U.S. Agency for International Development INITIAL ...The purpose of this IEE amendment is to approve...

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U.S. Agency for International Development INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Increasing Private Sector Growth and Investment

United States Agency for International Development Mission to the Republic of Kosovo (USAID/Kosovo)

A. PROGRAM AND ACTIVITY DATA PROJECT NAME:

New Opportunities for Agriculture

ASSISTANCE OBJECTIVE:

Increasing Private Sector Growth and Investment

PROGRAM AREA:

Agriculture/Agricultural Sector Productivity

COUNTRY:

Kosovo

ORIGINATING OFFICE

Office of Economic Growth

DATE:

June 2, 2011

IEE AMENDMENT: Yes No

The purpose of this IEE amendment is to approve the 2011 Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safe Use and Action Plan (SUAP) developed under USAID/NOA project and considered to be used during project implementation.

DCN OF ORIGINAL IEE:

DCN: 2010-KOS-036

IMPLEMENTATION START:

February 27, 2011

IMPLEMENTATION END:

February 27, 2015

LOP AMOUNT:

$15,900,000

Environmental Media and/or Human Health Potentially Impacted (check all that apply): None Air Water Land Biodiversity Human health Other BACKGROUND: The purpose of this IEE amendment is to approve 2011 Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safe Use and Action Plan (SUAP) developed under USAID/NOA project and considered to be used during project implementation. 2011 PERSUAP is attached to this IEE amendment. USAID's New Opportunities for Agriculture (NOA) program launched in February, 2011 with the primary goal of increasing Kosovo's agricultural output, exports, and rural incomes in support of USAID's ongoing economic growth strategy.

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Assessments of the sector have identified several opportunities for growth in agriculture and agribusiness, including Kosovo's proximity to the EU and growing regional markets, a natural environment that favors agricultural diversification, and a young workforce eager for employment opportunities in rural areas. The main objectives of this new program are to link farmers to new domestic and international markets, and to develop and maximize production of new high-value crops. The program also aims to improve food quality and safety by introducing international standards, giving small farmers better access to credit, and ultimately strengthening sector coordination and leadership by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development. To accomplish this—and do it well—all project and local trainers will need to be well-versed in all of the crops, important pests of each crop and specific IPM measures (including pesticides) used to prevent and treat each pest of each crop. Thus, they will need to fully understand and use information contained in Annex 1 of the PERSUAP. Annex 1 is a matrix of all NOA target crops, important pests and preventive and curative IPM tools and tactics used as state of the art in other parts of the region and world. Further, these same project and local trainers will need to understand important characteristics and restrictions of pesticides registered and available in Kosovo, as well as those most likely to be encountered on project-assisted farms. This includes potential impacts on human health, environment and natural resources. These are analyzed in Annex 7 and then the non-approved pesticide active ingredients discovered—and that should not be promoted to project beneficiaries or used on project-supported farms with USAID assistance, as well as exceptions, are listed in Annex 8 of the PERSUAP. Moreover, project and local trainers will need to understand best practices for pesticide safety including storage, transportation, handling, use (including application rates), and disposal of pesticides. These best practices are either detailed or linked to websites in the PERSUAP. MITIGATION and REPORTING MEASURES

Actions Recommended for SafetyNOA perform repeated IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training for all implementers and beneficiaries that promote, use or procure pesticides with project assistance (see Annex 10). NOA encourage the development and use of spraying and record-keeping services. For farmers that do not use such services, NOA subsidize or cost-share recommended PPE for all NOA implementers and beneficiaries that procure or use pesticides with project assistance (see PPE websites referred and linked to herein). Farmer’s associations could also be used to purchase, maintain and share such PPE. NOA ensure that implementers and beneficiaries do not—with USAID resources—promote, procure or use on demonstration farms certain pesticides containing the Active Ingredients in Annex 8. NOA staff match pesticide commercial product names with each of the Active Ingredients found in Annex 8; make a list of these for Annex 8 and distribute this list to each all NOA staff that train or interact with farmers so that they know what should not be promoted, procured or used with USAID resources. Ensure that each NOA implementer has an updated copy of the list of pesticides currently registered in Kosovo. NOA make efforts to obtain, as available, copies of the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each of the pesticide products commonly used by beneficiaries. See an example of an MSDS at: http://www.bayercropscience.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/file7219.pdf.

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NOA translate into a local language the most critical PERSUAP sections and Annexes for a more efficient use of PERSUAP findings. NOA work with the Kosovo MOA to make Pest Management Planss for each Project crop (use Annexes 1, 2 and 3 as well as local farmer knowledge) so managers and farmers have a tool to predict, prevent and manage pests throughout the season (see PMP examples at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html, website upper left “Year-Round IPM Programs”). NOA staff check the list of Kosovo-registered pesticides every 6 months to obtain new pesticide registrations. NOA implementers promote the registration of commercially-available pesticides containing natural chemicals listed in Annexes 4 and 5. For all demonstrations, NOA project implementers introduce pest and pesticide record-keeping concepts and tools following GlobalGAP or other internationally-accepted Best Management Practices.

Program Management Actions on Compliance NOA monitor beneficiary farmers for their understanding and use of best practices and IPM tools and tactics found in the field form in Annex 10 and 11. NOA report on monitoring in Annual Reports to USAID COTR and MEO, under a heading titled “Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring”. NOA implementers report on any changes in Republic of Kosovo pesticide regulations and registrations. NOA annually participate in the amending of this PERSUAP to include new IPM tactics and any new pesticides registered or available. NOA write the names of pesticides that cannot be used with USAID assistance (Annex 8) into any future grant or sub-contract. NOA environmental staff members include pesticide risk mitigation actions from this SUAP in the EMMP.

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2011 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP

(Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan)

Covering Pesticide Safe Use in: Agricultural Crop Production

On USAID Project: New Opportunities for Agriculture (NOA)

April 2011-June 2011

Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA Environmental Assessment Professional

[email protected] Business cell phone: 703-859-1676

Skype VOIP: happywildwarthog

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Acronyms used in this 2011 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP AI Active Ingredient (when pesticide reference) BMP Best Management Practice BT Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacteria that produces a toxin used as a pesticide) BRC British Retail Consortium CFR Code of Federal Regulations COP Chief of Party COTR Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative DS Powders for dry seed treatment (pesticide formulation) EA Environmental Assessment EC Emulsifiable Concentrate (pesticide formulation) EC50 Effective Concentration 50 (acute toxicity measure) EMMP Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring Plan EPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as USEPA) EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations agency) FDA Food and Drug Administration (US) FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FS Flowable concentrate for Seed treatment (pesticide formulation) GAP Good Agriculture Practice GlobalGAP Global Good Agriculture Practices, a certification system GUP General Use Pesticide Ha Hectares HT Highly Toxic ID Identification IEE Initial Environmental Examination IGR Insect Growth Regulator IPM Integrated Pest Management LC50 Lethal Concentration 50 (acute toxicity measure) LD50 Lethal Dose 50 (acute toxicity measure) M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MD Micro Dispersion (pesticide formulation) MEO Mission Environmental Officer MOA Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development MRL Maximum/Minimum Residue Level/Limit MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet msl meters above sea level MT Moderately Toxic NAT Not Acutely Toxic NCAT National Center for Appropriate Technology NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (US) NOA New Opportunities for Agriculture NPV Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus PAN Pesticide Action Network PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment PER Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan pH log of Hydrogen concentration, measure of acidity PHI Pre-Harvest Interval PIC Prior Informed Consent (a treaty, relates to toxic pesticides)

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POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (a treaty, relates to toxic persistent pesticides) PMP Pest Management Plan PNT Practically Non-Toxic PPE Personal Protection Equipment R&D toxin Reproductive and Developmental toxin REA Regional Environmental Advisor Reg 216 Regulation 216 (USAID Environmental Procedures) REI Re-Entry Interval (safety period after pesticide spraying) RUP Restricted Use Pesticide S&C Standards and Certification SC Suspension Concentrate (pesticide formulation) ST Slightly Toxic SUAP Safe Use Action Plan UC University of California UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as EPA) VHT Very Highly Toxic WHO World Health Organization WP Wettable Powder (pesticide formulation) WS Water dispersible powder for Slurry treatment (pesticide formulation)

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2011 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP Table of Contents Acronyms use in this 2011 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP Acknowledgements Executive Summary PERSUAP Findings That Indicate Increased Risks from Pesticides The PERSUAP Study Focus on IPM, PMPs and Pesticides How to use the PERSUAP efficiently Update the Report Annually and Amend the Report in Two Years Policy Recommendations PERSUAP Recommendations for Mitigating Risks Section 1 Introduction 1.1 USAID Environmental Regulations Development 1.2 Regulation 216 1.3 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan 1.4 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy 1.5 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP Methodology Section 2 Background 2.1 Country Background 2.2 NOA Project Background 2.3 NOA Target Crops 2.4 Republic of Kosovo Pesticide Regulations 2.5 Evaluation of Republic of Kosovo Pesticide System Risks Section 3 Pesticide Evaluation Report Section 4 Pesticide Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) Annex 1. Table of Kosovo Crops, Pests, and International GAPs/IPM Tools/Tactics/Pesticides Annex 2. Guidelines for Pest Management Plans for Project Crops Annex 3. Elements of an IPM Program Annex 4. Botanical Active Ingredients in Pesticides, Repellents, and Baits Regulated by USEPA Annex 5. Commercialized Natural Pesticide Active Ingredients Annex 6. Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications Annex 7. Matrix of 2011 Kosovo Pesticide Active Ingredient Human and Environmental Risk Factors Annex 8. Pesticide Active Ingredients Not to be Promoted, Purchased or Used with USAID Support Annex 9. Project Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources Annex 10. Field Monitoring Form for Farmer Best Practices including GAP and IPM options Annex 11: Farm and Project Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use Annex 12: References Annex 13: Kosovo Comprehensive Pesticide Use Plan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

NOA project staff members and consultants were invaluable for arranging and accompanying Dr. Schroeder on a mission to the field in Republic of Kosovo to visit farmers, farmer’s fields, MOA officials, private sector consulting service providers, agriculture input importers, distributors and farm stores. Special thanks go to field staff Laura Krypa Gjakova, Michael Kimes and Fadil Musa and home office staff James Maxwell, Anna Farmer and Morris Israel. Additional thanks go to the agriculture input importers and distributors visited—the information they provided about their sector was invaluable. USAID/Kosovo staff Brian Fahey, Gregory Olson, Besa Ilaza and Perihan Ymeri-Ustaibo provided essential Kosovo and USAID context.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The purpose of this document is to conduct a Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safe Use and Action Plan (SUAP) to bring USAID-funded projects into compliance with USAID’s environmental regulations (Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), part 216, or Regulation 216) on pesticide use. Beyond compliance, this document offers best practices and helps ensure that projects reduce the chances for errors and liability. This 2011 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP was developed for and under the direction of Tetra Tech. It applies to NOA and the crops which will be absorbed from another project in 2012. This approach was used to economize resources such that NOA would not need to draft another PERSUAP or large amendment in 2012. Moreover, the objective is to have one document which can guide and inform the work of the COTR and MEO where pesticides are or could be involved in the mission’s agriculture projects. Risks are inevitably present with the use of pesticides and similar chemicals used for agricultural crop production and processing. In addition to required compliance and the acute focus on the use of Integrated Pest Management, this PERSUAP provides project implementers with the most common risks likely to be encountered. And, it contains or references recommended mitigation measures and international best practices to reduce each risk. Projects can then use these risk-mitigation pairings to inform and guide their own development of risk monitoring, mitigation and reporting plans, as USAID requires. For the purposes of this PERSUAP, the word pesticide is used, following EPA’s guidelines1, for the following: fumigants, insecticides, miticides/acaricides, nematicides, molluscicides, fungicides, antimicrobials, bactericides/biocides, microbicides/antibiotics, herbicides, rodenticides, avicides, algicides, ovicides (kill eggs), disinfectants/sanitizers and anti-fouling agents (chemicals that repel or kill things like barnacles that attach to boats). Even biological agents such as biopesticides, microbial pesticides, attractants/pheromones, repellents, defoliants, dessicants, insect growth regulators and plant growth regulators are included as pesticides. Note that farmers can, with their own funding, buy and use the pesticides they want, as long as they are not part of a USAID project, not used in USAID-procured equipment, and the treated produce does not enter a USAID-funded program. USAID projects can also promote, purchase or donate pesticide training, pesticides and equipment as long as these and risks associated with them have been evaluated in a PERSUAP. Before errors (such as human poisonings) occur, it is the responsibility of USAID project implementers to put these mitigation recommendations into action, as soon as possible. Implementers will then monitor changes in risks, impacts and mitigation success using EMMPs (Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans). Finally, the implementers will report positive or negative changes from mitigation success baselines in semi-annual reporting instruments.

The report begins with country and project background sections followed by a section which evaluates risks across the agriculture inputs sectors in Republic of Kosovo. And, it promotes the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs).

After the Introductory and Background sections build the case for risks to Kosovon beneficiaries, farmers and their resources, and the use of best practices, then the PER section addresses the 12 informational

1 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm

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factors (a through l) required in the Agency’s Pesticide Procedures, under 22 CFR 216.3 (b)(1)(i). Finally, the SUAP puts the conclusions and recommendations reached in the PER into a plan of action. Projects are then expected to assign responsibility for each recommendation to appropriate staff members connected with risk mitigation, and develop a timetable and a budget for doing this.

This 41 page PERSUAP study—with an additional 63 pages of useful Annexes and References—including findings from field trips to project sites identifies risks and fills some information and knowledge gaps where pests, IPM and pesticides are concerned. It also helps ensure (along with implementation of recommended mitigation/monitoring/reporting measures, and AID audits) compliance. PERSUAP FINDINGS THAT INDICATE RISKS FROM PESTICIDES For this study, it was assumed that in order for project field staff and beneficiaries using USAID resources to properly, safely and correctly provide advice to cooperating farmers, demonstration farms and during training, at minimum, they should understand:

Primary pests impacting each project-supported crop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools and tactics used both internationally and commercially

to prevent primary pests of project-supported crops Pesticides that can be used for each primary pest Both EU and Kosovo pesticide registrations Pesticide risk issues like acute and chronic toxicities PPE (Personal Protection Equipment) recommended for specific pesticide uses

Some USAID project beneficiaries interviewed for this study do understand most of these issues sufficiently to mitigate risk significantly, but a sufficient number do not and therefore require remedial training.

Field visits to project sites in Republic of Kosovo found cooperating beneficiaries who will require inputs through their local farm stores which sell seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and farm tools. Most farm stores were found to be well organized, as recommended, with pesticides separated by use type (insecticide, fungicide and herbicide). However, non-registered pesticides were found coming from China through regional and neighboring countries. Most small and medium scale farmers rarely use PPE and therefore farm stores to not stock it. Respirator masks that were encountered in farm stores contained sponge filters, which stop dusts and mists but not volatile organic vapors. The best masks contain carbon filters which do stop most pesticide vapors. Common Best Management Practices (BMPs) for use of chemicals would dictate that project field staff recognize and correct these PPE deficiencies with their beneficiaries. Training on pest identification, IPM and pesticide safety is also significantly lacking. THE PERSUAP STUDY FOCUS ON IPM, PMPs AND PESTICIDES

The practice of IPM – the use of which is considered to be a policy of USAID2 – is fully supported and promoted in Section 1.4 of this PERSUAP as well as in the required PER Section 3.3 Factor C analysis. Section 2.8 carries this theme further with focus on GAPs, many of which are important IPM precursors. USDA supports the use of IPM through regional centers3, and through the development of Pest

2 USAID.1990.Integrated Pest Management: A.I.D. Policy and Implementation 3 http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/pest/in_focus/ipm_if_regional.html

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Management Plans (PMPs)4. Moreover, Annex 1 of this PERSUAP presents off-the-shelf IPM and GAPs researched and extended to farmers in other countries, particularly the USA and other developed countries, for the very same or similar crop-pest combinations as those found at project implementation locations. These IPM tactics (which include pesticides registered and used in the USA for the same crop-pest combinations) are presented for the MOA to consider, test and adopt, as is practical and desired.

Further, the crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide information in the 45-page Annex 1—the heart and soul of the document—is meant to provide project staff and beneficiaries with a solid starting point for developing their own locally-adapted PMPs for each crop. A guide for making detailed PMPs is provided in Annex 2, and it is expected that the implementing partners will work with demonstration farmers, farm managers and other beneficiaries to prepare PMPs and pest management posters or flyers to assist in the prediction and prevention of damage caused by specific pests and crop production constraints.

Annex 3 provides an updated adaptation of an outline of important IPM program elements funded by USAID and developed by FAO5, and implemented quite successfully in Indonesia in the 1980s. These 10 timeless elements are offered to project field managers to consider for planning purposes in developing and implementing IPM strategies.

This PERSUAP focuses strongly on GAP and IPM tools including commercialized natural pesticides containing AIs extracted from plants, microbes, marine organisms, spices and minerals (see Annexes 4 and 5) as well as cultural practices and synthetic pesticides used in the USA, some of which are available in Caucusus countries, or could be made available in the future as crop production diversifies.

Annex 6 shows important differences between EPA’s and World Health Organization’s (WHO) systems for classifying acute human health risk. Following this is Annex 7 which compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural and synthetic) found registered in the Republic of Kosovo. Project decision-makers—especially those who interface at the field level with beneficiary demonstration farmers—are encouraged to look at the label of potential pesticide choices to determine the AIs contained in them. Then, use this Annex 7 as a quick reference guide to attributes of, and issues with, each chemical.

The pesticide attributes in Annex 7 include pesticide class (to manage resistance by rotating chemicals from different classes), EPA registration and Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) status (to comply with Regulation 216) and acute toxicity (judged by this document to be safe, or not, for small-holder farmers—most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use). Annex 7 also presents chronic human health issues, water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds, earthworms and several aquatic organisms.

Further, Annex 7 contains basic pieces of human safety and environmental data needed for the various analyses required throughout the PER 12 Factor analysis; in fact, Annex 7 is referred to throughout this document. And it provides data used to produce the critical information contained in Annex 8, pesticide active ingredients rejected for use by this PERSUAP, with exceptions.

Annex 9 of this report synthesizes training topics that should be covered by NOA, and Annexes 10 provides a field monitoring form for farmer best practices, including GAP and IPM options. Annex 11 provides examples of pesticide use monitoring forms. Annex 12 provides references used to produce the PERSUAP, and Annex 13 consolidates several parts of the report into a Kosovo Comprehensive Pesticide Use Plan.

4 http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/ 5 http://www.communityipm.org/Countries/indonesia.htm

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Thus, this PERSUAP provides useful tools for evaluating and choosing among IPM options (including pesticides) while adhering to 22 CFR 216, as well as many of the rapidly-evolving international and market-driven BMPs found throughout S&C (Standards and Certification) systems like Organic, Fair Trade, GlobalGAP and others. Below are the key best management practices and recommendations synthesized from the PER, and found in the SUAP. HOW TO USE THE PERSUAP EFFICIENTLY The best way to use this document then is to focus on the parts that apply to the crops produced, the pests of each and the preventive and curative tools and tactics, including pesticides. To do this efficiently, search this document for the crops or pests (common or scientific name) using the Word computer program’s “Find” feature, which allows one to enter the word or phrase desired, and then takes one to the exact parts of the report where the word or phrase is used. Specific pesticide active ingredients in Annexes 1, 7 and8 can be found using the same method. UPDATE THE REPORT ANNUALLY AND AMEND THE REPORT IN TWO YEARS It is important to note that the development of new pesticides, new EPA and international pesticide regulations and registrations, as well as new international market requirements for pesticide residues on food are all higly dymanic, changing every month. And, new human health and environmental data is produced continuously. For these reasons, and others, this PERSUAP should be updated—at least annually—and amended after two years to remain current and accurate. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

MOA register and list some common commercialized natural pesticides like allicin (garlic extract), azadirachtin/neem oil, Bacillus thuringiensis/BT, Beauveria basiana, Bordeaux (hydrated lime and copper sulfate), capsaicin (chili pepper extract), cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon oil), citronella oil, insecticidal soap, kaolin clay powder, diatomaceous earth, natural pyrethrins, spinetoram, spinosad, Trichoderma harzianum, Metarhizium anisopliae and insect growth regulators.

MOA develop a system for return of empty plastic pesticide containers to farm stores, perhaps using incentives like a rebate system. Farm stores may triple-rinse empty containers and properly dispose of them with municipal waste or enter them into a plastic recycling system.

MOA work with NOA and other donor projects to develop crop-specific, state of the art PMPs.

MITIGATION and REPORTING MEASURES

Actions Recommended for SafetyNOA perform repeated IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training for all implementers and beneficiaries that promote, use or procure pesticides with project assistance (see Annex 10). NOA encourage the development and use of spraying and record-keeping services. For farmers that do not use such services, NOA subsidize or cost-share recommended PPE for all NOA implementers and beneficiaries that procure or use pesticides with project assistance (see PPE websites referred and linked to herein). Farmer’s associations could also be used to purchase, maintain and share such PPE. NOA ensure that implementers and beneficiaries do not—with USAID resources—promote, procure or use on demonstration farms certain pesticides containing the Active Ingredients in Annex 8. NOA staff match pesticide commercial product names with each of the Active Ingredients found in Annex 8; make a list of these for Annex 8 and distribute this list to each all NOA staff that train or interact with farmers so that they know what should not be promoted, procured or used with USAID resources.

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Ensure that each NOA implementer has an updated copy of the list of pesticides currently registered in Kosovo. NOA make efforts to obtain, as available, copies of the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each of the pesticide products commonly used by beneficiaries. See an example of an MSDS at: http://www.bayercropscience.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/file7219.pdf. NOA translate into a local language the most critical PERSUAP sections and Annexes for a more efficient use of PERSUAP findings. NOA work with the Kosovo MOA to make Pest Management Planss for each Project crop (use Annexes 1, 2 and 3 as well as local farmer knowledge) so managers and farmers have a tool to predict, prevent and manage pests throughout the season (see PMP examples at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html, website upper left “Year-Round IPM Programs”). NOA staff check the list of Kosovo-registered pesticides every 6 months to obtain new pesticide registrations. NOA implementers promote the registration of commercially-available pesticides containing natural chemicals listed in Annexes 4 and 5. For all demonstrations, NOA project implementers introduce pest and pesticide record-keeping concepts and tools following GlobalGAP or other internationally-accepted Best Management Practices.

Program Management Actions on Compliance NOA monitor beneficiary farmers for their understanding and use of best practices and IPM tools and tactics found in the field form in Annex 11. NOA report on monitoring in Annual Reports to USAID COTR and MEO, under a heading titled “Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring”. NOA implementers report on any changes in Republic of Kosovo pesticide regulations and registrations. NOA annually participate in the amending of this PERSUAP to include new IPM tactics and any new pesticides registered or available. NOA write the names of pesticides that cannot be used with USAID assistance (Annex 8) into any future grant or sub-contract. NOA environmental staff members include pesticide risk mitigation actions from this SUAP in the EMMP.

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 USAID environmental regulations development From 1974 to 1976, over 2,800 Pakistan malaria spray personnel were poisoned (5 to death) by insecticide mishaps on a USAID/WHO anti-malaria program6. In response to this and other incidents arising from USAID programs, a law suit was brought by a coalition of environmental groups for USAID’s lack of environmental procedures for overseas projects. USAID, in response to the law suit, drafted US 22 CFR 216. This regulation, which was updated in 1979 to include extraterritorial affairs in response to changes in the scope of the application of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) now guides most USAID activities that could have potentially negative environmental impacts.

Regulation 216 (also called Part 216) of 22 CFR states that certain environmental compliance processes and procedures must be followed on overseas projects in order to:

Respond to market demand for clean, high-quality agricultural produce, and meet import expectations

Create modern state-of-the-art development Achieve optimal economic results with every dollar invested Avoid harming people in both our partner countries and the US Avert unintended negative economic growth Reinforce practical civil society and democracy through transparency and public participation Reduce diplomatic incidents Engender public trust and confidence in USAID Comply with the law Represent good business.

1.2 Regulation 216 According to Regulation 216, all USAID activities are subject to analysis and evaluation via – at minimum – an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), and – at maximum – an Environmental Assessment (EA). A large part of Regulation 216 – part 216.3 – is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3 requires that 12 pesticide factors be analyzed and recommendations be written to mitigate risks to human health and environmental resources, to be followed up with appropriate training, monitoring and reporting for continuous improvement on risk reduction and adoption of international best practices for crop production, protection and pesticide use safety. 1.3 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) In the USA, the EPA can rely on the following safety-enhancing factors, not present to the same degree in most developing countries—including Republic of Kosovo:

An educated literate population of farmers Quality IPM information and PMPs A well-functioning research and extension system to extend IPM information to farmers Certification systems for farmer training on restricted and other pesticides Quality affordable PPE to reduce pesticide exposure Quality pesticide labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to guide farmer safety Accurate information and training on pesticide use, transport, storage and disposal

6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74508

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In the late 1990s, USAID’s Bureau for Africa developed the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)—a tool to analyze the pesticide system or sector in any given country or territory. The PERSUAP focuses on the particular circumstances, crops, pests and IPM/pesticide choices of a project or program. This “systems approach” analyzes the pesticide sector or system from registration to import through use to disposal, and develops a pesticide risk profile based on the analysis. A PERSUAP is generally recommended by and submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or an EA (although PERSUAPs are very similar to an EA in terms of breadth and detail). Further, the application of PERSUAP recommendations helps prepare project participants to be able to more rapidly adopt BMPs, GlobalGAP, Organic and other S&C systems principles, as desired, for future market access. 1.4 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as official policy. IPM is also strongly promoted and required as part of Regulation 216.3. Since the early 2000s, IPM—which includes judicious use of ‘safer’ pesticides—has been an integral part of GAPs and is increasingly considered to constitute best management practices in agriculture. A good definition of IPM from UC-Davis7 follows:

“Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials [pesticides] are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.”

The strongest selling points for IPM beyond the health and environmental benefits are, that IPM:

is more effective than synthetic pesticides in the long run is, once-established, self-perpetuating to a degree is less damaging to essential soil health and nutrient cycling generally requires less capital (but more labor) investment can be used preventatively to eliminate or minimize the need for “responsive” controls (e.g.

applying pesticides after a pest outbreak occurs to an already-damaged area)

IPM can include possible pest management techniques and tools including: Soil and water tests, raised-bed production, tunnels, drip-irrigation8 Pest scouting, monitoring, and identification for accurate decision-making Cultural methods that promote pest avoidance and a healthy plant that can better tolerate or resist

pests. These methods include, but are not limited to, use of resistant varieties, early/late plantings/harvestings, crop rotation, pruning diseased parts, destruction of pest refuge plants near fields and crop residues, and GAP practices

Natural pest control by encouraging and protecting (or purchase and relaease of) parasitoids, predators, and pest diseases (i.e. planting predator-attracting plants/flowers on field margins)

Mechanical weed or insect pest control using manual, hoe and machine practices Chemical practices such as use of judicious, knowledgeable, and safe application of synthetic and

‘natural’ (derived from nature; extracted from plants, microbes, and other organisms) pesticides

7 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html 8 Note that drip irrigation does not re-charge underground aquifers, so water must be used carefully.

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For most crops, soils need to provide adequate nutrients and moisture and be well drained. The soil is where plant health begins and ends. A healthy soil will have a greater capacity to moderate the uptake of fertilizers and will allow a more balanced uptake of nutrients, creating a healthy plant that is less attractive to pests and more resistant to pest damage. 1.5 Republic of Kosovo PERSUAP Methodology During April and May of 2011, consultant collected and analyzed information on the pesticide sector in general in Kosovo as well as the NOA project’s target crops, pests, pesticides and IPM methods used. In late April 2011, consultant visited exceptional NOA project farm sites, Kosovo government officials, pesticide distributors and shops. The findings are presented in this PERSUAP report. The strategy used for writing this PERSUAP is for it to contain as many links to websites with best practices as possible, both to make it easier to use (reduce the length and thickness) and more up-to-date or accurate (as websites are updated). So, instead of having numerous Annexes containing pesticide safety equipment recommendations or safe pesticide use practices, websites now take their place. SECTION 2: BACKGROUND 2.1 Country Background Kosovo, located in the Central Balkans, covers an area of 10,840 square kilometers, bounded by Serbia to the north and east, Macedonia to the southeast, Albania to the southwest, and Montenegro to the west. Topographically, it is an elevated basin enclosed by mountain ranges and hills. Most of the area of Kosovo consists of two plains divided by a hilly ridge running north to south. The capital, Prishtina, is located in the Kosovo Plain in the east and the Dukagjin Plain is in the west. The Sharr Mountains are a major range that form the southern border and are shared with Serbia and Albania. The Albanian Alps form the western border and are shared with Montenegro and Albania.

Map of Republic of Kosovo Kosovo's climate is influenced by its proximity to the Adriatic and Aegean Seas as well as the continental European landmass to the north. The overall climate is a modified continental type, with some elements

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ofa sub-Mediterranean climate in the extreme south and an alpine regime in the higher mountains. Winters are cold with an average temperature in January and February of 0 degrees centigrade and with significant accumulation of snow, especially in the mountains. Summers are hot, with extremes of up to 40 degrees. The average annual rainfall in Kosovo is 720 mm but can reach more than 1,000 mm in the mountains. Summer droughts are not uncommon. The varied elevations, climatic influences, and soils within Kosovo provide a wide diversity of microhabitats to which plant and animal species are adapted. Kosovo contains the upper watersheds of four rivers that flow into three different Seas: the Adriatic, Aegean, and Black. The lber River flows into the Danube River, making it part of one of Europe's major river systems. Kosovo provides a catchment for water flowing to neighboring countries, but because of its elevated topography, does not receive water from outside its borders. There is only one major dam in Kosovo that was constructed to generate hydroelectricity, but neighboring countries have constructed dams on rivers downstream of Kosovo. Many stretches of rivers have been severely disrupted by sand and gravel mining and attempts to control river flooding with artificial levees. There are a number of small to medium-sized lakes in Kosovo including some alpine lakes of glacial origin that are of scientific and scenic interest. Kosovo is exceptionally rich in plant and tree species considering its relatively small area. To date, approximately 1,800 species of vascular plant species have been confirmed through field collection, and botanical experts believe that the actual number is closer to 2,500. This hypothesis cannot be confirmed until a comprehensive floral survey has been conducted. A flora list recently compiled by the Kosovo and Albania Academy of Sciences lists a total of 4,141 vascular plant species found in the combined area of the two countries. About IS0-200 plant species that grow in Kosovo are found only in the Balkans (Balkans endemics) and 13 are found only in Kosovo (Kosovo endemics). The last Kosovo endemic plant was found in 1985, but botanists believe that others will be found when field surveys begin again. The current Protected Area System (PAS) covers slightly less than S% of Kosovo's area, including one national park, 38 natural monuments, and 2 protected landscapes, classified according to [UCN protected area designation criteria. The bulk of this area is in Sharr Mountain National Park. A proposed new national park would more than double the PAS area, almost reaching the internationally accepted norm of 10% of land area protected. Sector Specific About half of Kosovo is classified as agricultural land, and many people work in this sector. Most is cultivable land used for grains, with the rest woodlands and farmsteads. Kosovo's agricultural sector does not meet the needs of domestic food production. Major food commodities are imported. Agricultural land continues to be lost to urbanization, new settlements, and commercial activity. Kosovo has a variety of soils that vary according to their composition and physical and chemical characteristics. The types of soil are mainly humus, silicate humus, grey acidic, red soil, alluvial, diluvia, and blocky soil. There are three irrigation districts with very limited staff, equipment, and technologies. 2.2 NOA Project Background USAID supports economic growth in Kosovo through programs that strengthen and improve competitiveness of Kosovo agribusinesses, improve the business environment, and encourage local economic development. The goal of NOA is to foment economic growth in Kosovo through expanded, environmentally sustainable production and sales of value-added agricultural products by enabling producers and processors to compete regionally and globally. NOA has the following objectives:

Better enable agribusinesses to understand, identify and enter new export food markets; Increase producers' and processors' capacity to understand and meet market demand for value

added food products;

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Enhance market linkages between producers, processors, and traders; Improve business management and operations throughout agribusiness integrated supply chain

and value chains; and Produce greater incomes for agricultural producers and processors, and create new employment

opportunities. 2.3 NOA Target Crops In support of these objectives, NOA will work with producers, processors and traders to establish and/or fortify value chains in the following crops, all of which may require the utilization of agro-chemicals to some extent or another: Vegetables: lettuce chicory (Belgian endive) asparagus cucumbers/gherkins chili peppers potato tomato cabbage Fruits: apples table grapes currants/gooseberries cranberries blueberry/billberry blackberries raspberries red watermelon orange, yellow, white and green melons strawberry kiwi Flower bulbs: Gladiolus Dahlia Begonia Lily Tulip Spice: saffron 2.4 Republic of Kosovo Pesticide Regulations The new government of Kosovo wrote the Law on Plant Protection Products (Law No. 03/L-042) and approved it on 7 November 2008. The purpose of this Law is the regulation of placement in the market and control of active substances of products for plant protection, authorization, circulation, use, residue in

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plants and plant products, record keeping of natural and legal persons included for placement in the market and use of products for plant protection, technical requests for equipment used for application and their elements, responsibilities of authority competent for implementation of this law and its monitoring. This law regulates classification, covering and labeling of products for plant protection, in the accordance with directives of European Commission. Kosovo only registers pesticides permitted in at least one other EU country and containing only active ingredients approved by EU and contained on a continuously-updated EU list. This law also regulates the residue of active substances of products for plant protection, waste of their packages and the method of emission in the environment. Trade with western countries will further drive the direction for registration and enforcement of imports of quality pesticides. Certain pesticide products and byproducts are permitted on produce exported to Western Europe and others are not. Those that are not will likely be dropped from use by countries seeking trade opportunities with Western Europe especially for certified produce markets. 2.5 Evaluation of Republic of Kosovo Pesticide System Risks Republic of Kosovo presently has a pesticide registration system, and a list of registered (permitted) pesticides to guide famers and others. Pesticides found in farm stores come primarily from name-brand Western companies and exporters as well as some multinationals including Bayer, DuPont, Syngenta, and others, but in the region there are also pesticides produced in China, some of which are fine and a few of which are likely of questionable quality. Since there is limited analytical capability in Kosovo, pesticides containing additional byproducts and chemicals may be registered and are likely to enter Kosovo undetected. No pesticides are formulated in Republic of Kosovo, and none were found to be re-packaged. Chinese backpack sprayers are available. Very few small single-use pesticide sachets or packages (a best practice because there are no leftover pesticide issues and little packaging to deal with) are available. Scarce safety equipment is available, and any that is available is relatively very expensive. According to numerous sources, most small and medium-scale farmers do not and will not use PPE. Larger commercial farms tend to afford and ensure use PPE by hired laborers. Very few farmers save seed from season to season (approximately 50% for winter wheat, potato and some other crops) while for vegetables no farmers save seed since 100% of them are using hybrid seed imported from other countries. In general there is no tradition for farmers to treat their seed with pesticides, but limited cases may appear. Thus, there were no pesticide formulations for seed treatment found in any of the farm stores. According to statistical data in Kosovo published by MOA in the year of 2007 there were 490 ha under greenhouses (0.15% of the whole arable land) in Kosovo. Crops primarily grown in greenhouses include pepper, tomato, cucumber, onions, squash, lettuce and spinach). Of the pesticides sold in Kosovo, none are presently labeled specifically for use in greenhouses. As input markets mature, distinct pesticide formulations for greenhouse and field use are likely to appear. Other than a few bottles and boxes of unsold expired pesticides in some farm stores, there are very few obsolete pesticides that need to be dealt with in Kosovo. There is no program to collect or recycle used empty pesticide containers in Kosovo. And, farmers in Kosovo do not make their own home-made pesticides from plant extracts or spices or other ingredients. In every country or region, there exist factors that increase or decrease the risk profile of the agrochemical inputs system. Following conversations with sector experts in Republic of Kosovo, and others, these risks have been categorized into groups and enumerated below as “Factors that Increase Risks from

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Pesticides” and “Factors that Reduce Risks from pesticides.” Some of the farmers producing crops being promoted by the USAID NOA Project in Republic of Kosovo will have the potential to use some riskier pesticides as the sector develops. Factors that indicate Increase risks from pesticides Problems, constraints or risks in the Republic of Kosovo pesticide cycle of use

Recommendations for MOA, donors and projects

Priority

Certified analytical capacity for analyzing and monitoring pesticides and residues is insufficient

Donors and produce exporters and authorities combine resources.

High

Lower quality, illegal & pirated Chinese pesticides present in low quantities

Do repeated training on pesticide quality choices.

Med

Limited resources for pesticide regulations enforcement

Taxes could be levied from agriculture sector.

Low

There are very few internationally-available commercialized ‘natural’ pesticides registered for use in Kosovo.

Encourage Kosovo MOA to register some more natural pesticides (see PERSUAP Annexes 1, 4 and 5 for lists of natural pesticides that have been commercialized and many of which are permitted by EU).

Med

Limited resources for extension Do demonstration farms and field days. High Limited farmer knowledge of pest monitoring, ID & IPM tools

Increase knowledge, do repeated training on IPM using PERSUAP Annex 1.

High

Very little use of PPE by farmer mixing and applying pesticides

Do training on proper PPE to use; subsidize quality PPE and encourage the development of pesticide spray services.

High

Pesticide shops with limited safety equipment available

Source and subsidize (cost share) the purchase quality PPE for beneficiaries, and make it a condition for receipt of assistance.

Low

Pesticides stored in the farm home Do repeated training on proper pesticide

storage and encourage the development of pesticide spray services.

High

Over- and under-applications of pesticides and no record-keeping

Do repeated training on calibration & application or use spray and record-keeping service attached to cooperatives or associations. Encourage the development of pesticide spray and record-keeping services.

Med

Pesticides applied at wrong time of day and with winds too high

Do repeated training on application times risks and encourage the development of pesticide spray services.

Med

Wrong pesticide applied for pest Do repeated training on pesticide choice and encourage the development of pesticide spray services.

High

Back-pack sprayers leak onto spray personnel Do repeated training on sprayer maintenance and encourage the

High

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development of pesticide spray services. Improper pesticide container disposal Do repeated training on proper disposal and

encourage the development of pesticide spray services and pesticide bottle collection for rinsing, puncturing and disposal or recycling.

High

Factors that Reduce risks from pesticides

Republic of Kosovo has, since 2008, developed and amended detailed pesticide regulations and registration procedures in place, and now regularly updates a list of registered pesticides harmonized with EU.

Except for a few commercial staple crops, there has not been a culture of heavy reliance on pesticides for the production of fruits and vegetables, so unsafe use behavior patterns have not been set; moreover GAP patterns may be easier to set.

Pesticide sellers are required to have a degree in horticulture and understand the most important crop production pests, pesticides and dosages to use against the pests.

There is no field evidence of pesticide misuse leading to poisonings of domestic animals or environmental poisoning (like fish kills).

Various NOA project activities will involve training and demonstrations to farmers by well-trained staff, so there is a possibility for the transfer of IPM and safe pesticide use practices.

Although there are positive factors, there still remain numerous issues that can and do increase the risk for pesticide errors to occur in Republic of Kosovo. This situation increases the risk of exposing small-scale farmers, laborers and farm family members to relatively dangerous poisons, and polluting their environment. Thus the pesticide risk profile is higher than might be encountered in more developed countries, so extra care is required.

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SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT This part of the PERSUAP, the PER (Pesticide Evaluation Report), addresses pesticide choices based upon environmental and human health issues, uses, alternate options, IPM, biodiversity, conservation, training, PPE options, monitoring and mitigation recommendations according to the twelve Regulation 216.3(b)(1) Pesticide Procedures Factors, outlined and analyzed below. Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following:” (see box, right) Pesticides can be home-made (artesenal) or synthesized in a factory, and may contain either natural extracts from plants, microbes, spices, oils, minerals or synthesized chemicals, or occaisionally both. Pesticides generally contain more than just the AI; they also contain a carrier (water, oil, or emulsion), emulsifiers, synergists, safeners, adhesives and other ingredients. Pesticides generally contain just one AI, but can contain more than one AI, in a mixture. When produced commercially, each pesticide is made, marketed and sold with a product commercial name. This name, in addition to artesenal products, is the “pesticide” referred to by Regulation 216. These pesticide names can be ubiquitous (like Roundup for products containing the AI glyphosate) or can be given different names in different countries or regions depending upon cultural and linguistic differences and clever marketing. 3.1 Factor A: USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide NOA project activities are effectively limited to mentioning during training, promoting, recommending, buying or permitting on demonstration farms pesticides containing active ingredients (AIs) in products registered in Kosovo and in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because occasionally the exact same crops and their pest species found overseas are not

THE 12 PESTICIDE FACTORS Factor A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

Factor B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides

Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program

Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicators.

Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide

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present in the US, and therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar crops, pests and pest situations. Annex 7 provides EPA registration status for each AI found in all pesticides currently registered for import and use in the Republic of Kosovo. Kosovo only registers pesticides that have been registered in at least one other EU country and containing an AI on EU’s list of approved AIs. The USEPA classifies pesticides according to actual toxicity of the formulated products, taking formulation types and concentrations into account, thus generally making the formulated product less toxic than the active ingredients alone would be. This method of classifying acute toxicity is accurate and representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the WHO acute toxicity classification system is based on the active ingredient only. For a comparison of USEPA and WHO acute toxicity classification systems, see Annex 6.

The USEPA categorizes pesticides as either “registered” or “not registered.” Pesticides containing AIs that are not registered in any products in the USA or in products that have been cancelled are not permitted on USAID projects.

In the USA, some specific commercial pesticide products are labeled as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) due to inordinate risks. And, for each AI which may be in a number of RUP products, there are generally additional or other products, formulations and uses—with the exact same AI—which do not possess the same risks and are thus labeled or determined to be General Use Pesticides (GUP)—that is—not RUP. Ergo, for each AI, there may be RUP and non-RUP products depending upon risks they do or do not pose.

For AIs that are contained in both RUP and non-RUP products, specific websites containing continuously-updated lists of RUP and non-RUP pesticide products registered by EPA are hot-linked in Annex 8 as exceptions. This is done so that project staff can immediately determine the real-time RUP status of individual pesticide products, and if desired choose those that are not RUP.

Issue: Products containing active ingredients not EPA-registered

Annex 8 lists pesticide AIs in products currently registered in Republic of Kosovo that are not registered by EPA in any products. Products and AIs that are not registered by EPA are not permitted for use on USAID-supported projects with USAID support (and therefore cannot be promoted during training or used on NOA project demonstration farms with USAID resources). They are either cancelled for use in the USA, or have insufficient market demand, and have thus not been through EPA’s battery of environmental and human health tests.

Recommendation

NOA project will not buy, promote or allow use on demonstration farms of pesticides containing AIs not registered by EPA (see Annex 8).

Issue: Products that are Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs)

The EPA classifies individual pesticide products as “restricted” if it determines that the pesticide may be hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label. As noted above, in quotes under 3.0, Regulation 216.3 (b)(1)(i), “pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction…”. The interpretation of “without restriction” is that USAID projects will not buy, promote or use approved pesticide products (not necessarily AIs) that are RUP.

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Several of the pesticide AIs being imported into the Republic of Kosovo in certain products are designated as RUPs by the USEPA (comprehensively screened in Annex 7) and non-RUP products containing the same AI, if they exist, are referenced and hot-linked in Annex 8.

Recommendation

NOA project will not buy, promote or allow use on demonstration farms of pesticides designated by EPA to be RUP (however, see Annex 8 with references to similar products containing the same AIs—but that are not designated as RUPs).

All NOA project offices get and maintain copies of MSDSs for commonly-used pesticides to keep on-hand (pesticide MSDSs contain specific information on risks and risk mitigation for each pesticide product, and those measures to take in case of an accidental spill, fire or poisoning). MSDS information can also be used during training.

3.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides

This procedure generally refers to the practical, economic and/or environmental rationales for choosing a particular pesticide. In general, best practices and USAID – which promote IPM as policy – dictate that the least toxic pesticide that is effective is selected. Fortunately, as a general but important trend, the more toxic pesticides (Class I) are decreasing in number world-wide and the number of the least toxic pesticides (Class IV) are increasing.

In Kosovo, according to Kosovar experts, the bases for selection of pesticides are, in order of priority:

1. availability 2. price 3. efficacy 4. recommendation by a neighbor farmer

Environmental or human safety considerations and recommendations from farm stores are not major selection factors in Kosovo. Issue: Most beneficiaries do not consider factors such as:

Reducing risks to human health by using products that contain active ingredients with low acute human toxicity and few to no chronic health risks;

Reducing risks to scarce and valuable water resources on the surface and underground; Reducing risks to biodiversity and environmental resources, and the services they provide.

Reportedly, farmers in Kosovo have wanted a pesticide that has rapid knock-down action to satisfy the need to defeat the pest quickly and visibly – farmers want to see the pest immediately drop on its back with its legs twitching and flailing in the air as it dies. Thus, pesticides that take longer to kill the pest (and are generally less toxic to humans) are often overlooked. Farmers who will use GAP-certified systems for export crops or high-value local markets will focus more on factors such as human safety and environmental impact, by necessity as much as by choice. Other factors of importance include the abeyance of pesticide-specific sprayed field REIs (Re-EntryIntervals), PHIs (pre-harvest intervals) and MRLs (maximum residue levels). Each of these factors can be influenced, and often reduced, by choosing products which degrade rapidly after application.

Recommendations for Mitigation

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Choose and use pesticides with low human and environmental risk profiles (see decision matrix in Annex 7, MSDSs, and pesticide labels), as practical.

Encourage the Kosovo MOA to become increasingly more aware of EU-approved biological and naturally-derived pesticides, as practical, such as those listed in Annexes 4 and 5, and consider registering some additional natural pesticides.

3.3 Factor C: Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program USAID promotes training in, and development and use of, integrated approaches to pest management tools and tactics whenever possible. This section emphasizes how commercially-used preventive tools and tactics can be incorporated into an overall IPM strategy that includes pesticides.

Good crop management practices can strongly affect IPM, and good agronomic or cultural practices are the most basic and often the most important prerequisites for an effective IPM program. A vigorous crop optimizes both capacity to prevent or tolerate pest damage while maintaining or increasing yield potential. In the USA, the USDA supports several programs aimed at investigating and developing IPM tools and tactics. These include NIFA9 (the National Institute of Food and Agriculture) and the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service of the National Center for Appropriate Technology10 (NCAT). Kosovo, since it is a young country, has not had the benefits of such experience or programs; however Kosovo does have a cadre of experts who recognize their importance. According to Kosovar experts in the crop protection sector, the GAPs and IPM tools known about and used to some extent in Kosovo for vegetables and fruits are as follows:

Soil nutrient, texture and pH testing Pest resistant/tolerant seed Seed treatment with pesticides Plastic or organic mulches Use of organic fertilizers (manure, compost) Use of purchased mineral fertilizers Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers Crop rotation Early/late plantings/harvestings to avoid pests Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests Farmer ability to correctly identify pests Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage Pest monitoring with yellow sticky traps Mechanical weed control by hoe or tiller Use of herbicides for weed control Mechanical pest control by hand picking Sanitation: Pruning diseased tree parts and crop residue destruction at end of season

All of these IPM tools and tactics could be promoted further by NOA, and the MOA. Additionally, there are tactics, listed below, which are not as well known or used in Kosovo (and which could receive focus from MOA and NOA):

9 http://www.csrees.usda.gov/pesticides.cfm 10 http://www.attra.ncat.org/

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Solar soil sterilization Raised-bed planting technique Follow seeding rate & thinning recommendations Real-time soil moisture measurements to regulate irrigation and combat diseases Use of green manure crops Use of “farmscaping11” or planting hedgerows of predator-, parasite- and pollinator-

attracting flowering plants Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (mints, cilantro, parsley) that repel pests Farmer ability to correctly identify predators, parasites and pest diseases Spot treatment of pest hotspots with pesticides (instead of area spraying) Use of pheromone traps to monitor moth pest levels Use of pheromone inundation to confuse moth mating Making and using extracts of local plants or spices to repel or kill pests Intention to use soil, water, energy, or biodiversity conservation practices

To put IPM tools and tactics into practice, Annex 1 shows a detailed Crop-Pest-IPM-Pesticide matrix for each crop to be grown by NOA-assisted farmers, most major pests of each crop, a list of preventive tools and tactics recommended for the same pests in countries with significant commercial production and a list of natural and synthetic chemical alternatives recommended by leading state extension services in the USA.


NOA project will do training on crop-pest specific GAPs and IPM tools and tactics using local knowledge and information contained in Annex 1. Training will introduce beneficiary farmers to: IPM philosophy, pest-specific tools and tactics (Annex 1); and pesticides that can be recommended, including pesticide-specific Safe Use Practices and PPE.

NOA project could assist the MOA with the production and use of seasonal crop production and pest management plans (PMPs)12 and posters for on-farm prediction and management of the major pests of each crop.

3.4 Factor D: Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

This section examines how the pesticides are to be applied, to understand specific risks with different application equipment available and application methodologies, and the measures to be taken to ensure safe use for each application type. Pesticides can and do enter the body on the hands, skin or eyes when mixing and frpom splashes, on back and arms from leaky backpack sprayers when spraying, through the nose and mouth as vapors while spraying and from spray drift, and by mouth from ingestion on food or cigarettes.

Findings from field visits and a survey show that all of the following types of equipment are used to apply pesticides to field crops and orchards in Kosovo:

hand-pump backpack sprayer with wand motorized backpack sprayer with wand

11 https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/farmscape.html 12 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html, see “Year-Round IPM Programs”: on upper left side of website

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tank/pump/hose/lance unit granular applicators truck- or tractor-mounted field boom sprayers orchard air-blast sprayers

Issue: Leaky back-pack sprayers

Hand-pump backpack sprayers, used by small- and medium-scale farmers, among others, can and do eventually develop leaks at almost every parts junction (filler cap, pump handle entry, exit hose attachment, lance attachment to the hose and at the lance handle) and these leaks soak into exposed skin. Moreover, clothing serves to wick that holds these pesticides in contact with skin. This concentrates pesticides use after use, until the clothes are washed and may bring them into contact with other family members.


NOA promote the development and use of spraying and record-keeping services, promoted to and accessible by farmers at congregation places (farms stores, cooperatives/associations, produce consolidation/cold storage/processing sites). Such services will be encouraged to maintain spray equipment and use recommended PPE.

NOA, during training, promote and teach proper sprayer maintenance and repair.

Issue: Pesticide granules and powders applied by hand

Many farmers that use pesticides formulated as granules or powders apply these by hand, without benefit of gloves. Gloves must be used for these applications.

Recommendation for Mitigation

NOA ensure that farmers who use powders or granules do so only with gloves.

Issue: Farmers do not use PPE

Most Kosovar farmers do not use PPE. NOA staff will promote PPE use as a best practice. Pesticide labels should provide guidance on appropriate PPE to use, and EPA has such guidance on a dedicated website13.


NOA training will include descriptions of health risks to spray operators, their families, and their village (see risks for each pesticide AI in Annex 7) and could cost-share the purchase of PPE with beneficiary farmer training participants. General examples of PPE to be used for different types of pesticide are found here: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm.

NOA training should include advice on minimizing discomfort from wearing PPE, such as spraying in early morning before it becomes hot, late in the afternoon or night when it is cooler and the honeybees do not forage, and when there is little wind and no rain.

3.5 Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

13 http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm

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This section of the PERSUAP examines the acute and chronic toxicological risks associated with the proposed pesticides. Information on specific risks to environmental resources and how to mitigate or minimize such risks are detailed below under Factor G.

Most pesticide poisonings result from careless handling practices or from a lack of knowledge regarding the safer handling of pesticides. Pesticides can enter the body in four major ways: through the skin, the mouth, the nose, and the eyes. Chapter 13 in the resource http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf contains measures to reduce risks of exposure via oral, dermal, respiratory and eyes.

Pesticides are poisons, and nearly all of them present acute and/or long-term toxicological hazards, especially if they are used incorrectly. The pesticide AI analysis matrix in Annex 7 contains information on acute and chronic human and environmental toxicological risks for each pesticide AI in products registered for use in Kosovo.

Issue: Pesticide Active Ingredients on POPs and PIC lists

The Stokholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Rotterdam Convention’s Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure which list banned and highly regulated toxic chemicals, respectively, were not known when Regulation 216 was written, so there is no language directly governing their use on USAID projects. Nevertheless, they present high risks to users and the environment, due to persistence and toxicity. It is thus prudent that they be discussed. The following websites contain current lists of all POPs and PIC chemicals: http://www.pops.int; http://www.pic.int. The latest versions of these lists are included in Annex 8, Pesticide Active Ingredients Not to be used on USAID-Supported Activities. None of the chemicals contained on the POPs or PIC lists were found to be present in Kosovo and they will be increasingly unlikely to be found in the future as world-wide production of most of these chemicals has ceased or is ceasing. Further, there are sufficiently numerous less-toxic replacements for all of these chemicals. These newer chemicals are rapidly replacing the older, more dangerous chemicals. Recommendations for Mitigation

The chemicals listed on the POPs and PIC websites (and in Annex 8) including endosulfan should not be used on NOA project beneficiary demonstration farms.

Issue: Pesticides of very high acute toxicity

Very few of the pesticides found in Republic of Kosovo contain active ingredients that are EPA Class I or WHO Class Ia or Ib (the highest toxicities by mg/kg of body weight), which are too toxic for small-scale, unaware, uninformed and unprotected farmers to use. These very highly acutely toxic pesticide AIs are found in Annex 8. Less toxic alternatives, including preventive tactics and tools (Annex 1), and several curative pesticide choices, including some that are less toxic than Class I chemicals (Classes II, III and IV for instance), also found in Annex 1, exist, and should thus be used in place of Class I pesticides.


With the exception of rodenticides (which are applied as baits) and some copper-containing pesticides (which are too bitter to be accidentally ingested), project beneficiaries should not use products containing active ingredients that are WHO Class 1a or 1b, or EPA Class I (see Annex 8).

Issue: High to moderate acute toxicity

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All pesticide products that have at least acute WHO and EPA toxicity ratings of II (see Annex 7) are considered to be too toxic for use without farmer training and proper use of PPE.


Pesticide products containing active ingredients with Class II acute toxicity ratings (see Annex 7) should not be recommended unless there are no safer effective alternatives (Class III or IV).

Moreover, recommendations should not be made to use such products unless it can be assured that appropriate training and PPE are available and will be used.

Provide training on, and follow basic first aid for pesticide overexposure, following recommendations found in Chapter 13 of http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, as well as any special first aid information included on Labels and MSDSs for commonly-used pesticides.

3.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

This section of the PERSUAP requires information similar to that provided previously, but more specific to the actual conditions of application and product quality. This section considers the potential for use of low-quality products (such as many of those imported from China and a few from India) as well as the development of pest resistance to proposed pesticides, both of which will decrease effectiveness (efficacy).

Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on reduced pesticide effectiveness and resistance

At some point, project field staff and demonstration farmers may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in their field, and will likely begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be the development of insecticide resistance, improper dosing or use of cheap generic products from unreputable companies in China, India and a few other countries. Farmers should be trained to monitor for the development of insecticide resistance, and project implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.


NOA, through training and hands-on field visits, discourage farmers from using cheap generic products.

NOA work with MOA to teach farmers proper sprayer calibration and spray nozzle choice. NOA teach farmers and other beneficiaries to rotate pesticides among the classes of pesticides to

reduce the development of resistance. NOA monitor resistance by noting reduction in efficacy of commonly-used pesticide product.

3.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems.

This section examines the potential effect of the pesticides on organisms other than the target pest. Non-target ecosystems include protected areas, species and water resources. Non-target species of concern include fish, honeybees, birds, earthworms, aquatic organisms and beneficial insects.

Annex 7 compiles the known risks to the different types of terrestrial and aquatic organisms referred to above for each pesticide active ingredient found in pesticide products registered for use in Kosovo and covered by this PERSUAP, so that informed product choices can be made if a pesticide is to be used in or

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near sensitive areas or resources. According to Kosovar pest management experts, farmers understand many of these issues and do take steps to mitigate them.

Issue: Pesticides can impact biodiversity and protected areas

An Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) was performed in 2009 for Kosovo, its natural resources, protected areas and biodiversity. Based on research done so far, Kosovo has catalogued about 1,800 types of flora, but it is assumed that the number might be as high as 2,500 species. What makes Kosovo flora and fauna important is the large number of endemic and relic species. Vegetation in Kosovo is classified in 139 associations, 63 alliances, 35 orders, and 20 classes (including the more than 100 species of mushrooms that have been recorded). It is estimated that the country has about 230 species of wild vertebrates. About 150 species of butterflies and an estimated 400 species of macrobenthic invertebrates are thought to inhabit the territory. The richest areas with fauna in Kosovo are believed to be in two of the most heavily forested portions of the country. One is the Sharr Mountains in the south, which shares a border with Macedonia. The second area is the Accursed Mountains (Bjeshkët e Nemuna) along the western border shared with Albania and Montenegro. These areas are thought to be home to eight species of fish, 13 specias of amphibians, 12 species of reptiles, 154 species of birds, 37 different kinds of mammals, and 147 species of butterflies. There has not been a comprehensive biodiversity inventory of these areas so additional species and numbers may exist. In addition, it is obvious that certain very important aspects of nature protection such as wetlands and aquatic habitats have been neglected.

Table: Network of Protected Areas and their Biodiversity in Kosovo

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There are three large and several smaller protected areas in Kosovo. The map below shows the locations of these protected areas.

Table: Map of Protected Areas in Kosovo Kosovo is not yet a party to any of the international environment or biodiversity treaties. None of the NOA project’s farm sites are known to be located in one of these protected areas. For sites that may be discovered to be close to one of these sites, mitigation measures are listed below for protecting the natural resources in these areas. Recommendations for Mitigation

If agricultural production is done within 10km up-wind or up-stream from a protected area, NOA and MOA investigate the use of botanical and biological controls, as practical, or produce Organic crops near these valuable natural resources.

Issue: Pesticide can persist in the environment after application

The effect of each pesticide on non-target ecosystems will depend on how long it stays in the environment, or rather its rate of break-down, or half-life. Half-life is defined as the time (in days, weeks or years) required for half of the pesticide present after an application to break down into degradation products. The rate of pesticide breakdown depends on a variety of factors including temperature, soil pH, soil microbe content and whether or not the pesticide is exposed to light, water, and oxygen.

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Many pesticide breakdown products are themselves toxic, and each may also have a significant half-life. Since pesticides break down with exposure to soil microbes and natural chemicals, sunlight and water, there are half-lives for exposure to each of these factors.

In the soil, types and numbers of microbes present, water, oxygen, temperature, pH, and soil type (sand, clay, loam) all affect the rate of breakdown. Most pesticides also break down, or photo-degrade, with exposure to light, especially ultraviolet rays. Lastly, pesticides can be broken down, or hydrolyzed, with exposure to water. Pesticides with a long residual period (that are labeled persistent and last for years) include atrazine herbicide and organochlorine pesticides. Many of the newer carbamate, organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides break down much quicker, generally within weeks, in the environment.

Recommendation for Mitigation

NOA consider the half-life and water pollution potential14 of pesticides commonly used by beneficiary farmers and choose pesticides that are less toxic and break down quickly in the environment.

Issue: Pesticides can adsorb to soil, leach and contaminate water resources

Each pesticide has physical characteristics, such as solubility in water, ability to bind to soil particles and be held (adsorbed) by soil so they do not enter the soil water layers and the ground water table, and their natural breakdown rate in nature. This data can be found for the pesticides discovered in Republic of Kosovo by checking each pesticide: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm. The water solubility, soil adsorption and natural breakdown rates, if available, are included throughout the webpage, for each parent chemical.

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or an anaerobic soil half-life greater than 9 days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.

The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the agriculture production area. Sand, clay and organic matter, and different combinations of all of these, have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter, and will thus not interact significantly with and hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is increased.

A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to the groundwater. If the groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will enter it before being broken down is increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high water table is the most risky situation for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Groundwater contamination potential for each pesticide active ingredient available in Republic of Kosovo is provided in Annex 7.


14 See http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm for half life and partition between soil and water

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Ensure that pesticides labeled for certain types of use environments, or areas, are in fact used according to label recommendations.

Since transport of pesticides absorbed to soil particles is a likely transportation route to waterways, techniques should be employed to reduce farm soil erosion (such as terracing, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, using drip irrigation, and so on).

Do not use herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 7) on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface. Pay particular care when spraying near waterways, so that pesticides do not enter surface water.

Do not spray synthetic pyrethroid or other pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.

Issue: Pesticides can damage environmental resources

Improperly used pesticides can and do damage the following natural resources:

honeybees—needed for pollinating most crops fish—needed for aquifer health and human food birds—needed to control insect pests predators and parasites—needed to control insect pests earthworms—needed for soil health mollusks and crustaceans—needed for aquifer health and human food clean water—needed for drinking, irrigating and washing biodiversity and rare species—needed for eocosystem functioning


Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives; spray at night (best), very early morning or late afternoon when winds are below 13 kph, there is no rain and bees do not forage

Read and follow pesticide label instructions including environmental warnings Choose the pesticide least toxic to fish and wildlife (see Annex 7, MSDS and pesticide label) Do not apply granular pesticides in fields known to be frequented by migratory waterfowl and

completely cover granules with soil, especially spilled granules at the ends of rows Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large

droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent Do not spray or rinse equipment in or within 35 mters of ponds and drainage ditches and maintain

a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray zone around national parks, water bodies or other protected areas Do not use pesticides with potential or known groundwater risks near drinking water sources, or

where the water table is less than 2 meters, and on sandy soils with high water tables Properly dispose of empty pesticide containers (provide training on what this means locally)

3.8 Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

In general, in addition to element G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of groundwater resources. The following conditions apply, regardless of pesticide use sector, and thus the information here covers all seven sectors.

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Kosovo Climate15

Kosovo lies in the south of the northern hemisphere, under Mediterranean-continental and European-continental climatic influences. The main macro climatic factors which influence its climate are: positioning of land masses (Eurasia and Africa), aquatic masses (Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea), aerial masses (tropical and arctic-maritime or continental) and position of baric systems (maximum of Azores and minimum of Iceland). The main factors influencing Kosovo’s climate are: relief, waters, terrain and the vegetation. (Source: Hydro-Meteorological Institute of Kosovo).

Kosovo’s climate (see Table 6) is moderate continental with warm summers and cold winters. In the plains and adjacent hilly areas, where there is a continental climate, air temperature may range from minus 20 °C in the winter to +35 °C in the summer. In the Kosovo plain about 170-200 days per year are frost-free and the mean annual rainfall is about 650 mm. In the Dukagjini plain, the annual rainfall is higher (about 780 mm) and the frost-free period is longer (up to 225 days), indicating a pronounced Mediterranean climate influence in the western part of Kosovo. Overall the average annual rainfall is up to 700m but its distribution is not very good.

In Eastern Kosovo and the lowlands of Kosovo, Llapi, Drenica and Ana-Morava it is a little colder compared to Dukagjini (western part). Average annual temperature is 9.5°C, with fluctuations from 19.2°C for July and -1.3°C (January). Kosovo Geography16 Kosovo is landlocked and has a surface area of 10,877 km2 in the center of the Balkan Peninsula. It is bordered by Macedonia, Albania, Serbia Proper and Montenegro. It has a varied terrain with high planes at around 500 meters above sea level along with rolling hills and mountains some of which reaching a altitude of over 2000 meters.

Map: Kosovo Geography

15 http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/kosovo/Kosovo.htm#2soils 16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kosovo_map-en.svg

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With its particular location at the center of the Balkans it has rivers flowing into 3 distinct seas; the Adriatic, the Aegean and the Black Sea (Danube Basin). Kosovo Hydrology Kosovo’s main rivers are Drini i Bardhë (122 km), Sitnica (90 km), Bistrica e Pejës (62 km), Morava e Binqës (60 km), Lepenci (53 km), Ereniku (51 km), Ibri (42 km) and Bistrica e Prizrenit (31 km). There are five lakes larger than 2.5 square km. One characteristic of the hydrography is that rivers flow from Kosovo to the Adriatic Sea, the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. The major towns in Kosovo are supplied mainly by reservoirs; Gazivoda Reservoir for Mitrovica, Batllava and Grancanka reservoir for Prishtina/Pristina and Radoniq for Djakova/ Dakovica. Other towns rely on surface water and/or groundwater. Although Kosovo is landlocked, there are several notable rivers and lakes within its borders. The main rivers are the White Drin, running towards the Adriatic Sea, with the Erenik among its tributaries, the Sitnica, the South Morava in the Goljak area, and Ibar in the north. The main lakes are Gazivoda Lake (380 million m³) in the north-western part, Radonjićko Lake (113 million m³) in the south-west part, Batlava Lake (40 million m³) and Badovac Lake (26 million m³) in the north-east part. Other smaller scenic lakes include Heart’s Lake, Đeravica Lake and Liquenat Lake. River water quality in the lowland rivers is very poor17 owing to the lack of waste-water treatment and waste disposal, while the upstream rivers are mostly of very good quality. Some of main rivers downstream of larger municipalities and industries are so heavily polluted that the water cannot be used for water supply or irrigation (River Sitnica). Groundwater quality is also affected by pollution from untreated waste water from municipalities and industries. Kosovo Soils18

According to a digital map of soil types (scale 1:50000) provided by the Institute of Soil Sciences of the University of Prishtina (Elezi et al. 2004) and referring to the WRB-soil classification (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006), the most frequent soil types in the plains are fluvisols. In the hilly areas vertisols, cambisols and regosols are widespread. In general, the agricultural soils are significantly modified. Especially irrigation (mainly in the western part of Kosovo) and soil alteration are crucial factors that have impacted on pedogenetic processes over centuries.

Kosovo possesses diverse soils, even though its territory is small. This is a result of the landscape structure, geographic base, flora, climate and hydrography. It is estimated that 15% of Kosovo‘s soil is of high quality, 29% is medium quality, and 56% is poor quality. The high and medium quality soils account for 44% of total land. They are composed of humus soil (11%) that is mostly distributed in the Kosovo plain, grey carbonate land (8.4%), alluvial (7.8%) and other dark and serpentine soils. Poor quality soils are mostly laid on hilly and mountainous areas. They are composed of acidic grey soils, diluvial lands, swamps and other infertile soils. Fertile soil has been lost to house and road constructions, mine dumpsites and other constructions and about 10-15 % of the agricultural land of Kosovo is fallow land (Mehmeti et al., 2009).

However, in the recent past, the reasons for abandonment changed: the fallow land nowadays includes land that either left the agricultural sector as construction land, or was abandoned from cultivation due to 17 http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/kosovo/SoE/water.htm 18 http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/kosovo/Kosovo.htm#2soils

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poor soil quality (e.g., shallow calcareous soils) or high prices of agricultural inputs (e.g. fertilizer, seed, and fuel).

The most widespread soil types and their distribution is presented according to Elezi et al. (200419) and also see Map below:

Map: Pedological Map of Kosovo LITHOSOL-This type of soil is found in volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It is mainly distributed in hilly-mountainous areas such as the Albanian Alps, Sharri Ridge, Karadak, Kopaonik Ridge, Bjeshkët and Karadakut in Pejë, Gjilan, Leposaviq, Prizren. This type of soil occupies around 42 143 ha or 3.87% of total area.

COLLUVIUM-Processes of the pedogenesis of this type of soil are specific to hollows. In Kosovo there are 69 830 ha or 6.42% of Colluvium and it lies in the municipalities of Prizren, Hollows of Opoja-Dragash, Suhareka, Shterpca, and Istog.

RENDZINA- Lies in lower areas and according to the Pedologic map is more represented in municipalities of Skënderaj where it takes 48% of areas of this type, then in Klina, istog, etc. Total area under this soil type for Kosovo is 26 332 ha or 2.42%.

19 Elezi, Xh.; A. Halimi, and M. Zogaj, 2004. Digjitalizimi i hartës pedologjike të Kosovës. Departamenti i shkencave të tokës, Fakulteti i Bujqësisë, Prishtinë.

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RANKERS- Rankers are soils of hilly-mountainous areas. Mostly found in: Dragash, Leposaviq, Prizren, Mitrovicë, Gjakovë, Shterpcë, etc. and cover 121 822 ha or 11.24% of the total area.

VERTISOL- this type of soil is formed in valleys (200–600 m elevation). Vertisols are present in all forms of relief but mainly in flat lake terraces under semi-arid climate. This is a very common soil in Kosovo and covers considerable areas (108 444 ha or about 10%) in the municipalities of Lipjan, Rahovec, Vushtrri, Kamenicë, Gjilan, Drenas, Ferizaj, Prishtinë, etc.

CAMBISOL- based on their distribution, cambisols (Eutric and Distric) represent nearly half (47%) of the total area of Kosovo. Eutric cambisol takes 173 710 ha or 16%, and is more present in municipalities of Prishtina, Podujeva, Leposaviq, Gjilan, Zubin Potok, Kamenica, etc. Distric cambisol takes 282 802 ha or 26% of the total area. It lies in all regions of the country but is more present in Kamenicë, Gjilan, Podujevë, Kaçanik, Gjakovë, etc.

CALCOCAMBISOL- There are 32 631 ha or 3% of the total area under calcocambisols mainly in the region of Peja, Istog, Gjilan, Zubin Potok, Deçan, etc.

TERRA ROSSA- Although terrarosa belongs to the Mediterranean zone, it is present in continental karstic lands, or in places where carbonate rocks predominate. There are 27 845 ha or 2.56% of the areas under this type of the soil and the municipalities where it is found are Malisheva (with about 26%), followed by Prizren, Klinë, Gllogovc, Gjakovë, etc.

FLUVISOL- This type of soil is present in flooded zones by rivers and takes 83 862 ha or 7.71% of the area. These are the well known regions of vegetable production (near the White Drini river) in Peja, Gjakova, Klina to Prizren, but also near other rivers in the municipalities of Deçan, Vushtrri, Podujevë, etc.

PSEUDOGLEY- is present in semi-humid and humid regions with more than 700 mm of rainfall. This soil is present in Gjakova, Viti, Ferizaj, Podujevë, Prizren, Gllogovc, Istog, etc. with totally 40 245 ha or 3.7%).

SEMIGLEY- this type of soil is usually associated with fluvisols and takes only 1.26% of the area with most present in Rahovec, Lipjan, Gjilan, Viti, Gjakovë, Shtime, Ferizaj, and a few other places.

3.9 Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

This section identifies less toxic synthetic, as well as non-synthetic or ‘natural’ (extracts of naturally-occurring plants, spices, oils, fatty acids, induced resistance elicitors, minerals, microbes or microbial extracts) pesticide options for control of pests, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Many of these ‘natural’ pesticides can be toxic to humans, and several are even classified as RUP due to environmental risks; thus safe pesticide use practices extend to these natural as well as synthetic (produced in laboratories or factories) pesticides.

Annex 1—the heart of this PERSUAP—contains numerous non-chemical control methods for every major pest of every USAID-supported crop in Republic of Kosovo. It is the intent of this PERSUAP that USAID projects dealing with agriculture use this valuable resource, which compiles all known IPM tools and tactics for each pest. Issue: Natural pest controls availability

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Natural chemicals: Many non-synthetic chemical IPM tools and technologies are listed in Annexes 4 and 5. The list of natural pesticides likely entering Republic of Kosovo is not as extensive as other developing countries. In general, most synthetic nematocides and soil pesticides/fumigants are very highly toxic. However, there are some companies producing next-generation natural chemicals in the USA: Bio Huma Netics, http://www.bhn.name for natural nematocides and Agra Quest, http://www.agraquest.com for bioactive essential oils.

For commercial operations, especially greenhouses, biological controls and beneficial organisms are available commercially from local Biolabs as well as two large international companies, Koppert of Holland and Biobest of Belgium. Koppert provides many biological controls against spider mites, beetles, leaf miners, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, and moth and butterfly larvae. Koppert also provides the Koppert Side Effects List, a list of the side effects of pesticides on biological organisms, at http://www.koppert.com. Biobest of Belgium provides many of the same or similar biological controls as Koppert, and includes a control against leaf hoppers. Their website is: http://www.biobest.be. These are especially useful for greenhouse and seedling production systems. Both companies also sell live bumblebees for greenhouse pollination assistance.


As appropriate, NOA promote low-risk preventive and natural chemical pest controls that are found in Annex 1 of this PERSUAP.

3.10 Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

This section examines the host country’s existing infrastructure and human resources for managing the use of the proposed pesticides. If the host country’s ability to regulate pesticides is inadequate, the proposed action – use of pesticides – could result in greater risk to human health and the environment.

The Ministry of Agriculture in Republic of Kosovo has produced pesticide regulations in 2008 and a continuously updatead but limited list of permitted pesticides for agricultural pest control. Kosovo follows EU regulations for registering pesticides and only permits pesticide products registered in at least one other EU country and containing only pesticide AIs permitted by EU. Some unregistered pesticides are found in Kosovo. Issue: Limited resources to control pesticides

Kosovo has inpectors at all border crossings and within regions and some unregistered pesticide entry is controlled by these means. Kosovo’s MOA and Border Patrol and Inspection, however, have very limited resources available for research, extension and enforcement services. This is where donors and international projects are beginning to fill in these gaps with resources and technical expertise. Issue: Illegal products from neighboring countries

Many illegal pesticides in the region come from companies in China and that pass through Bulgaria, in particular. “Leaky” country border crossings could be likely sources of pesticides that are not officially registered in Kosovo, or EU. This situation is coming under control as other Southeastern European countries new to EU work hard to harmonize their pesticide systems with that of the EU, for purposes of market access. Access to Western European produce markets is rapidly rationalizing pesticide registrations by governments and choices by farmers.

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Issue: Disposal of Pesticide Containers

Some Kosovar farmers retain empty and partially-full plastic pesticide containers. Some use them to store water. Before disposal, the standard practice has been to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury or burn them. Burning plastic bottles and single-use pesticide sachets can lead to the formation of toxic (and POPs) furans and dioxins, and is not recommended. GlobalGAP and other S&C systems require that empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed over a pesticide soak pit20 with layered soil, lime and carbon.

Another technique developed recently is the use of a bio-active pit or biobed21 in the soil. Such a pit contains compost and microbes which hold and break down pesticides. There are no pesticide container recycling activities in place in Southeatern Europe, although this is something that NOA could promote. The website http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm provides pesticide disposal options.


NOA promte the development of spray and record-keeping services whereby only registered pesticides are used and empty pesticide containers are properly disposed of.

NOA staff encourage and follow developments in the regulation and registration of pesticides in Republic of Kosovo.

NOA staff encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with pesticide storage, use and disposal, whether or not certification is required for market access.

3.11 Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators

USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

Issue: Farmers need intensive and repeated training

Training in Safe Pesticide Use and GAP/IPM are of paramount importance for Kosovar farmers and farm laborers using pesticides. NOA will provide such training. Additional and refresher training are superb means for affecting beneficiary farmer behavior, now, as they continue to expand their agricultural opportunities, and before risky behaviors become set.


NOA implement GAP, IPM and Pesticide Safe Use training for project staff and beneficiaries. NOA and MOA use Annex 1 to produce and promote the use of Pest Management Plans for

farmers to anticipate and better manage primary pests.

3.12 Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide

Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Pest resistance is one of the risks for which this element is intended, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.

20 http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Attachments/CPAS-5U326X/$FILE/Disposal%20Guidelines.pdf 21 http://www.biobeds.info/_Attachments/Pesticide%20Handling%20Areas%20and%20Biobeds%20Manual.pdf

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Record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used, where they were used and what they were used for with notes on efficacy. Records of training received are also important to keep, if GlobalGAP certification will be sought. Notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for NOA beneficiary producer. Records of farmers, as well as NOA agronomists, will need to make note of any reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

Issue: NOA beneficiaries and farm record-keeping

On NOA demonstration farms, pesticide use documentation is generally either non-existent or not retained from year to year. Developing a more systemized approach to record keeping will allow seasonal and annual comparison of pesticide effectiveness, pest numbers, crop production, maintenance of safety equipment, and so on. The following aspects should be included in the record keeping system, for a USAID-funded program:

Local and EU regulatory compliance: A list of country and EU laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection, short notes on the relevance of the law, dates the laws come into or exit force and MRLs for each crop-pesticide combination.

A pesticide checklist: This list allows agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are not permitted. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.

GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1): NOA agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least ten new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.

PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken into the home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.

Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by farmers.

Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record keeping system (for example; precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so on).

Information should be transmitted at least annually and NOA should report to USAID on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.

Issue: Monitoring by NOA field staff and beneficiary farmers should detect:

Resistance: Pesticide resistance development among pests has likely occurred and could eventually occur more, and will be noted by farmers complaining that the spray no longer works as it once did.

Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues. Farm animal and livestock deaths. Any incidences of water pollution. Fish, bird, wildlife or honeybee kills.

Any of the above items should be reported immediately to USAID. Other information should be transmitted at least annually to USAID, and NOA should report on this progress in pesticide environmental and human health safety in annual reports.

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Issue: NOA Planning and Reporting

Several issues could receive more attention in NOA annual work plans and annual reports. These include a section on Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices, with subsections (and issues) on:

Country (which follows EU) and EPA regulation compliance (documents and enforcement status, risk, pollution, mitigation)

GAPs/IPM measures tried/used and on what percent of project farms Biodiversity and conservation (soil, water, energy, protected habitats, biodiversity and protected

species) measures used on what percent of farms Inputs and PPE use and issues (types, amounts and issues with products, sprayers, MRLs, REIs,

PHIs, MSDSs) Training/capacity building in IPM and Safe Use (hands-on, demos, sessions, meetings, extension,

flyers, brochures, pamphlets, posters, crop technical GAP information sheets, and radio and TV outreach/safety message enforcement)

Using Annex 11, NOA project staff should put brief plans for monitoring the environmental and human health impact of production activities, following recommendations found in this PERSUAP into the Annual Action Plans.

NOA staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in Quarterly and Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices”.

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SECTION 4: Pesticide Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) for NAO project

Action Plan Title: Actions to increase IPM and awareness of and mitigate pesticide risks on Republic of Kosovo NOA project sites

Action Plan Objective: Reduce risks from pesticides

On the following Action Plan Matrix, COP insert the start and end dates for each activity (see recommendations in Executive Summary for guidance on deadlines) or action or groups of sub-actions or activities to complete the action with the names of those responsible for each action, and a budget.

Once this is action plan is completely filled, and actions are under way or done, it can be transmitted to AID to show Regulation 216 compliance progress reducing pesticide risks on your project.

Actions/Activities Start Date End Date Who Does Budget

Good Agriculture Practices/IPM

Do repeated training on pest ID, preventive and curative IPM tactics and tools for beneficiary farmers growing NOA crops (use Annex 1)

Test IPM information in Annex 1 with beneficiary farmers on demonstration farms for validation, modification or adaptation

With MOA, produce crop-specific annual crop production and pest management plans (PMPs) for all NOA crops (use Annex 1)

Reiterating Pesticide Regulations and Restrictions

Check with MOA regularly for new pesticide registrations and evaluate new pesticides for EPA registration and risk issues

Make a list matching pesticide commercial product names with each of the Active Ingredients found in Annex 8

Ensure that beneficiaries do not, with USAID resources, use pesticide products containing active ingredients in Annex 8 (with noted exceptions permitted)

Pesticide Risk Awareness and Mitigation

Provide annual training for project staff and beneficiaries using the pesticide safe use training

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Action Plan Goals: Decrease the number of beneficiary farmers unaware of pesticide safety, environmental and natural resource protection, and IPM concepts

Action Plan Discussion Points:

Action Plan Final Sign-off: COP ____________________________, date: ________________

topics in the list in Annex 9

Promote the development and contracting of spraying and record keeping services that have and maintain quality spray equipment and PPE

For beneficiary farmers that do not hire spraying and record-keeping services, explore ways to subsidize or cost-share PPE, or have farmer associations maintain and share such equipment among members

Promote GlobalGAP standards and website http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm for leftover pesticide and empty container disposal and pesticide record-keeping

Project Management Responsibilities

Translate into Albanian the most critical PERSUAP sections and Annexes.

Make and keep copies of the current list of pesticide AIs analyzed by this PERSUAP at all project sites

Collect and keep at all project sites copies of MSDSs for each commercial pesticide that beneficiaries commonly use

Introduce pest and pesticide record-keeping concepts and tools following GlobalGAP or other internationally-accepted Best Practices

Keep PERSUAP recommendation implementation records and report on them in Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Compliance and Best Practices”

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22 The most common reference websites for this table are at end of table and a few others are scattered and footnoted throughout 23 Note that pesticide recommendations shown in the table are all EPA registered. These recommendations include both products registered in Republic of Kosovo as well as those that might become registered in the near future, either in EU or Kosovo, or both. For now, use only those registered currently for use in Republic of Kosovo and by EPA. 24 To find MRLs for each crop and pesticide, see http://www.mrldatabase.com/ and choose MRLs for the market targeted by each crop, be it EU, or, in the absence of a national MRL database, Codex. A Republic of Kosovo MRL database is not known to exist as of PERSUAP drafting.

Annex 1: Matrix of Kosovo NOA Crops with Primary Pests, Pest Prevention Tools and Tactics, and Pest Control or Management Tools &Tactics222324

Primary Pests Preventive management IPM tools/tactics to integrate Curative management IPM tools/tactics

For all crops For most pests Do pest, predator and parasite monitoring, survey and proper identification.

Use treated and certified clean seed from pest-resistant or tolerant cultivars, hybrids or varieties.

Do soil tests for soil structure, pH, macronutrient & micronutrient levels for precision soil amendment targeting.

Regularly test soil moisture levels in order to manage soil-borne diseases and reduce amount of irrigation water needed.

Use raised-bed or bund production to better manage water use, soil moisture and speed seedling growth.

Use minimum and no-tillage, cover crops, terracing and contour plowing to conserve soil.

Rotate crops and intercrop different crop types. Use organic mulches and cover crops to suppress weeds, conserve irrigation

water, manage soil moisture, and thus protect soil from rapid salinization. To add organic nitrogen and structure to soil use green manures or rotate with

nitrogen-fixing legume crops, use inter-planting with legumes and agroforestry techniques.

Use manures and compost (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed) to increase soil organic matter and nutrition, decrease soil-borne pathogens, sequester carbon, hold moisture and decrease need for increasingly more expensive synthetic nitrogen fertilizers derived from fossil fuels.

Sanitation: Harvest and destroy crop residues and weeds near field. Have a pest management plan, organized chronologically by season or crop

stage, which combines all or parts of these preventive and curative tactics.

Seed treatments with pesticides. Commercially available biological

control of certain fungal diseases by inoculation with Trichoderma species or Gliocladium virens and certain bacterial diseases by inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida.

Natural inorganic mineral pesticides (depending on pest, containing compounds of sulfur, copper, iron phosphate or calcium).

Natural extracts from plants, roots, microbes, spices, fatty acids, horticultural oils, essential oils, soaps, marine organisms and dusts.

Natural chemicals (inducers) that stimulate plant vigor and pest control properties.

Living predators, parasites or diseases of pests.

Synthetic (man-made) pesticides containing AIs, or mixes of AIs that control pests.

Apples Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)

Prevent or reduce primary infections in spring. Use a fall foliar fertilizer application of zinc sulfate and urea to hasten leaf fall

and speed decomposition of fallen leaves (reduces the level of overwintering

Can use synthetic fungicides containing cyprodinil (Chorus), difeconazol (Score), trifloxystrobin (Zato).

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apple scab inoculum).

Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Sanitation: Prune away and destroy infected shoots during dormancy or early spring.

Use natural applications of sulfur alone or natural lime and sulfur.

Can use the same synthetic fungicides as for scab, above.

Coddling moth (Carpocapsa = Cydia pomonella)

Sanitation: Remove infested & dropped apples, oil spray on apples when females fly,

Mass trapping and mating disruption using pheromone traps. Pruning tree for height and spraying efficacy. Remove host trees in nearby abandoned orchards (apple, pear, and walnut) to

destroy reservoirs of codling moth. Remove props, picking bins, and fruit piles from the orchard.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing lufenuron.

Aphids (several species)

Natural enemies that control aphids include green and brown lacewings, lady bettles, Syrphid fly larvae.

Use biological controls and sprays of insecticidal soap, narrow range oils and azadirachtin/neem oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid (Provado), acetamiprid (Assail).

Apple psyllid (Psylla = Cacopsylla mali)


Monitor, predict, and manage populations to low levels.

Use natural sprays of heavy mineral oil mixed with lime sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic insecticides containing chlorpyrifos or dimethoate.

Mites: European red mite (Panonychus ulmi)

Use resistant varieties. The western predatory mite, sixspotted thrips and spider mite destroyer are

excellent predators of orchard mites. Properly irrigate trees and reduce orchard dust. Grass cover crops and

sprinkler irrigation minimize dust in orchards. Do not mow the cover crop too short or let it dry or the mites may move up into the trees.

Monitoring & timing of use of natural dormant oil sprays.

Use of synthetic insecticides containing clofentizine (Apollo).

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25 http://www.nri.org/research/chemicalecology-projects-strawberry.htm

Blackberries & Raspberries Spur blight (Didymella applanata)

Prune dead or diseased canes before new primocanes emerge; burn, bury, or remove them from garden.

Promote air circulation to increase drying of young primocanes by regulating cane densities, row width and the use of trellising systems.

Minimize cane injuries. Avoid summer tipping of canes if rain is expected within two to three days.

Apply a single, delayed dormant spray of lime sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) to reduce overwintering inoculum levels.

Botrytis fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Use resistant varieties. Maintain optimal distance between canes so that air and sunlight can enter the

patch. Use sanitation: Clean up and destroy crop residues. Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing iprodione, fenhexamid or cyprodinil.

Rusts (Phragmidium spp.)

If possible, to remove important sources of inoculums, complete removal of floricane and first flush of primocane is useful for control.

Maintain optimal distance between canes so that air and sunlight can enter the patch.

Macrotunnels limit humidity and contact with moisture. Sanitation: Cultivating to bury old crop debris and removal of fruiting canes

after harvest.

Can use delayed dormant and first bloom treatments of fixed copper and sprays of lime sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Phytopthora root rot (Phythopthora fragaria)

Use clean plant stock of resistant or tolerant varieties. Plant in non-infested soils with good drainage. Avoid clay soils with poor

drainage and low spots. Use raised-bed plantings to manage soil moisture.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing metalaxyl, fosetyl-aluminum or mancozeb.

Strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi)

Use pheromones containing Grandlure I and II25 to attract and trap male and female beetles.

Can use natural and synthetic pyrethroids or imidacloprid (Provado, others) sprayed on unopened flower buds and soil.

Aphids (various species that may

Use resistant cultivars and plant certified virus-free stock. A number of natural predators and parasitoids control aphids.

Can use natural insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

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transmit virus) Control ants which will tend and protect aphids. Do not over-fertilize with nitrogen; use slow-release or low N content

fertilizers.

Can use synthetic insecticide containing thiacloprid.

Spider mites: Twospotted (Tetranychus urticae) and Carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)

Pruning of primocanes and removal of dead floricanes. Use resistant or tolerant varieties with heavily pubescent leaves. Purchase and releases of Phytoseiulus predatory mites. Do weed control in and around field. Limit the use of macrotunnels or ventilate them well. Control dust by watering or oiling nearby dirt roads. Do not over-fertilize with nitrogen; use slow-release or low N content

fertilizers.

Can use natural sprays of rosemary oil, cottonseed oil, garlic oil/garlic extract/allicin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), plant oil/clove oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), plant oil cinnamon oil/ plant oil cinnamon oil/cinnamaldehyde or organic stylet (mineral) oil.

Can use synthetic miticide containing abamectin (Zephyr, others).

Table Grapes

Plasmopara viticola

The pathogen is dispersed by splashing rain and wind. Use effective soil drainage and reduction of sources of overwintering

inoculum. If sprinkler irrigation is used, extend the intervals between sprays.

Apply preventive fungicides (mancozeb, copper hydroxide and copper sulfate compounds) before an infection period begins.

Apply curative synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin (Abound), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran), mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold), trifloxystrobin (Flint).

Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola)

In spring, monitor for spots in orchard that exhibit poor bud break, map these on an orchard map. Later, check for disease presence in these same areas.

If rainfall is predicted after bud break, treat entire field with liquid lime sulfur.

Dormant treatment: Use fungicide containing liquid lime sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) during the winter dormant season or at least before first rain, if possible.

Spring foliar treatments include use of fungicides containing kresoxym-methyl (SovraN0, azoxystrobin (Abound), pyroclostrobin, boscalid (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), mancozeb

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26 http://www.napafarmbureau.org/images/EGM_Guidelines.pdf

(Dithane M-45), ziram (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), sulfur and lime sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator)

Monitor in spring to decide when to treat. Can use natural controls containing sulfur (dust, wettable, flowable, or micronized), products by AgrQuest (http://www.agraquest.com) like Bacillus subtilis (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), Harpin protein (if it becomes registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) and Organic JMS Stylet Oil are acceptable on most organically certified grapes.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing tebuconazole (Elite), triflumizole (Procure), myclobutanil (Rally), azoxystrobin (Abound), trifloxystrobin (Flint), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran), pyraclostrobin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), boscalid (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), quinoxyfen (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

European grape vine moth (Polychrosis botrana) European grape berry moth (Clysia = Eupoecilia ambiguella)

Many natural parasites and predators control these. Use pheromone trapping. Use of mating disruption by substantial pheromone releases26.

For second-generation hatching, can use natural insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), insect growth regulators and spinosad (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic pyrethroids.

Tooth-nosed snout Use resistant varieties. Can use neem oil (if it becomes registered).

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weevil/Vine leaf roller (Byctiscus betulae)

Grape mites (Eriophyes vitis; Calepitrimerus = Epitrimerus vitis)

Natural predators and parasites control large proportions of spider mite populations. The western predatory mite, Galendromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis, can be purchased and released onto field.

Apply water to reduce dust on roads in the vineyard. Maintain resident vegetation or other cover in the vineyard middles to further reduce dust.

Irrigate in a manner that will avoid stressing vines. Overhead watering has been shown to reduce mite problems, but it can increase some diseases.

Can use natural insecticides containing narrow range oils, neem oil (Trilogy) and insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic insecticides containing propargite (Omite), fenpyroximate (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyridaben (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), spirodiclofen, hexythizox (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Currants and Gooseberries

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) Gooseberry leafspot (Pseudopeziza ribis

Use resistant varieties. Prune off older and diseased tissue in late winter and early spring. Avoid poorly drained, wet soils and hot, dry sites. Choose cool, moist but well-drained sites.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb.

Currant aphid (Cryptomyzus ribis)

Do not over-fertilize with nitrogen; use slow-release or low N content fertilizers.

Control ant colonies which tend aphids.

Can use natural insecticides containing narrow range oils and insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Currant borer (Synanthedon tipuliformis) Goseberry fruitworm (Zophodia convolutella) Pteronus ribessi

Maintain proper plant vigor. Use pheromone traps and mating disruption. Sanitation: Prune off older and damaged tissue in late winter and early spring.

Insecticides are not recommended.

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Currant big bud gall mite (Eriophyes ribis)

Use resistant varieties. Sanitation: Prune off older and damaged tissue in late winter and early spring. Using a commercially available strain of the entomopathogenic fungus

Verticillium lecanii.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing abamectin.

Cranberries and Billberries

Spur blight (Didymella spp.)

Improve air circulation. Eliminate weeds around plants to improve air circulation. Avoid high rate of nitrogen. Prune out dead or dying canes in early spring or as they appear. Promote vigor by weeding and fertilizing properly in spring. To promote winter hardiness, do not fertilize after late spring; allow weeds to

grow after harvest. Avoid wounding; make all pruning or tipping cuts during dry weather (at least

three to four days before next expected rain).

Apply a single, delayed dormant spray of lime sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) to reduce overwintering inoculum levels.

Fungal diseases: (Monilia spp.; Colletotrichum spp.; Botritis spp.)

Use resistant varieties. Sanitation and culture are very important for disease control and help to avoid

the buildup of the fungus. If possible, rake and remove mummified berries from the vicinity of the

planting. Alternative measures include covering fallen mummies with approximately 2

inches of soil or mulch or disking the soil beneath the planting to bury the mummies. These steps should be completed before budbreak.

When the disease is severe and/or the weather is wet between budbreak and bloom, fungicide sprays are often necessary. Use fungicides containing cyprodinil or chlorothalonil.

Soil pests (Wireworms, white grubs, cutworms)

Do scouting and monitoring to determine pest presence, quantity and damage. Do weed control in and around field. Thorough cultivation, flooding, and dry fallowing can help reduce

populations.

Use synthetic seed treatment or spray systemic insecticides containing imidacloprid.

Aphids (various species)


Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Avoid over-fertilization especially with nitrogen.

Can use insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or natural pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Mites (various species) Avoid over-fertilization especially with nitrogen. Apply natural kaolin clay (if it becomes

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registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) for suppression only, insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Watermelon and Melon

Sudden wilt (Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp.)

Provide good drainage and avoid excessive soil moisture by extending intervals between irrigations and avoiding long irrigation periods.

Practice long-term rotation (at least 2–3 years out of cucurbits) to help prevent the build-up of these pathogens.

Fungicides do not provide effective control.

Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. niveum

Use resistant cultivars and seed treatments. Disinfect tools and, if possible, steam clean equipment between uses and

fields. In greenhouses, disinfect all surfaces. Rotate out of melons for at least 5 years. Use sanitation—remove and burn heavily infected plants and crop residues at

season end. Use lime to raise soil pH if needed. Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost decrease disease symptoms. Use soil solarization (heating under black plastic for 3 months) to kill spores.

No synthetic fungicides are recommended for spraying.

Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum lagenarium)

Use resistant varieties and clean seed. Control irrigation water. Avoid sprinkler irrigation. Keep bed tops dry. Use frequent crop rotation to non-cucurbits. Sanitation: Inspect transplants for diseased plants and remove.

Use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb (Dithane DF), or clorothaonil (Bravo Ultrex).

Soil pests (Elateridae--wireworms, Scarabeideae—white grubs, Noctuideae--cutworms, G. gryllotalpa—mole crikets)

Use weed management by cultivation in and around field. Use light traps when adults are present. Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop. Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy. Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding

planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.

Monitor and use spot treatments of synthetic insecticides containing a neonicotinoid pesticide.

Use of biological control at planting, applying Metharizium anisopliae (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), which control larvae of white grubs and wireworms.

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Insecticides containing natural nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (if it becomes registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) (Nemastar by E-Nema, http://www.cost850.ch/publications/20040502_merelbeke/9Merelbeke-E-nema.pdf).

Aphids (Several including melon aphid, Aphis gossypii)

Use resistant varieties. Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under

low insecticide input situations. Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for

control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.

If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup.

Foliar contact insecticides have limited impact as plants enter the cupping stage.

While insecticides may help reduce secondary spread of aphid transmitted viruses, they do not prevent primary infection of fields.

Synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) can be used.

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs.

Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding 1 white fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used.

Yellow sticky traps may reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread.

Spray natural solutions of local soap (2%), horticultural oil, azadirachtin/neem oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or Beauveria bassiana (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) if the infestation is heavy.

Treat soil with synthetic systemic insecticides containing imidacloprid (Admire Pro) or thiamethoxam (Platinum).

Spray with synthetic insecticides containing spiromesifen (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), acetamiprid (Assail), buprofezin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyriproxyfen (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), insecticidal soaps/fatty acids

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and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or narrow range oil (Saf-T-Side, JMS organic stylet oil).

Thrips (Thrips tabaci; other species)

Crop rotation. Disc under flowering weeds before flower (do not disk after flower as thrips

will move to crop). Blue sticky traps for monitoring. Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization. Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop.

Natural extracts of neem, garlic oil/garlic extract/allicin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or spinosad (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) can be used.

If needed, spray synthetic insecticides containing spinetoram (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) or dimethoate.

Mites (Tetranychus species; Panonychus ulmi)





Can use synthetic insecticides containing propargite (Omite), fenpyroximate (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyridaben (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), hexythizox (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Strawberry

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis)

Use of soil mulches. Use of resistant varieties. Sanitation: remove and destroy infected tissues.

Use of synthetic fungicides containing trifloxystrobin.

Common leaf spot (Mycosphaerella fragaria)

Choose a growing area with environmental conditions that are not conducive to disease development.

Use certified clean and resistant cultivars. Use raised bed with drip (not sprinkler) irrigation and monitor soil moisture. Sanitation: remove infected leaves when practical. Use soil solarization.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil (do not use concentrations over 50% and use protective eye-wear) myclobutanil or triflumizole

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27 http://www.nri.org/research/chemicalecology-projects-strawberry.htm

Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)

Do regular monitoring for gray mold. Use sanitation: Clean up and destroy crop residues. Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil (do not use concentrations over 50% and use protective eye-wear).

Aphids (Aphis forbesii and other species)

A complex of natural predators and parasites generally control aphid populations.

Control dust to facilitate predators and parasites. Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps Do not over-fertilize with nitrogen; use slow-release or low N content

fertilizers.

Can use natural sprays of insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), azadirachtin/neem oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) and pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid, thiamethoxam or acetamiprid.

Weevils: Strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi) Strawberry Rhynchites beetle (Neocoenorrhinus germanicus)

Use pheromones containing Grandlure I and II27 to attract and trap male and female beetles.

Grow strawberries away from raspberries and woods. Beds should be free of grass, weeds and moss. Profusely flowering strawberry varieties and pistillate varieties appear to be

less subject to attack by weevils.

Can use natural and synthetic pyrethroids or imidacloprid (Provado, others) sprayed on unopened flower buds and soil.

Strawberry cyclamen mite (Phytonemus = Tarsonumus pallidus)

Natural predatory mites generally exert control pressure without pesticide use. Minute pirate bugs and sixspotted thrips also exert natural biological control. Use nursery stock seedlings certified free of mites. Cooled (-2 degrees C) nursery plants may be treated in 7 minute hot water

bath (49 degrees C), and remove soil, then a cold water dip just prior to planting.

Can use synthetic miticides containing abamectin or acequinocyl (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo).

Kiwi

Phytophthora root and crown rot

Plant only in well-drained soils. Use strict planting practices and water management.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing metalaxyl.

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28 https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-thrips.html#crop 29 http://www.caff.org/Hedgerow.pdf

(Phytophthora spp.)

Plant on raised berms in well-drained soil to allow for rapid water drainage following irrigation or rains.

Irrigation duration should not exceed six hours (intervals between irrigations may be shortened as needed as long as the soil has drained adequately since the last irrigation).

Gray mold/Brown rot (Botrytis spp.)

Cure the fruit by letting the stem end dry out before packing and cold storage. Prune the vines to open up the canopy and increase air circulation.

Can use post-harvest synthetic fungicide treatments with fenhexamid.

Sclerotinia fruit spot (Sclerotinia spp.)

Maintain relatively open shelter and vine canopies in an attempt to keep moisture levels low within the canopy.

Can use control commercially named Spotless (http://www.omnia.net.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Spotless-MSDS-17-Sept-2010.pdf).

Can use synthetic fungicides containing iprodione (Rovral).

Thrips (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis)

Do routine monitoring using visual and sticky card (with blue or hot pink colors28) inspections.

Trap thrips. Control weeds in and around orchard.

Can use natural sprays of in insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), azadirachtin/neem oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) and pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic insect growth regulator chemicals.

Aphids (various species)

Many natural parasites and predators control aphids. Can purchase and release commercially-available parasitic wasps in Aphidius

genus for aphid control. Use of “habitat plantings29” (flowering perennial plants that attract aphid

parasites and predators). Carefully manage nitrogen levels so that they are neither too high (which

significantly attracts aphids) or too low (which impedes plant growth). Inter-planting with clover (as a “living mulch”) reduces aphid populations.

Organically accepted insecticides include those containing insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), neem (Neemix, Argoneem, Azadirect) and pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use synthetic pesticides containing acetamiprid (Assail) or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban).

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Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)

Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations; predacious mites and some insect feeds on spider mites, eg (Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius andersoni); the major predator mites commercially available for purchase and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus.

Do weed control in and around field. Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed trees are most likely

to be damaged.

Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.

Natural insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or agricultural oils and neem extracts can be used for management (apply especially on the undersides of leaves).

Use of synthetic insecticides containing abamectin.

Greedy scale (Hemiberlesia rapax)

A complex of natural predators and parasites generally control scale populations.

Introduce natural enemies such as lacewings, predaceous mites, and parasitic wasps.

Can use narrow range (mineral) horticultural oil applications during dormant period.

Cucumber/Gherkins

Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Resistant varieties are available for control. Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply a fungicide when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms

worsen.

Use synthetic pesticide containing mancozeb + metalaxyl (Ridomil Gold MC, Dithane), chlorothalonil (Bravo Ultrex), cyazofamid (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), propamocarb hydrochloride, mefenoxam, famoxadone (Tanos), cymoxanil, fenamidone (Reason).

Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum lagenarium)

Use resistant varieties and clean seed. Control irrigation water. Avoid sprinkler irrigation. Keep bed tops dry. Use frequent crop rotation to non-cucurbits. Sanitation: Inspect transplants for diseased plants and remove.

Use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb (Dithane DF), or clorothaonil (Bravo Ultrex).


Use resistant varieties.

Can use natural fungicides containing Trichoderma harzianum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic fungicides containing

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tebuconazole or chlorothalonil.

Cottony rot/white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Steam treat or solarize soil to kill sclerotia.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing iprodione or thiophannate methyl.

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheса fuliginea, Erysiphe cichoracearum)

Control irrigation water. Resistant varieties are available for control. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Remove and destroy dead plants. Control weeds in and around field. Increase light intensity by planting at proper recommended intervals.

Use natural fungicide containing plant plant oil cinnamon oil/cinnamaldehyde or micronized sulfur (Microthiol).

Use synthetic fungicides containing triflumizole (Procure), myclobutanil (Rally), pyraclostrobin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), boscalid (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), quinoxyfen (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), azoxystrobin (Quadris), trifloxystrobin (Flint), kresoxym-methyl (Sovran).


Use resistant varieties Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under












Treat soil with synthetic systemic

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insecticides containing imidacloprid (Admire Pro) or thiamethoxam (Platinum).

Spray with synthetic insecticides containing spiromesifen (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), acetamiprid (Assail), buprofezin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyriproxyfen (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or narrow range oil (Saf-T-Side, JMS organic stylet oil).

Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Crop rotation. Disc under flowering weeds before flower (do not disk after flower as thrips




Mites (Tetranychus species)





Can use synthetic insecticides containing propargite (Omite), fenpyroximate (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyridaben (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), hexythizox (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Soil pests (Elateridae--wireworms,

Use weed management by cultivation in and around field. Use light traps when adults are present. Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop.


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Scarabeideae—white grubs, Noctuideae--cutworms, G. gryllotalpa—mole crikets)

Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy. Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding




Lettuce and Chicory

Lettuce Anthracnose (Microdochium panattonianum)

Use resistant varieties and transplant only healthy plants. Transplant trays with infected plants should be removed immediately from

production sites. Workers should disinfest their hands after contact with infected plants.

If needed, can use synthetic fungicide products containing azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and teubconazole.

Downy Mildew (Bremia lactuca)

Use resistant seed and transplant disease-free plants. Rotate away from highly infected fields. Use only well-drained fields. Avoid overhead irrigation.

Apply a treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear.

If needed, can use products containing copper, azoxystrobin, mancozeb, trifloxystrobin.


Use resistant varieties.

Can use natural fungicides containing Trichoderma harzianum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic fungicides containing tebuconazole or chlorothalonil.

Cottony rot/white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Steam treat or solarize soil to kill sclerotia.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing iprodione or thiophannate methyl.

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Use resistant varieties Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under












Treat soil with synthetic systemic insecticides containing imidacloprid (Admire Pro) or thiamethoxam

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(Platinum). Spray with synthetic insecticides

containing spiromesifen (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), acetamiprid (Assail), buprofezin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyriproxyfen (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or narrow range oil (Saf-T-Side, JMS organic stylet oil).

Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Crop rotation. Disc under flowering weeds before flower (do not disk after flower as thrips




Solanaceous Crops: Chili peppers, Tomatoes, Potatoes Damping off diseases (Pythium spp. Phytophthora nicotianea Phytophthora capsici)

Pythium root rot generally occurs after plants are transplanted in polyethylene mulch/drip irrigation culture.

Use clean seed of resistant varieties and plant raised-bed. Eliminate, or do not plant into, low areas in field. Avoid over-irrigation; if soils are heavy, use careful drip irrigation or

alternating rows irrigation to reduce over-watering. Do not plant into weeds, cover crop or un-composted plant material. Rotate to nonsusceptible crops to reduce inoculum potential. Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical

injury to feeder roots.

Can apply natural fungal controls containing Trichoderma species.

Before transplanting, seedlings can be drenched with systemic synthetic fungicides containing mefenoxam.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb, iprodione, metiram (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or thiram (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Sclerotinia white mold Use certified clean seed that is treated. Use synthetic fungicide seed treatment of

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30 http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/3307.html 31 http://www.avrdc.org/LC/pepper/anthracnose.pdf

(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Use crop rotation with cereals or non-susceptible crops following peppers on a 3-4 year cycle.

Do proper agronomic practices: seedbed preparation, weed control, seed handling, date of planting, proper row spacing.

Use soil solar or steam sterilization.

mefenoxam (Apron, Allegiance), thiram (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), fludioxonil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) and mefenoxam (ApronXL).

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil (Bravo 500), mancozeb (Dithane), pyraclostrobin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or azoxystrobin (Quadris).

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahlia Verticillium albo-atrum)

Use of certified disease-free propagation material. Use resistant cultivars against race 1. Need positive identification of Verticillium (to avoid confusion with Fusarium

wilt) Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of vectors and inoculum. Rotate to small grains and maize. Use green manure plants.

Inoculate soil with Trichoderma species. No synthetic fungicides are

recommended (Many farmers tolerate some damage by Verticillium wilt).

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

Use certified disease-free seed and transplants of resistant varieties30. Seed can be disinfested with a 30-minute soak at 52°C. Sanitize seedling flats if reusing them. Rotate out of infested fields to other crops for 3 years. Avoid potato, soybean,

tomato, eggplant, and cucurbits as rotation crops31. If using overhead sprinkler irrigation, apply in early morning so plants can dry

before night-fall. Use mulch to reduce water splash onto leaves and fruit, and weed regularly

without damaging fruit. Harvest fruit as soon as it is ripe. Sanitation: Remove and dispose of diseased plants throughout season and

after harvest.

At flowering, can use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb or metiram (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Potato early blight or Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria solani,

Scouting and spot treatment. Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions,

including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests.

Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss.

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Macrosporiumm solani)

Grow later maturing, longer season varieties. Maintain optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization,

irrigation, and management of other pests.

When justified, apply fungicides as soon as symptoms appear; continued protection requires application at 7- to 10-day intervals.

Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin (Quadris), boscalid (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), chlorothalonil, famoxidone (Tanos), fenamidone (Reason), irpodione (Rovral), mancozeb, pyraclostrobin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica)

Follow strict greenhouse hygiene throughout the growing season. Improve greenhouse climate to reduce relative humidity and increase air

circulation Crop monitoring. Early disease detection is important for successful powdery

mildew control. Sanitation: Conduct a thorough year-end clean-up and dispose of all crop

debris off-site or by burning, burying in a landfill or composting.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing dinfenoconazole.

Bacterial spot and wilt diseases (Pseudomonas spp, Xanthomonas spp.)

Use of certified disease-free propagation material and treated seed. Do weed control. Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Plant in well-drained soils, avoid over-irrigation. Use deep well water for irrigation. Remove and destroy diseased plants.

Spray with copper-containing compounds.

Bacterial (black) wilt and canker (Erwinia carotovora, Clavibacter michiganensis)

Use of certified disease-free propagation material. Do weed control. Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Plant in well-drained soils, avoid over-irrigation. Use deep well water for irrigation. Remove and destroy diseased plants.

Spray with copper-containing compounds.

Blossom End Rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Select tolerant varieties. Avoid excess use of nitrogen fertilizers. Use ample amounts of super phosphate, lime and calcium containing foliar

fertilizers.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil (Bravo 500), mancozeb (Dithane), pyraclostrobin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or azoxystrobin

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32 http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/941.PDF 33 http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Tomato_Septoria.htm 34 http://www.potatodiseases.org/rhizoctonia.html

Use careful water management and do not over-water. Avoid close deep cultivation late in the season.

(Quadris).

Greenhouse Tomato Leaf mold (Fulvia fulva)

Use resistant cultivars. Where necessary, use hot water treated seed. Treat seed for 25 minutes at

exactly 122°F (50°C). Keep the relative humidity in the greenhouse below 85 percent, and keep free

moisture from forming or persisting on leaves32. Provide good ventilation and as much light as possible. Circulate air with fans

to eliminate dead-air pockets. Keep night temperatures in the greenhouse warmer than outside air

temperatures. If leaf mold becomes a problem, some night heating may be needed through late spring and again in early fall.

Attempt to avoid wetting the leaves when watering. Water early in the day to allow leaves to dry by mid-afternoon.

Maintain a temperature of at least 60° to 65°F (16° to 18°C) throughout the season.

Provide adequate plant and row spacing to avoid excessive shading. Sanitation: After harvest, carefully remove and destroy (burn) all plant debris.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing fosetyl aluminum, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and copper compounds.

Tomato Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici)

Because seed has been implicated as a source, make sure seed is acquired from disease-free seed-producing areas33.

Make sure greenhouse production areas are free of susceptible weeds and the previous season's tomato crop debris.

Sanitation. If infected plants are found, rogue the seedlings before transplanting them to the field. In the field, remove or destroy tomato debris by deep plowing immediately after harvest.

Rotate one year out of tomato if no other sources of inoculum are found. Make sure perennial weed hosts such as horsenettle are eliminated before

planting.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb or chlorothalonil.

Potato Stem canker and black scurf (Rhizoctonia

Grow and plow under a mustard cover crop to biologically ‘fumigate’ the soil. Use certified clean seed34.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin, mancozeb or thiophannate

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35 http://ohioline.osu.edu/b672/pdf/Disease.pdf

solani)

Monitor plants continuously for disease presence. Plant seed tubers in warm soil (above 46°F) and covering them with as little

soil as possible speeds spout and stem development and emergence reduces the risk of stem canker.

Plant fields with coarse-textured soils first because they are less likely to become waterlogged and will warm up faster.

Potatoes should be harvested as soon as skin is set so minimal bruising will occur.

methyl.

Common Scab of Potato (Actinomyces = Streptomyces scabies)

Use resistant cultivars or varieties. Use certified seed tubers free from common scab. Use land-leveling and maintain high soil moisture (80–90% of available water

storage) during tuber initiation and the 6 to 8 weeks that follow. Use crop rotation with green manure crops such as rye, millet, and oats

(rotations with carrots, beets, spinach, turnip, and radish are not advisable). Avoid soil application of animal wastes, which favors scab development. Before planting, apply sulfur and triple superphosphate to increase soil pH.

Fungicides are not effective35.







Aphids (various species) Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under If control is needed, treat when aphids

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low insecticide input situations. However, these aphids reproduce quickly and move into protected areas of the plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of their predators and parasitoids in older stage plants.

Use resistant varieties. Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of

aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.

are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup.

Insecticides containing systemic synthetic insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) can be used.

Thrips (Thrips tabaci)

Rotation: Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop. Blue sticky traps for monitoring. Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.

Natural extracts of neem or garlic oil/garlic extract/allicin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) can be used.




to be damaged.




White flies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum)


Yellow sticky traps may be used to reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread, once established.

Frequent crop monitoring.

Spray natural solution of local soap (2%) or horticultural oil if infestation is heavy.

At crop initiation, seed or soil application of a synthetic systemic nicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid, acetamiprid).

Selective synthetic chemicals as: azadirachtin/neem oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), Insect Growth Regulator Pyriproxyfen, abamectin,

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Beauveria bassiana.

Peppers: Fruit borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

A number of parasitoids and predators attack borer eggs and larvae. Use borer-resistant varieties. Use crop rotation and intercrop solanaceous crops with legumes. Monitor plants for presence of borers after fruit set. Intercropping with pulses (cowpea, groundnut) in alternate rows reduces

borers. Sanitation: Plow deeply and harrow; Remove and destroy crop residues by

plowing under or composting.

Purchase and use natural releases of Trichogramma egg parasitoids.

Use natural pesticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or spinosad (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) between the egg stage and leaf-feeding stage (before they bore into the fruit).

Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

Controlled in nature by ground beetles, lady beetles, predatory stink bugs, spiders and green lacewings.

Use resistant varieties. Use crop rotation to reduce population build-up. Do mulching with wheat or rye straw. Do farmscaping: Plant pollen and nectar source plants along field border and

field strips (see http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/farmscaping.html). Use floating row covers to exclude CPB.

Use natural insecticides containing pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use natural insecticides containing extracts (no greater than 1% due to phytotoxicity of potato) of azadirachtin/neem oil (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use natural insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or Beauveria bassiana, canola oil and pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Commercially available parasitic nematodes Heterorhabditis species (if it becomes registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) and Steinernema species control CPB.

Potato tuber worm moth (Phthorimaea operculella)

Use pheromone traps. Shallow setting varieties are generally more susceptible than varieties that set

tubers deep. Any practice that reduces the exposure of tubers to egg-laying female moths

will reduce tuberworm damage. Prevention of soil cracking in the beds will reduce tuberworm damage. Thus,

Furrow-irrigated fields have a much greater potential to become infested than

Use natural sprays of the Entrust formulation of spinosad (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use synthetic insecticides containing or novaluron (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo).

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sprinkler-irrigated fields (cracking of the soil is less severe under sprinkler irrigation than with furrow irrigation).

Prompt, thorough harvest and sanitation are also essential. Sanitation: Destroy cull piles and volunteer potatoes. Piles of cull potatoes

provide a year-round breeding site for tuberworm.

Leaf miners (Lyriomyza spp.)

Some varieties with curled leaves are more resistant to leaf miner. Check transplants before planting and destroy any that are infested. Conserve (do not use broad-spectrum insecticides) natural predators and

parasites that control leaf miners. Use yellow and green sticky traps to monitor and reduce populations. Use Agribon macro and microtunnels to exclude pests. Sanitation: When planting tomatoes in series (tomatoes after tomatoes)

remove and destroy older infested plants.

Can use natural insecticides containing spinosad (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Can use synthetic insecticides containing pyrethroids.

To avoid resistance, alternate pyrethroids with neonicotinoid insecticides like thiamethoxam or imidacloprid or cyromazine (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Crucifers: Cabbage

Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica)

Promoting good drainage. Increasing spacing for better aeration. Controlling brassica-type weeds. Using resistant varieties. Rotating with non-cole crops. Sanitation: After harvest, deep plow or destroy plant debris. Avoid the use of overhead irrigation.

Use of mineral copper for organic production.

Use synthetic pesticide containing chlorothalonil (various), mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold/Bravo), or fosetyl aluminum (Aliette).

Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae and/or Alternaria brassicola)

Using clean, certified seed. Rotating with non-host crops. Deeply incorporating plant debris, Avoiding overhead irrigation, Promoting air circulation in the canopy.

Use synthetic pesticide containing chlorothalonil (various) or iprodione (Rovral).

Cole crop ring spot (Mycosperhella brassicola)

Plant disease-free transplants. Remove and destroy volunteer plants that may be infected. Sanitation: After harvest, plow under plant residues so that infected material

decomposes fully.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil, copper, mancozeb.

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36 http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/a_candi.htm

Crucifer powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum)

Use resistant varieties. Rotation with non-host crops. Control Cruciferous weeds in and around field. Use good soil drainage practices and do not over-water.

Although fungicides are not generally economical, fungicides containing sulfur dust, garlic oil/garlic extract/allicin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), myclobutanil.

White rust (Albugo candida)

Crop rotation with noncruciferous host plants is effective36. Practice weed and cruciferous weed control. Avoid planting in fields having a history of white rust problems; soilborne

oospores may result in severe disease. Reducing leaf moisture by avoiding sprinkler irrigation will not prevent white

rust, but keeping leaves dry may reduce disease severity. Sanitation: Plowing or disking diseased plants and plant parts results in rapid

decomposition of infected tissues and helps to significantly reduce future white rust infection.

Use of mineral fixed copper and wettable sulfur for organic production.

Use synthetic pesticide containing chlorothalonil (various), mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold/Bravo), metalaxyl or fosetyl aluminum (Aliette).

Cabbage post-harvest storage rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Use resistant cultivars. Avoid frost and damaging cabbage when harvesting. Practice strict hygiene—monitor, quickly remove diseased heads and wash

surfaces with disinfectant. Maintain proper spacing and air flow around cabbages. Sanitation: Plowing or disking diseased plants and plant parts results in rapid

decomposition of infected tissues.

Can use pre-harvest fungicides containing copper or sulfur.

Aphids: Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) and other species

Use of “habitat plantings” (flowering perennial plants that attract aphid parasites and predators.

Carefully manage nitrogen levels so that they are neither too high (which significantly attracts aphids) or too low (which impedes plant growth).

Natural enemies that can be attracted to fields with habitat plantings include aphid and syrphid flies, lacewings, and the predaceous midge, minute pirate bugs, bigeyed bugs, lady beetles, soldier beetles, and parasitic wasps like Diaeretiella rapae.

In some humid areas there are outbreaks of naturally existing fungi that cause epidemics among aphid colonies.

When plants are young and leaf cupping has not yet occurred, high pressure overhead sprinkler irrigation dislodges aphids.

Inter-planting with clover (as a “living mulch”) reduces aphid populations.

Organically accepted insecticides include those containing insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), neem (Neemix, Argoneem, Azadirect) and pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use synthetic pesticides containing acetamiprid (Assail), flonicamid (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), spirotetramat (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), chlorpyrifos

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Use trap crops: Plant mustards or collards on field margins or inter-planted and destroy these plants once heavily infested.

(Lorsban), or pymetrozine (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Cabbage moth (Mamestra = Barathra brassicae)

Sanitation: Plow under crop refuse to kill pupae. Use of tunnels or microtunnels will exclude pests like cabbage moth. Early planting can be used to avoid the primary moth emergence and egg-

laying.

Can use insecticides containing pyrethroids.

Flea beetles (Systena species and Phyllotreta species)

Parasitoids like the Braconid wasp Microcotonus vittage parasitize and kill adult flea beetles.

Use living mulches or polycultures. Trap crops: Interplant field and margins with giant mustard or radish and

destroy these plants once heavily infested. Floating mesh or screen row covers such as Reemay can be used to cover

seedlings and provide a barrier to adult beetles. White and yellow sticky traps placed every 15 to 30 feet of row. Sanitation: Clean up and (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set

seed) plant debris from field and around field. Use repellents containing herbal extracts of garlic, onion, and mint.

Commercial formulations of insect-eating nematodes are effective agents for controlling flea beetle larvae. Applied to the soil, the nematodes attack the beetle's larval stage, reducing root feeding and helping to prevent emergence of the next cycle of adults.

Use of organic botanical insecticides such as neem, pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) and formulations of these in some combination.

Use of organic insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use of organic diatomaceous earth (if it becomes registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) to reduce flea-beetle populations. Use of organic kaolin clay (if it becomes registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo).

Cabbage stink bugs (Eurydema spp.)

Maintenance of crop rotation with spatial and temporal isolation of cruciferous crop plantations.

Destruction of cruciferous weeds before their flowering on fields, near fields, and on waste grounds.

Spring insecticide treatments on winter-cress, wild radish, and other cruciferous weeds against the overwintered bugs.

Treatments of cruciferous crop plantations by available insecticides against the pest larvae. Can use natural insecticidal soaps/fatty

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acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or refined canola oil.

Cabbage maggots (Hylemya = Delia brassicae, Delia redicum)

Natural predators include ground and rove beetles, spiders, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), and ants.

Use compost and straw mulches to reduce maggot populations by hiding predators and excluding egg-laying flies.

Intercrop with clovers or other legumes to reduce open soil available for egg-laying flies.

Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying flies.

Commercial formulations of maggot-eating nematodes are effective agents for controlling flea beetle larvae, and are available commercially from several companies, including by mail order from GrowQuest (http://www.growquest.com) and Arbico, Biocontrol Network (http://www.biconet.com) in the USA.

Caterpillar pests: Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), and imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), armyworms, cutworms, cabbage webworms, cabbageworms and corn earworms

Caterpillar natural enemies (keep populations down) include predators like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, bigeyed bugs, and lacewing larvae. Parasitic wasps of Trichogramma species, Copidosoma species, Apanteles species, Diadegma, and Hyposoter species sting and parasitize eggs and larvae (some of these organisms are available commercially).

Use of nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation to dislodge and repel pests. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying moths.

Use of organic biopesticides or microbial controls consisting of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), Beauveria bassiana (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), bacterial extracts like spinosad (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use of organic botanical insecticides like neem (Neemix, Argoneem, Azadirect), pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) combined with diatomaceous earth (if it becomes registered by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) or garlic oil/garlic extract/allicin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Use of synthetic pesticides containing spinetoram (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), chlorantraniliprole (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), flubendiamide (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), methoxyfenozide (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

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Asparagus Asparagus rust (Puccinia asparagi)

Use good field sanitation and irrigation practices (donot over- or under-water during spring/summer fern stage).

Orient rows with the prevailing wind to allow free flow of air through the field.

Sanitation: At the end of the fern season, cut and remove, destroy or incorporate (plow under) diseased ferns and destroy volunteer asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields.

Cut spears when they are young to keep infections from occurring, thus breaking the cycle of the fungus in spring.

Can use natural fungicides containing sulfur dust.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil, myclobutanil or mancozeb.

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium spp.)

Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Use clean seed in noninfested soil to produce disease-free seedlings,

transplants, or crowns. Maintain crown vigor with proper irrigation and fertilization and minimize

plant stress as much as possible. Long rotations out of asparagus are beneficial. To maintain crown vigor, avoid extended harvest periods and end harvest

when production declines to 70% of the season's highest yield. Sanitation: At the end of the fern season, cut and remove, destroy or

incorporate (plow under) diseased ferns and destroy volunteer asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields.

Use of fungicides is not recommended.

Asparagus beetles (Crioceris asparagi, Crioceris duodecimpunctata)

Begin sampling asparagus crops in early spring and throughout the growing season.

In early spring, if beetles are feeding on spears, let some plants near the edge of the field produce fern growth to attract the beetles away from the spears. If necessary, treat these areas.

Sanitation: Destroy crop residues to eliminate overwintering sites.

Use of insecticides in not recommended, however, if needed, and if they become registered, insecticides containing spinetoram (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo) or pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo).

Saffron

Fungal Diseases: Corm rots (Rhizoctonia crocosum

Plant in light, well-drained soil and cover corm with light soil. Normally, the preferred fields are those where no clover, potatoes or carrots

have been cultivated for the last 3 years. Use crop rotation.

No fungicides are recommended; use prevention. A corm dip or drench with carbendazim (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) could be done pre-planting.

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Blue mold (Penicillium spp.) Uromyces croci Phoma crocophyla

Carefully hand-weed the crop. The production period of saffron lasts 3 or 4 years. Other measures to prevent infections are careful handling, avoid mechanical

injury and store in cool, dry & well ventilated conditions. Sanitation: Remove and burn infected plants.

Rats, moles, mice, rabbits

Clean rodent habitats such as weeds and brush away from field. Set mechanical traps at rodent holes. Use cultivation to destroy ground nests near field.

Can use bait boxes that contain registered rodenticides baits.

Corm thrips (Thrips tabaci)

Clean weeds from field and field edge. Populations build at end of the season, after harvest.

No insecticidal control is recommended.

Saffron bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini)

Do weed control in and around field. Use no irrigation during summer season.

No miticidal control is recommended.

Flower bulbs: Gladiolas, Dahlias, Begonias, Lillies, Tulips

Soil borne pathogens: Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Thielaviopsis species

Buy and plant pathogen-free plants and bulbs. Use proper sanitation of tools and materials. Steam or solarize containers and planting media. Maintain strong plant vigor with proper watering and fertilizer. Use leveled fields and raised-bed plantings.

Use natural fungicide containing Trichoderma as a soil antagonist against disease fungi.

Use synthetic fungicides containing thiophannate methyl or triflumazole for Thielaviopsis.

For Pythium, use synthetic fungicides containing mefenoxam; for Rhizoctonia, use iprodione, thiophannate methyl or triflumazole.

Powdery mildew (Sphaeroteca spp.)

Use resistant cultivars. Do things to increase air movement around plants in greenhouse and field.

Rotate among the following protectant synthetic fungicide ingredients applied to healthy plants: azoxystrobin, wettable sulfur, myclobutanil, fenamirol, thiophannate methyl, propiconazole.

Rotate among the following eradicant fungicides if diseases are apparent: lime

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sulfur/Bordeaux mix (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), neem oil, or stylet oil (if these become registered in Kosovo).

Rose rusts (Phragmidium spp.)

Avoid overhead irrigation. Sanitation: Eliminate alternate hosts and prune off and destroy (burry or

compost) infected stalks.

Can use mancozeb as a protectant and myclobutanil as an eradicant. Can use other fungicides containing azoxystrobin, wettable sulfur, chorothalonil, propiconazole or (if it becomes registered) neem oil.

Aphids (Aphis and Myzus species)

Plant only aphid-free propagation material. Many predators and parasites control aphid populations and some are

commercially available for purchase and release. Keep production area and field edges free of weeds. Put screens on greenhouse openings to exclude aphids. Treat or rogue any infested plants. Use yellow sticky cards to trap aphids.

Can use natural insecticides containing Beauveria bassiana, plant oil cinnamon oil/cinnamaldehyde, pyrethrins/pyrethrum (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), horticultural oils.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid or synthetic pyrethroids.

Whiteflies (Aleuroides vaporariorum)





Treat soil with synthetic systemic insecticides containing imidacloprid (Admire Pro) or thiamethoxam (Platinum).

Spray with synthetic insecticides containing spiromesifen (if its pending registration is granted by EU and it becomes registered in Kosovo), acetamiprid (Assail), buprofezin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo), pyriproxyfen (if it becomes registered by

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Kosovo), insecticidal soaps/fatty acids and potassium salts (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) or narrow range oil (Saf-T-Side, JMS organic stylet oil).

Thrips spp.

Rotation: Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop. Blue sticky traps for monitoring. Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.

Natural extracts of neem or garlic oil/garlic extract/allicin (if it becomes registered by Kosovo) can be used.










to be damaged.




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Annex 1 Commonly-Used Reference Websites: http://ipmguidelines.org/TreeFruits/content/CH11/default.asp; http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/agriculture/index.shtml; http://www.ipm.msu.edu/; http://ipm.wsu.edu/; http://www.gaipm.org/; http://attra.ncat.org/index.php; http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/about/; http://www.pestmanagement.info/npmt/pesticideinfo.cfm?crop=cumin&search=Crop; http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/93-077.htm; http://www.plantprotection.hu/modulok/angol/apple/miner_app.htm; http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/diseases.html; http://humagro.com/index.html; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/.

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Annex 2. Guidelines for Pest Management Plans (PMPs) for Republic of Kosovo Crops and Beneficiaries37

What is a PMP?

Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop, livestock production or project decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM) and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health, and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on pesticides needed when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.

Who are the PMP’s intended audiences and users?

Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers Farmers Farm managers

Why is a PMP being done?

PMP Objectives:

Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers and community members from

pesticide risks Maintain economically sound practices Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work

environment Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management practice

standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) which include IPM measures, to achieve farm and produce certification

Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and regulations

Organization of the PMP

The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used to build a PMP base

General information on the crop/livestock/sector Crop/livestock common/species names: Crop/livestock developmental stages: Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production Crop/livestock cultural best practices

37 PMPs or Year-Round (seasonal) IPM Programs are state of the art in many developed countries, and they help institutionalize IPM in planning and practice. PMPs provide agriculture managers and farmers with a tool to predict and prevent many crop pests of each crop throughout a season. See examples of PMPs at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html, upper left corner under “Year-Round IPM Programs”.

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Crop/livestock Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) including some IPM (see PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations

Individual Pest Prevention and Management Sections for each of the following pest types:

Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes) Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other) Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges, others) Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other)

For each pest type, first, identify overall priorities for pest prevention and management in the target crop or livestock.

Next, identify individual pest species noting the type of damage incurred; part of plant damaged: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, part of animal affected.

To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where, when and on what parts of the plant or animal the pest feeds. For field pests and stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows containing the following information, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails, nematodes):

Photographs of each pest, life stages Photographs of plant or livestock damage Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies38: Description of damage symptoms Best Prevention Practices

o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM o Country or region-specific information

Best Management Practices o Focus on prevention (above) o Country or region-specific information

Information on PMP-recommended pesticides:

Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the farmer/farm manager has the information at their fingertips and do not need to refer to other documents and tables to find it):

Pesticide essential information needed

Active Ingredient (AI) name Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in parenthesis) Amounts to use per hectare PHI Special comments on best application methods and frequency

38 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.

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Any resistance management strategies needed Pesticide application record sheet Guidelines for reducing spray drift Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets Pesticide precautions with use including Reading the label Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses Permit requirements for possession and use Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices First aid and antidotes Transportation best practices Storage best practices Safe use best practices Container disposal best practices Leftover pesticide disposal best practices Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body quality Protect natural enemies & honeybees: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html Posting signage in treated fields Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops Documentation and record-keeping on farms

Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests:

Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the same around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.

Additional Information Needed:

Will there be an IPM Coordinator, an IPM Advisory Committee, Education and Licensing for Applicators, Currency and Approval of the PMP?

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Annex 3. Elements of IPM Program39

Although farmers are likely using numerous IPM tactics, without really calling them that, IPM philosophy or planning is not generally an active part of crop production in Republic of Kosovo plots; thus, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program are addressed below.

Step 1: Learn and value farmers’ indigenous IPM tactics. Most farmers are already using their own forms of GAPs and IPM, many of which are novel, self-created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These local tools and tactics need to be well understood and taken into account when making PMPs. Accurate assessments of these farmer’s GAP and IPM technologies, as well as an understanding of actual losses due to different constraints in farmers’ fields are required before designing a crop production and pest management program. S&C farmers will have records of historical pesticide use and trends, as well as information on current use of artisanal or local IPM tactics.

Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop. Although perhaps up to ten species of pests may impact a crop and yields at different plant growth stages, generally only two or three are considered serious enough to spend money controlling. Farmers should be encouraged to monitor their population size, their life cycle, the kind of damage they cause and actual losses. Note that crop loss figures based on farmers’ perceptions of damage and loss are often overestimated.

Step 3: Evaluate all management options. Use of best management practices, preventive measures, and “organic” options to control pest impacts may eliminate the need for synthetic pesticides.

Step 4: Choose IPM methods, identify Needs and Establish Priorities.

Continue dialog with project field staff, ministry extension staff and farmers when choosing methods to be used. Consider the feasibility of attractive methods, including the availability of resources needed, farmers’ perceptions of pest problems, their abilities to identify pests, their predators, diseases and parasites, and to act upon their observations.

Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM.

Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of the needed IPM technology under various project and institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require more adaptation and validation research. Set up an initial planning workshop (with a COP-supported and signed Action Plan) to help define and orient implementation activities, and begin to assign individual responsibilities.

Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs

The adoption of new techniques by small-, medium- and large-holder farmers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision-making and practice. At first, frequent (usually weekly) sessions are conducted for 10–20 farmers during the cropping season in farmers’ fields by trained instructors or extension agents.

Smallholder support and discussion groups

39 http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html

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Weekly meetings of smallholders, held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems can be useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit).

Educational material

In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective.

Youth education

Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future farmers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.

Food market incentives (especially important in the last decade)

Promoting Organic, GlobalGAP, BRC, Fair Trade or other certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing S&C systems-driven international and regional food markets can be, and is, a strong incentive to adopt IPM.

Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers.

The following design steps are considered essential.

Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM

Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM” – only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is therefore highly important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.

Confirm partner institutions’ commitment

The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:

IPM program integration into larger project. The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall goals. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.

Cost sharing. The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment.

Participation of key IPM personnel. Organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.

Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly.

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At minimum twice a week, farmers should monitor their fields for pests, as some pest populations increase rapidly and unexpectedly; this increase is usually related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance.

Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools.

A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques, like those presented in the above list. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low, not necessarily eliminate it.

Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers.

Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help farmers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods. Hands-on training conducted in farmers’ fields (as opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.

Step 10: Monitoring, Record-Keeping and Evaluation (M&E).

Develop data collection forms and checklists, collect baseline GAP/IPM data at the beginning of the project, and set targets.

For the use and maintenance of Good Agriculture Practices (that include safe pesticide storage, use and disposal), maintain farm or project files of: farmer and farm employee training records certification; farm soil, water, biodiversity, cropping and pesticide use maps; pesticide purchase and stock records; chemical application instructions including target pest, type of chemical applied, dosage, time of spray, rates at which pesticides were applied, harvest interval days, application machinery, PPE required and used, and any special instructions on mixing, exposure to children or dangers. Further, for project staff, beneficiaries, produce processing facilities, food warehouses, seed multipliers, or farmers that store seed or food and deal with stored seed and food pests, there are warehouse BMPs and monitoring reports that incorporate some IPM tactics. These monitoring forms track, by location or warehouse, use of pallets, stacking, general hygiene and sanitation, damaged packages, actual infestations or signs of rodents, molds, insects, drainage, locks and security measures, use of IPM tactics including least toxic chemicals and strict BMPs for use of common but hazardous fumigants like aluminum phosphide.

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Annex 4. Botanical Active Ingredients in Pesticides, Repellents, and Baits Regulated by USEPA Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA

Tracking Number

Allium sativum Garlic Repels insects Low 128827 Allyl isothiocyanate Oil of Mustard Kills & repels insects Questionable 004901 Anise Oil Repels vertebrates Low 004301 4-allyl anisole Estragole Kills beetles Low 062150 Azadirachtin Azadirachta indica Neem

tree extract Kills & repels insects Low, IV 121701

Bergamot Repels vertebrates 129029 Canola Oil Brassica Napus B.

Campestris Kills many insects Low 011332

Capsaicin Capsicum frutescans Repels vertebrates Low, III 070701 Castor Oil Repels vertebrates Low 031608 Cedarwood Oil Repels moth larvae Low 040505 Cinnamaldehyde Ceylon and Chinese

cinnamon oils Kills insects, fungi & repels vertebrates*

Low 040506

Citronella Oil Repels insects & vertebrates

Low 021901

Cloves, Crushed Low 128895 Dihydroazadirachtin Neem tree extract

Azadirachta indica Kills & repels insects III-IV 121702

Eucalyptus Oil Repels insects, mites fleas & mosquitoes

Low 040503

Eugenol Oil of cloves Kills insects** Low 102701 Geraniol Oil of rose isomeric w/

linalool Repels vertebrates** Low 597501

Geranium Oil Low 597500 Indole from all plants Trap bait: corn

rootworm beetles Low 25000-

Jasmine Oil Low 040501 Jojoba Oil Kills & repels

whitefly kills powdery mildew

Low 067200

Lavandin Oil Repels clothes moth Low 040500 Lemongrass Repels vertebrates Low 040502 Linalool Oil of Ceylon isomeric

w/geraniol Repels insects, ticks, mites & spiders

Low 128838

Maple lactone Roach trap bait Low 004049 Methyl salicylate Oil of wintergreen Repels moths, beetle

& vertebrates May be Toxic in large quantity

76601-

Mint Herb Kills aphids Low 128892 Mint Oil Kills aphids Low 128800 Mustard Oil Repels insects,

spiders & vertebrates Low 004901

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Neem Oil Kills whitefly, aphids Low 025006 1-Octen-3-ol From clover, alfalfa Trap bait: mosquitoes Low 69037- Orange Repels vertebrates Low 040517 p-Methane-3,8 diol Eucalyptus sp. Repels biting flies,

mosquitoes Low

2-Phenylethyl-propionate

From peanuts Kills insects, ticks, mites & spiders

Low 102601

Pyrethrum Chrysanthemum sp. Stored products use III Red pepper Chilli Repels insects Low 070703 Rosemary Herb Low 128893 Rotenone Derris sp., Tephrosia Controls ticks III Ryania Ryania speciosa Kills thrips, codling

moth, corn borers

Sabadilla Schoenocaulon sp. III Sesame Oil Sesamum indicum Pyrethroid synergist Low Soybean Oil Soja Kills insects, mites Low 031605 Thyme Herb Controls aphids Low 128894 1,2,4 Trimethoxy-benzene

From squash Trap bait: corn rootworm, cucumber beetles

Low 40515-

Verbenone From pine trees Repels bark beetles Low 128986 * attracts corn rootworm beetles, ** attracts Japanese beetles. Not all plant extracts are listed. More detailed information available for most oils: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm. Natural Source: Only one or a few sources are listed. Most of these chemicals are found in many different plants. Since the time in the late 1990s when EPA did register biological ingredients listed above, it has since developed a list of botanical extracts (mostly essential oils) under “Minimum Risk Pesticides Exempted under FIFRA Section 25(b)40”. Some of the very same ingredients are in both lists. However, most US states and USAID consider botanical extracts and essential oils used to kill, destroy, mitigate, or repel pests to be analyzed and treated as pesticides.

40 http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/regtools/25b_list.htm

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Annex 5. Natural Pesticides that have been commercialized41 Insecticides azadirachtin—component in neem oil botanical extract Bacillus thuringiensis-BT microbial Beauveria basiana microbial cartap hydrochloride marine worm (Lumbriconereis heterodopa) extract chili pepper extract botanical (spice) emamectin benzoate botanical extract garlic extract/allicin botanical extract (spice) harpin protein plant induced resistance elicitor kaolin clay inorganic mineral d-limonene citrus extract (spice) Metarhizium anisopliae microbial narrow range dormant oil paraffin oil neem oil botanical extract nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) microbial Paecilomyces lilacinus microbial Paecilomyces fumosoroseus microbial pyrethrin botanical extract pyrethrum botanical extract pyriproxyfen IGR (Juvenile Hormone mimic) ryania botanical extract soap (insecticidal) fatty acids spinosad microbial extract buprofezin IGR (Chitin Synthesis inhibitor)

Fungicides Bacillus subtilis microbial Bordeaux mix inorganic (Bordeaux ingredients EPA registered) copper inorganic copper hydroxide inorganic copper oxychloride inorganic copper sulfate inorganic harpin protein plant induced resistance elicitor sulfur inorganic Trichoderma spp. microbial

Nematocides Myrothecium verrucaria microbial tomatillo oil + thyme oil extracts (Promax42) botanical + spice extracts—soil biopesticide Molluscicide iron phosphate inorganic

41 Reference: Compiled from Annexes 1 and 7, and from other PERSUAPs. 42 http://www.bhn.name/humagro/biopesticides.html

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Annex 6. Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications

General Toxicity

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).

EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications

Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems.

a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)

Class Descriptive term

Mammalian LD50

Mammalian

Inhalation

LC50

Irritation Aquatic invert/fish (LC50 or EC50)

2

Honey bee acute oral (LD50) Oral Dermal Eye1 Skin

I Extremely toxic

50 200 0.2 Corrosive Corrosive < 0.1

II Highly toxic

50-500

200-2000

0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee

III Moderately toxic

500-5000

2000-20000

2.0-20 No corneal opacity

Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 µg/bee

IV Slightly toxic

5000 20000 20 None Moderate or slight

10.1-100

Relatively non-toxic

101-1000

Practically non-toxic

1001-10,000 > 11 µg/bee

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Non-toxic > 10,000

1 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation 2 Expressed in ppm or mg/l of water

b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)

Class Descriptive term

Oral LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)

Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)

Solids Liquids Solids Liquids

Ia Extremely hazardous 5 20 10 40

Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400

II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000

III Slightly hazardous 501 2001 1001 4001

U Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use 2000 3000 - -

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Annex 7: Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Found in Republic of Kosovo Introduction to Annex 7

Annex 7 below compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural and synthetic) registered for use in Republic of Kosovo. Project decision-makers—especially those who interface at the field level with beneficiary farmers—are encouraged to look at the label of potential pesticide choices to determine the AIs contained in them and then use this Annex as a quick reference guide to attributes and issues with each chemical.

The pesticide attributes include pesticide class (to manage resistance by rotating chemicals from different classes), EPA registration and Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) status (to comply with Regulation 216) and acute toxicity (judged by this document to be safe, or not, for small-holder farmers—most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use). Annex 7 also presents chronic health issues, water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.

Further, Annex 7 contains basic pieces of human safety and environmental data needed for the various analyses required throughout the PER; ergo it is referred to throughout this document. And it provides data used to produce the project-critical information contained in Annex 8. Thus, this PERSUAP provides useful tools for evaluating and choosing among IPM options, including natural and synthetic pesticides, while adhering to 22 CFR 216, as well as aiming at the market-driven best practices found in Standards and Certification (S&C) systems—the highest international standards available.

See Annex 7 Matrix, below.

Key to matrix: WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Risk of Parkinson’s

Ecotoxicity: PNT = Practically Not Toxic; NAT = Not Acutely Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; VHT = Very Highly Toxic

References used to find pieces of data contained in Annex 7: See references at the end of the report.

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Kosovo Insecticides List

Ecotoxicity

Active Ingredients Class

EP

A R

egis

tered

Restricted

Use P

esticide

WH

O A

cu

te To

xicity C

lass

EP

A A

cute T

oxicity C

lasses

Ch

ron

ic To

xicity

Gro

un

dw

ater co

nta

min

an

t

fish

bees

bird

s

amp

hib

ian

s

wo

rms

Mo

llusks

Cru

stacean

s

Aq

ua

tic Insects

Plan

kton

abamectin/avermectin microbial extract yes no none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT

acetamiprid chloro-nicotinyl yes no none III none no data NAT MT HT NAT

alpha cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid no no II II, III PC no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

azinphos ethyl organophosphate no no Ib I none no data VHT HT HT HT HT VHT

bifenthrin synthetic pyrethroid yes cotton II II, III PC, ED, RD no data VHT HT MT HT

canola oil, refined botanical yes no none III none no data

carbosulfan carbamate no no II II none no data HT HT HT HT HT

chlorpyrifos organophosphate yes wheat II II, III ED no data HT HT HT MT PNT MT VHT HT MT

clothianidin guanidine yes no none III none no data ST HT ST ST

copper (cuprous) oxide (Cu2O) inorganic yes no II I, III none no data HT HT HT VHT

cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid yes all none II, III PC, ED, RD no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

deltamethrin synthetic pyrethroid yes cotton II II, III none no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT

diazinon organophosphate yes some II III RD potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT

dimethoate organophosphate yes no II II PC, ED, RD potential ST VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT

esfenvalerate synthetic pyrethroid yes no II II, III ED no data VHT HT ST VHT ST HT

imidacloprid chloro-nicotinyl yes no II II, III none potential NAT MT VHT

lambda cyhalothrin synthetic pyrethroid yes some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT VHT VHT VHT VHT

lufenuron benzoyl urea yes no none III none no data MT ST MT MT HT ST

methomyl carbamate yes yes Ib I, III ED potential MT HT HT ST HT ST HT VHT HT

mineral oil, white petroleum/parafin yes no none III none no data NAT

oxamyl carbamate yes yes Ib I none no data ST HT VHT HT ST MT

parafin oil petroleum yes no none III none no data NAT

propargite unclassified yes no none III PC, RD no data HT PNT HT NAT HT

pyrimiphos methyl organophosphate yes no III I, II, III none no data MT MT HT MT VHT VHT

spirodiclofen keto-enol yes no none III PC no data MT HT NAT NAT MT MT MT

tau fluvalinate synthetic pyrethroid yes no U III ED, RD no data HT MT ST MT HT

thiacloprid chloro-nicotinyl yes no II II PC no data MT ST MT VHT ST

thiamethoxam neonicotinoid yes no none III PC no data PNT HT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT

zeta cypermethrin pyrethroid yes some Ib II, III PC, ED no data VHT VHT NAT NAT VHT VHT VHT

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Kosovo Miticides/Acaricides List

Ecotoxicity


EP

A R

egis

tered

Restricted

Use P

esticide

WH

O A

cu

te To

xicity C

lass

EP

A A

cute T

oxicity C

lasses

Ch

ron

ic To

xicity

Gro

un

dw

ater co

nta

min

an

t

fish

bees

bird

s

amp

hib

ian

s

wo

rms

Mo

llusks

Cru

stacean

s

Aq

ua

tic Insects

Plan

kton

abamectin/avermectin microbial yes no none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT

bromopropylate benzilate no no III, U IV none no data MT ST MT MT MT MT MT

clofentezine tetrazine yes no U III PC, RD no data ST PNT ST ST


diazinon organophosphate yes some II III RD potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT

dimethoate organophosphate yes no II II PC potential ST VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT

dinocap dinitrophenol no no III III RD no data HT MT ST MT HT VHT

mineral oil petroleum yes no III none no data NAT

methomyl carbamate yes yes Ib I, III ED potential MT HT HT ST HT ST HT VHT HT


parafin oil petroleum yes no none III none no data NAT

propargite unclassified yes no none III PC, RD no data HT PNT HT NAT HT

pirimiphos methyl organophosphate yes no III III none no data MT HT MT

tau fluvalinate synthetic pyrethroid yes no U III ED, RD no data HT MT ST MT HT

Kosovo Molluscicides List

metaldehyde aldehyde yes yes II II, III PC potential NAT PNT MT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT

methiocarb carbamate yes some Ib I, III none potential HT HT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT

Kosovo Nematocides List

dazomet unclassified yes no III III none potential ST PNT ST MT HT HT


Kosovo Rodenticides List

brodifacoum coumarin yes no Ia III none no data MT MT

bromadiolone coumarin yes no Ia III none no data MT MT MT

difenacoum coumarin yes no Ia III none no data HT HT MT

potassium chloride inorganic no none none none no data NAT ST NAT NAT NAT

zinc phosphide inorganic yes yes Ib I, II, III RD no data HT VHT HT MT

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Kosovo Fungicides List

Ecotoxicity


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azoxystrobin strobin yes no U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT VHT

benalaxyl xylylalanine no U none none no data MT MT ST MT MT

bupirimate pyrimidinol no no U III none no data MT MT ST MT MT

captan thiopthalamide yes no none I, II, III KC no data HT NAT PNT MT MT NAT MT MT

chlorothalonil chloronitrile yes no none I, II PC potential VHT HT ST VHT MT MT


copper hydroxide inorganic yes no II II, III none no data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT

copper oxychloride inorganic yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT VHT

copper sulfate inorganic yes no II I, III none no data MT HT PNT HT HT VHT ST ST

cymoxanil unclassified yes no III III none no data MT MT ST MT MT MT ST

cyprodinil unclassified yes no none III none potential MT ST MT MT MT MT

difenoconazole azole yes no III III PC no data MT MT ST MT MT HT

dinocap dinitrophenol no no III III RD no data HT MT ST MT HT VHT

famoxadone/famoxate oxazole yes no U III none no data HT MT ST HT

fenamidone unclassified yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

fenhexamid hydroxyanilide yes no U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT MT

fluazinam phenylpyridinamine yes no none II PC no data VHT MT MT MT MT

fluquinconazole triazole no no none none none no data MT MT MT MT MT

folpet thiophthalimide yes no U II, III KC no data HT PNT ST HT MT ST HT MT

fosetyl aluminum unclassified yes no none III none potential NAT ST ST MT NAT MT

hexaconazole azole no no U IV PC no data MT HT NAT MT MT NAT

hymexazol unclassified yes no U II none potential NAT NAT ST ST

imidacloprid chloro-nicotinyl yes no II II, III none potential NAT MT VHT

iprodione dicarboximide yes no U III PC, ED potential MT NAT ST HT

iprovalicarb unclassified no U none PC no data MT ST MT MT

kaolin inorganic yes no none III none no data

kresoxim-methyl strobin yes no U III PC potential ST ST ST MT MT VHT

mancozeb dithiocarbamate yes no U III PC, ED, RD no data MT MT ST HT NAT

mandipropamid mandelamide yes none III none no data MT MT ST MT MT

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Kosovo Fungicides List continued

Ecotoxicity


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mefenoxam/metalaxyl-M phenylamide yes no II II, III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT

metalaxyl benzanoid yes no III II, III none potential ST PNT PNT ST

myclobutanil azole yes no III III RD no data MT ST MT MT MT HT

penconazole azole no U none no data MT MT MT MT MT

pencycuron urea no U IV none no data HT MT MT MT MT

prochloraz azole no III none PC no data MT NAT MT MT MT

procymidone/sumisclex unclassified no U KC, ED no data MT NAT NAT MT MT ST MT

propamocarb carbamate no U III none no data ST NAT NAT

propamocarb hydrochloride carbamate yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

propiconazole azole yes no II II, III PC, RD potential MT MT ST MT MT

propineb dithiocarbamate Zn no no U RD no data MT PNT PNT MT MT MT MT

proquinazid unclassified no III none no data MT MT MT MT

pyrimethanil anilinopyrimidine yes no U III PC, ED no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT

spiroxamine unclassified yes no II III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

sulfur inorganic yes no U III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT

tebuconazole azole yes no III II, III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT HT

tetraconazole triazole yes no II III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT

tetrasodium pyrophsophate inorganic no no II, III none no data NAT NAT

thiophanate methyl benzamidazole yes no U III PC, RD potential MT PNT NAT ST

tolylfluanid sulfamide no U PC no data MT LT HT MT MT

triadimenol triazole yes no III II, III PC no data MT ST MT MT

trifloxystrobin strobin yes no none III none no data ST ST MT MT

triflumizole imidazole yes no III III none potential HT MT ST MT

Kosovo Algicides List

copper sulfate inorganic yes no II I, III none no data MT HT PNT HT HT VHT ST ST

Kosovo Bactericides List

copper/cupric hydroxide inorganic yes no II II, III none no data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT

kaolin inorganic yes no none III none no data

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Kosovo Herbicides List

Ecotoxicity


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2 4 D chlorophenoxy acid yes no II III PC, ED potential ST HT MT ST NAT NAT NAT ST ST

acetochlor chloroacetanilide yes yes III II, IIII PC, ED potential MT MT ST MT MT

amidosulfuron sulfonylurea no none none none no data NAT MT MT MT MT

chlorotoluron urea no U none none no data ST NAT MT MT MT

clodinafop-propargyl a propionic acid yes no III II, III PC, RD no data HT MT MT

dicamba a benzoic acid yes no III II, III RD potential ST NAT NAT ST

diquat dibromide bipyridylium yes no II II none potential MT MT HT NAT MT MT ST ST

fenoxaprop-ethyl pheonoxypropionate no O III RD no data MT NAT NAT MT MT HT

florasulam triazolopyrimidine no no U none none known MT MT MT NAT NAT

fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid yes no III II, III none no data MT ST PNT ST

fluroxypyr meptyl pyridine yes U mixture none no data MT MT MT MT HT HT

foramsulfuron sulfonylurea yes no none III none potential MT ST MT MT MT

glyphosate phosphonoglycine yes no U II, III none potential ST ST NAT PNT MT ST

glyphosate, isopropylamine salt phosphonoglycine yes no none II, III none potential ST ST NAT ST NAT NAT NAT

iodosulfuron methyl NaCl sulfonylurea yes no none III none no data NAT PNT PNT ST

isoxadifen ethyl unclassified no none none no data

linuron urea yes no U III PC, ED, RD potential MT NAT MT MT ST MT ST MT

mesotrione unclassified yes no none II, IIII none no data NAT MT MT MT NAT

metribuzin triazinone yes no II II, III ED potential MT NAT MT MT ST ST

napropamide alkanamide yes no U I, III PC potential ST MT MT ST MT

oxifluorfen/oxyfluorfen diphehyl ether yes no U II, III PC no data HT PNT PNT HT HT HT

paraquat (dichloride) bipyridylium yes yes II II P potential ST NAT MT ST ST ST NAT ST

pendimethalin dinitroanaline yes no III III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST MT MT

propaquizafop a propionic acid no U none no data MT MT MT MT MT

quizalfop-p-ethyl a propionic acid yes no none I, III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

triasulfuron sulfonylurea yes no U III PC, RD potential MT MT NAT MT MT

tribenuron methyl sulfonylurea yes no none III PC no data ST MT ST MT

trifluralin dinitroanaline yes no U II, III PC, ED no data HT PNT PNT MT HT ST ST ST MT

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Annex 8: Internationally Banned, Restricted and Kosovo-Registered Pesticide Active Ingredients NOT to be promoted, paid for, financed or used on USAID-funded activities Rotterdam Convention Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int) PIC Pesticides

2,4,5-T and its salts and esters Aldrin Binapacryl Captafol Chlordane Chlordimeform Chlorobenzilate DDT Dieldrin Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium

salt) Dinoseb and its salts and esters 1,2-dibromoethane(EDB) Ethylene dichloride Ethylene oxide Fluoroacetamide HCH (mixed isomers) Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Lindane Mercury compounds including inorganic mercury compounds, alkyl mercury compounds and

alkyloxyalkyl and aryl mercury compounds Monocrotophos Parathion Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Toxaphene Tributyltin compounds

PIC Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulations

Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of: benomyl at or above 7 per cent, carbofuran at above 10 per cent, thiram at or above 15 per cent.

Methamidophos (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l)

Phosphamidon (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1000 g active ingredient/l and mixtures of (E)&(Z) isomers, (Z)-isomer, and (E)-isomer

Methyl-parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) at or above 19.5% active ingredient and dusts at or above 1.5% active ingredient)

PIC Industrial Chemicals

Asbestos Crocidolite Asbestos Actinolite Asbestos Anthophyllite

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Asbestos Amosite Asbestos Tremolite Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs, hexa- octa- and deca-) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) Tetraethyl lead Tetramethyl lead Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate

Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int) POPs Pesticides Aldrin Chlordane Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT)* Dieldrin Endosulfan Endrin Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Mirex Toxaphene Lindane POPs Industrial Chemicals Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane Beta hexachlorocyclohexane Chlordecone Hexabromobiphenyl Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether) Pentachlorobenzene Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooactane sulfonyl fluoride Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether) POPs Combustion Products Dioxins (formed by burning chlorine-based hydrocarbon chemical compounds, like any of the above chemicals) Furans (formed by burning pentose compounds, especially plastics) * DDT may continue to be used for malaria control in interior residual spraying (IRS)

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Pesticide AIs in products registered by Kosovo that are not to be promoted, purchased or used with USAID resources (with exceptions)

Insecticides containing the following AIs

alpha cypermethrin (not EPA registered, although BASF has applied for registration in 2011)

azinphos methyl (not EPA registered, Class I)

carbosulfan (not EPA registered)

chlorpyrifos (RUP for all EC formulations on wheat; other uses OK, but use safety equipment)

cypermethrin (RUP for all agriculture uses)

diazinon (RUP only for small fruits and berries; all other uses OK, see non-RUP products at http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35079&Chem_Name=Diazinon&PC_Code=057801)

lambda cyhalothrin (RUP for all products named Karate; find other pesticide products that contain lambda-cyhalothrin and which are not RUP, and thus allowable, at: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35463&Chem_Name=Cyhalothrin,%20lambda&PC_Code=128897)

methomyl (Class I products; RUP products, see http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35109&Chem_Name=Methomyl&PC_Code=090301,%20549400)

oxamyl (RUP; Class I)

zeta cypermethrin (Some RUPs; Class I formulations, Classes II and III OK if not RUP, for

products which are exceptions—not RUP, see: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC38283&Chem_Name=Cypermethrin,%20zeta&PC_Code=129064)

Miticides/Acaricides containing the following AIs

bromopropylate (not EPA registered)


dinocap (not EPA registered; Class I)


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Molluscicides (kills slugs/snails) containing the following AI

metaldehyde (RUP)

Nematocides containing the following AIs


methiocarb (Class I; RUP for most Mesurol products; see exceptions at

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35108&Chem_Name=Methiocarb&P

C_Code=100501)

Rodenticides containing the following AIs

zinc phosphide (RUP, Class I)

Fungicide containing the following AIs

benalaxyl (not EPA registered)

bupirimate (not EPA registered)

captan (in high doses is a known carcinogen, do not use in high doses, use PPE)

chlorothalonil (do not use concentrations of more than 50% due to severe eye injury risks; do not use Class I products; use eye protection)

dinocap (not EPA registered)

flufinconazole (not EPA registered)

folpet (known carcinogen)

hexaconazole (not EPA registered)

iprovalicarb (not EPA registered)

penconazole (not EPA registered)

pencycuron (not EPA registered)

prochloraz (not EPA registered)

procymidone (not EPA registered, known carcinogen)

propamocarb (not EPA registered)

propineb (not EPA registered)

proquinazid (not EPA registered)

tolyfluanid (not EPA registered)

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Herbicides containing the following AIs

aceotochlor (known carcinogen)

amidosulfuron (not EPA registered)

chlorotoluron (not EPA registered)

fenoxaprop-ethyl (not EPA registered)

florasulam (not EPA registered; known water pollutant)

isoxadifen ethyl (not EPA registered)

propaquizofop (not EPA registered)

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Annex 9. Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources GAP/IPM

Pest identification: How to recognize common important pests and diseases

Monitoring: The importance of frequent crop monitoring for pests, diseases and weeds

GAP and IPM concepts, tactics and tools found in Annex 1 that can reduce pesticide use and associated risks on specific pests of Republic of Kosovo IP target crops

PMPs—Pest Management Plans: Making and using these farm crop-management tools

Pesticides

Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes and acute toxicities of common pesticides

Regulations: EU and Kosovo laws that guide pesticide registration and use

Natural pesticides: Raise awareness of and promote the use of natural pesticides found in Annexes 1, 4, 5 and 7 as well as green-label synthetic pesticides with relatively low risks

Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)

MSDS: How to use MSDSs for pesticide-specific information on risks and risk reduction measures

REI—Re-Entry Intervals: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation

PHI—Pre-Harvest Interval: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down

MRL—Maximum Residue Level: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food

Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying

Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides (use information from MSDSs and Annex 7)

When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain

Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used (see product MSDSs, product labels and web reference below)

Safe Use: How to transport, store and use pesticides safely

Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers

Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance

Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinsate and packaging (see disposal web reference below and MSDSs)

The use of pesticide spray buffer zones or organic production near national parks or headwaters leading to rivers that enter national parks

How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity (found in PER Factors E and G)

Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present

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Water Pollution: Raise awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach (use Annex 7 and MSDSs)

Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry

Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings (see first aid web reference and MSDSs)

Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

Web Safe Pesticide Use Training Resources General Mitigation of Potential Pesticide Dangers General Measures to Ensure Safe Use: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13

EPA Recommended Worker Protection Standards: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE) http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001701-d001800/d001797/d001797.html (respiratory PPE)

Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13

Basic First Aid for Pesticide Overexposure: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13

International PIC & POPs Lists: PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int) POPs Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)

Pesticide Disposal Options: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm

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Annex 10. Field Monitoring Form for Farmer Best Practices including GAP and IPM options

Name of NOA Staff Responsible for Monitoring Demonstration Farms:

Name of Demonstration Farmer: Crop: Date:

What are the major pests encountered by the farmer?:

Which of the attached Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM tools and tactics are used by farmer?

Are pesticides used by demo farmer? Yes__ No__

How are pesticides applied? backpack sprayer__ other__

What are the names of the pesticides used?:

Which PPE does farmer have and use? gloves___ overalls___ boots___

respirator___ goggles___

Has the farmer had IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training? Yes__ No__

Are there any empty pesticide containers scattered in the field? Yes__ No__

Are there signs that the backpack sprayer has leaks? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer understand the pesticide label information? Yes__ No__

Is the pesticide stored safely out of the house or away from kids? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer use gloves for mixing the pesticide with water? Yes__ No__

What times of the day are the pesticides applied? ________

Are pesticides applied during rain or windy conditions? Yes__ No__

Are women or children permitted to apply pesticides? Yes__ No__

Are empty pesticide containers are used to store water? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer rinse equipment away from streams and open water? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer wash clothes after applying pesticides? Yes__ No__

How does the farmer dispose of empty pesticide containers? puncture/burry__ burn__

Is there any evidence that pesticides are becoming less effective? Yes__ No__

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Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM options:

Preventive Preventive Curative Soil nutrient, texture and pH

testing Farmer ability to correctly

identify pest predators, parasites and diseases

Mechanical insect control by hand picking

Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant variety

Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage

Farmers make & apply local artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethroid, garlic, chili, other)

Early/late plantings or harvestings to avoid pests

Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests

Weed control by machine cultivation, hoe or hand

Seed treatment with pesticides Removal/pruning of diseased or heavily infested plants/tree branches

Purchase and release of predators or parasitoids to control major pests

Soil moisture testing Planting parasite-attracting plants on field margins

Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall pest levels

Raised-bed production or mounding

Put baits and use other practices to encourage predator/parasite build-up

Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating

Irrigation and drip irrigation Use of pheromone traps to monitor pest levels

Spot treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides

Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)

Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill or local plants) that repel pests

Area spraying (complete field coverage) using synthetic and natural insecticides, miticides or nematocides

Use of purchased mineral fertilizers

Mulching with organic materials or plastic to control weeds

Use of synthetic and natural fungicides or bactericides

Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers

Plant living barriers or bamboo/tree barriers on windward edge of field

Use of herbicides for weed control

Crop rotation Exclude insect pests by using vegetable tunnels and micro-tunnels

Farm use of a locked storage building for pesticides

Use of green manure crops Use of biodiversity or energy conservation practices

Farmer use of pesticide in-ground compost trap for depositing and capturing spilled or leftover pesticides

Farmer ability to correctly identify pests and their damage

Crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit destruction or composting at end of season

Farmer use of receptacle for empty pesticide bottle disposal

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Annex 11: Farm and Project Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use

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1.- Control Card for Pesticides Use.- This card will stay with farmer, to keep a record on the use of pesticide by crop.

GENERAL DATA

FARMERS NAME

Community: Municipality: Province: Altitude:

USE OF PESTICIDES - 1st TREATMENT

CROP: SURFACE:

Pest to be treated Name of material Date and time of application Quantity used

Environmental conditions:

Justification for use

Other recommended control measures

Result of application

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF IG AND NRM SUPERVISOR:

USE OF PESTICIDES - 2nd TREATMENT

CROP: SURFACE:

Pest to be treated Name of material Date and time of application Quantity used

Environmental conditions:

Justification for use

Other recommended control measures

Result of application

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF IG AND NRM SUPERVISOR:

CONTROL FORM FOR THE USE OF PERTICIDES

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Annex 12: PERSUAP References: Baker EL, Zack M, Miles JW, Alderman L, Warren M, Dobbins RD, Miller S, Teeters WR. 1978. Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. The Lancet, January: 31–33. Websites: Website references used to develop the PERSUAP International Treaties and Conventions: POPs website: http://www.pops.int PIC Website: http://www.pic.int Basel Convention: http://www.basel.int/ Montreal Protocol: http://www.unep.org/OZONE/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf Pakistan malaria poisonings: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf. Pesticide poisonings: http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403 http://magazine.panna.org/spring2006/inDepthGlobalPoisoning.html IPM and PMP websites: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pg058 http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/index.cfm http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/154769/Cotton-pest-management-guide-1.pdf Pesticide Research Websites: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html (Extoxnet Oregon State database with ecotox) http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/f_2.htm (all types of application equipment) http://www.greenbook.net/Search/AdvancedSearch (pesticide Material Safety Data Sheets) http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm (EPA Registration Eligibility Decisions) Ecotoxicity: http://www.ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2161.html (pesticide toxicity to honeybees) http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm (pesticide toxicity to earthworms) Safety: http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm (EPA regulated biopesticides) http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html (IPM, PMPs and pesticide recommendations) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI07300.pdf (Restricted Use Pesticides) http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/ (EPA Health & Safety) http://www.epa.gov/opppmsd1/PPISdata/index.html (EPA pesticide product information) Personal Protection Equipment (PPE): http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE) http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001701-d001800/d001797/d001797.html (respiratory PPE)

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Annex 13: Kosovo Comprehensive Pesticide Use Plan For any sub-grantees or credit recipients, include a copy of this language and table below:

USAID Kosovo NOA Project Sub-Grantees or Credit Recipients: Do not promote, pay for or use, with USAID resources, the following internationally banned, restricted or Kosovo-registered pesticide Active Ingredients PIC Pesticides

2,4,5-T and its salts and esters Aldrin Binapacryl Captafol Chlordane Chlordimeform Chlorobenzilate DDT Dieldrin Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium

salt) Dinoseb and its salts and esters 1,2-dibromoethane(EDB) Ethylene dichloride Ethylene oxide Fluoroacetamide HCH (mixed isomers) Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Lindane Mercury compounds including inorganic mercury compounds, alkyl mercury compounds and

alkyloxyalkyl and aryl mercury compounds Monocrotophos Parathion Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Toxaphene Tributyltin compounds

PIC Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulations

Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of: benomyl at or above 7 per cent, carbofuran at above 10 per cent, thiram at or above 15 per cent.

Methamidophos (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l)

Phosphamidon (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1000 g active ingredient/l and mixtures of (E)&(Z) isomers, (Z)-isomer, and (E)-isomer

Methyl-parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) at or above 19.5% active ingredient and dusts at or above 1.5% active ingredient)

POPs Pesticides

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Aldrin Chlordane Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT)* Dieldrin Endosulfan Endrin Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Mirex Toxaphene Lindane * DDT may continue to be used for malaria control in interior residual spraying (IRS) Pesticide AIs in products registered by Kosovo that are not to be promoted, purchased or used with USAID resources (with exceptions)

Insecticides containing the following AIs

alpha cypermethrin (not EPA registered, although BASF has applied for registration in 2011)

azinphos methyl (not EPA registered, Class I)

carbosulfan (not EPA registered)

chlorpyrifos (RUP for all EC formulations on wheat; other uses OK, but use safety equipment)

cypermethrin (RUP for all agriculture uses)


lambda cyhalothrin (RUP for all products named Karate; find other pesticide products that contain lambda-cyhalothrin and which are not RUP, and thus allowable, at: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35463&Chem_Name=Cyhalothrin,%20lambda&PC_Code=128897)



zeta cypermethrin (Some RUPs; Class I formulations, Classes II and III OK if not RUP, for

products which are exceptions—not RUP, see: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC38283&Chem_Name=Cypermethrin,%20zeta&PC_Code=129064)

Miticides/Acaricides containing the following AIs

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bromopropylate (not EPA registered)


dinocap (not EPA registered; Class I)



Molluscicides (kills slugs/snails) containing the following AI

metaldehyde (RUP)

Nematocides containing the following AIs


methiocarb (Class I; RUP for most Mesurol products; see exceptions at

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Products.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35108&Chem_Name=Methiocarb&P

C_Code=100501)

Rodenticides containing the following AIs

zinc phosphide (RUP, Class I)

Fungicide containing the following AIs

benalaxyl (not EPA registered)

bupirimate (not EPA registered)

captan (in high doses is a known carcinogen, do not use in high doses, use PPE)

chlorothalonil (do not use concentrations of more than 50% due to severe eye injury risks; do not use Class I products; use eye protection)

dinocap (not EPA registered)

flufinconazole (not EPA registered)

folpet (known carcinogen)

hexaconazole (not EPA registered)

iprovalicarb (not EPA registered)

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penconazole (not EPA registered)

pencycuron (not EPA registered)

prochloraz (not EPA registered)

procymidone (not EPA registered, known carcinogen)

propamocarb (not EPA registered)

propineb (not EPA registered)

proquinazid (not EPA registered)

tolyfluanid (not EPA registered)

Herbicides containing the following AIs

aceotochlor (known carcinogen)

amidosulfuron (not EPA registered)

chlorotoluron (not EPA registered)

fenoxaprop-ethyl (not EPA registered)

florasulam (not EPA registered; known water pollutant)

isoxadifen ethyl (not EPA registered)

propaquizofop (not EPA registered)

USAID Kosovo NOA Project Sub-Grantees or Credit Recipients put into place the following action plan:

Actions/Activities Start Date End Date Who Does Budget

Good Agriculture Practices/IPM

With NOA direction, do repeated training on pest ID, preventive and curative IPM tactics and tools for beneficiary farmers growing NOA crops

With NOA direction, test IPM information in Annex 1 with beneficiary farmers on demonstration farms for validation, modification or adaptation

With MOA and NOA, work to produce and use crop-specific annual crop production and pest management plans (PMPs) for all NOA crops

Reiterating Pesticide Regulations and Restrictions

Check with NOA regularly for new MOA pesticide registrations and evaluations of these new pesticides

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for EPA registration and risk issues

Keep on hand a list that matches pesticide commercial product names with each of the Active Ingredients found above

Pesticide Risk Awareness and Mitigation

With NOA direction, provide annual training for project staff and beneficiaries using the pesticide safe use training topics and websites listed below

With NOA coordination, promote the development and contracting of spraying and record keeping services that have and maintain quality spray equipment and PPE

For beneficiary farmers that do not hire spraying and record-keeping services, explore ways to subsidize or cost-share PPE, or have farmer associations maintain and share such equipment among members

Promote GlobalGAP standards and website http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm for leftover pesticide and empty container disposal and pesticide record-keeping

Project Management Responsibilities

Have in Albanian language the most critical PERSUAP sections and Annexes.

Keep copies of the current list of pesticide AIs analyzed by the PERSUAP at all sites

Keep at all project sites copies of MSDSs for each commercial pesticide that beneficiaries commonly use

Use pest and pesticide record-keeping concepts and tools following GlobalGAP or other internationally-accepted Best Practices

Transmit to NOA all PERSUAP recommendation implementation records

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Training Topics

GAP/IPM

Pest identification: How to recognize common important pests and diseases

Monitoring: The importance of frequent crop monitoring for pests, diseases and weeds

GAP and IPM concepts, tactics and tools found in Annex 1 that can reduce pesticide use and associated risks on specific pests of Republic of Kosovo IP target crops

PMPs—Pest Management Plans: Making and using these farm crop-management tools

Pesticides

Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes and acute toxicities of common pesticides

Regulations: EU and Kosovo laws that guide pesticide registration and use

Natural pesticides: Raise awareness of and promote the use of natural pesticides found in Annexes 1, 4, 5 and 7 as well as green-label synthetic pesticides with relatively low risks

Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)

MSDS: How to use MSDSs for pesticide-specific information on risks and risk reduction measures

REI—Re-Entry Intervals: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation

PHI—Pre-Harvest Interval: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down

MRL—Maximum Residue Level: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food

Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying

Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides (use information from MSDSs and Annex 7)

When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain

Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used (see product MSDSs, product labels and web reference below)

Safe Use: How to transport, store and use pesticides safely

Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers

Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance

Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinsate and packaging (see disposal web reference below and MSDSs)

The use of pesticide spray buffer zones or organic production near national parks or headwaters leading to rivers that enter national parks

How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity (found in PER Factors E and G)

Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present

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Water Pollution: Raise awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach (use Annex 7 and MSDSs)

Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry

Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings (see first aid web reference and MSDSs)

Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

Web Safe Pesticide Use Training Resources General Mitigation of Potential Pesticide Dangers General Measures to Ensure Safe Use: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13

EPA Recommended Worker Protection Standards: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE) http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001701-d001800/d001797/d001797.html (respiratory PPE)

Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13

Basic First Aid for Pesticide Overexposure: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13

International PIC & POPs Lists: PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int) POPs Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)

Pesticide Disposal Options: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm

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