' 1985 at Phitsanulok'Thailand.

AVRDC. 1980. Progress Report. Asian Vegetable

Research and Development Center, Sanhua,

Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.

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