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U.S. and World U.S. and World AgricultureAgriculture
What makes U.S. agriculture so productive? Some key elements:
1. High quality __________ resource• 450 million arable acres • 200 million in crop production
2. Favorable __________ photosynthesis
3. ______________—quality and quantity
4. Reliable, economical _____________
5. Effective research & __________________
6. Good ____________________
7. Productive _________________
U.S. Agriculture—2003 Top valued U.S. Agriculture—2003 Top valued products (Total=$211.6 billion)products (Total=$211.6 billion)
1. Cattle and calves (beef) 21.3 %
2. Dairy products 10.0 %
3. Corn 8.7 %
4. Soybeans 7.5 %5. Broilers (chickens) 7.2 %
US - Top 5 agriculture commodities, 2005
Value of receipts
thousand $
Percent of UStotal value
1. Cattle and calves
49,208,683 20.6
2. Dairy products
26,737,882 11.2
3. Broilers 20,901,934 8.7
4. Corn 19,124,879 8.0
5. Soybeans 16,792,696 7.0
US - Top 5 agriculture US - Top 5 agriculture commodities, 2006commodities, 2006
Value of receiptsthousand $
Percent of UStotal value
1. Cattle and calves 49,148,366 20.5
2. Dairy products 23,421,987 9.8
3. Corn 21,716,106 9.1
4. Broilers 18,851,949 7.9
5. Soybeans 16,920,732 7.1
US - Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, FY 2005
Valuemillion $
1. Soybeans and products 8,843.4
2. Feed grains and products
6,944.7
3. Other 6,922.2
4. Wheat and products 5,866.8
5. Vegetables and preparations
5,606.1
Overall rank62,369.4
Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, FY 2006FY 2006
Value
million $
1. Other 9,955.3
2. Feed grains and products 8,689.8
3. Soybeans and products 8,296.1
4. Wheat and products 6,187.4
5. Live animals and meat 5,841.9
ILLINOIS - Top 5 agriculture commodities, 2005
Value of receiptsthousand $
Percent of state total
farm receipts
Percent of US value
1. Corn 3,563,646 40.3 18.6
2. Soybeans 2,645,691 29.9 15.8
3. Hogs 977,692 11.1 6.5
4. Cattle and calves
602,610 6.8 1.2
5. Greenhouse/nursery
298,647 3.4 1.8
All commodities 8,846,896 3.7
ILLINOIS - Top 5 agriculture commodities, 2006
Value of receiptsthousand $
Percent of state totalfarm receipts
Percent of US value
1. Corn 3,594,141 41.6 16.6
2. Soybeans 2,509,651 29.1 14.8
3. Hogs 803,417 9.3 5.7
4. Cattle and calves 595,751 6.9 1.2
5. Greenhouse/nursery 304,986 3.5 1.8
ILLINOIS - Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, FY 2005
Rank among
statesValuemillion $
1. Soybeans and products
2 1,272.6
2. Feed grains and products
2 971.0
3. Other 4 344.6
4. Live animals and meat
3 327.3
5. Wheat and products
14 149.1
Overall rank 4 3,282.1
Top 5 agriculture exports, Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, FY 2006estimates, FY 2006
Rank among
statesValue
million $
1. Feed grains and products 2 1,378.8
2. Soybeans and products 2 1,255.3
3. Other 4 448.1
4. Live animals and meat 5 365.9
5. Wheat and products 18 122.3
http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/IL.htm
U.S. Agriculture—2004 Top valued U.S. Agriculture—2004 Top valued exportexport products (Total=$62.3 Billion) products (Total=$62.3 Billion)
Product% of Total Ag Exports
1. Soybeans and products 14.5%2. Feed grains and products 13.0%
3. Wheat and products 10.6%
4. Vegetables 8.3%
U.S. agriculture—Leading statesU.S. agriculture—Leading statesBased on 2005 ProductionBased on 2005 Production
________: Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minn., Indiana
________ : Illinois, Iowa, Minn., Indiana, Nebraska
U.S. agriculture—Leading statesU.S. agriculture—Leading statesBased on 2005 ProductionBased on 2005 Production
Wheat: Kansas, ND, Mont, Wash., SD
______: Iowa, N. Carolina, Minn., Illinois, Indiana
U.S. agriculture—Leading statesU.S. agriculture—Leading statesBased on 2005 ProductionBased on 2005 Production
Dairy Cows: Calif., Wis., NY, Penn., IdahoDairy Cows: Calif., Wis., NY, Penn., Idaho
Beef Cattle: Texas, Kansas, Neb., Calif, OK Beef Cattle: Texas, Kansas, Neb., Calif, OK
Sheep: TX, CA, WY, S. Dakota, ColoradoSheep: TX, CA, WY, S. Dakota, Colorado
U.S. agriculture—Leading statesU.S. agriculture—Leading statesBased on 2005 ProductionBased on 2005 Production
Eggs: Iowa, Ohio, Penn., Calif. Eggs: Iowa, Ohio, Penn., Calif.
Broilers: Georgia, Ark., Alabama, Broilers: Georgia, Ark., Alabama, NC, Miss. NC, Miss.
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture LeadersProductProduct Contribution to Contribution to
Total Food Total Food Demand (%)Demand (%)
____________ 3030
WheatWheat 1818
CornCorn 1313
CassavaCassava 1212
Notice: These four crops account for nearly 75% of world food demand.
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Rice: “___________________” Leading Producers (2005)
1. ______2. India3. Bangladesh4. Vietnam
Facts about RiceFacts about Rice
In low income Asian countries, rice provides more than 50% of caloric intake
________ people rely on rice as their food staple than any other crop
Most rice is consumed in the country where it is produced
RiceRice Native to both Asia and Africa but has Native to both Asia and Africa but has
been cultivated in Asia much longer been cultivated in Asia much longer (7,500 years vs. 3,500 years)(7,500 years vs. 3,500 years)
________________________crop, although ________________________crop, although fully mechanized in the U.S.fully mechanized in the U.S.
Requires a lot of waterRequires a lot of water– Can be grown in paddies but will also grow Can be grown in paddies but will also grow
as __________________cropas __________________crop– Flooded paddies provide ______ controlFlooded paddies provide ______ control
Labor intensive: Rice seedlings harvested for re-planting in paddies.
Terraced rice fields in China
Rice and PoliticsRice and Politics Japan
– Rice is considered their staple food and demanded “_____________________”. It was illegal to import rice into Japan—until severe drought reduced harvest in 1993.
Side note: agriculture is a highly _________ industry in many countries because no one wants to depend on another country for their food. Have you ever been hungry?
Rice and PoliticsRice and Politics Japan
– Government buys rice from farmers at about 10X world price.
– Government then ___________________ consumers—but they still pay about 4X world price.
– Policy keeps land in rice farms even though it would be highly valued for homes
Rice, Vietnam and PoliticsRice, Vietnam and Politics
Leading rice exporters are Thailand, Vietnam, and U.S.…
Remember, leading producers are 1. China2. India3. Bangladesh4. Vietnam
Rice, Vietnam and Rice, Vietnam and PoliticsPolitics
Vietnamese communist government imposed __________ controls on rice so it would be cheap for consumers
Country suffered severe rice shortages
Rice, Vietnam and PoliticsRice, Vietnam and Politics
In 1988, price controls were lifted and production soared
Vietnam is now #4 leading producer and #2 exporting country in the world—important lesson about markets and prices.
Some concerns about rice…Some concerns about rice…
Stagnation of yields Limited opportunity for
_______________ acreage _______________ of water supplies Genetic uniformity disease
susceptibility Relatively _____ nutritive value (low
in calcium, iron and B-vitamins)
Rice ControversyRice Controversy Scientists developed
____________________ (1992-2000); genetically modified to produce beta carotene, the precursor to vitamin A, to fight/reduce blindness.
Controversy– Whether the amount of beta carotene
would be enough to matter– Whether genetically modified foods are
desirable.
Golden RiceGolden Rice Goal of helping children who suffer from Goal of helping children who suffer from
__________________ deficiency (VAD). __________________ deficiency (VAD).
At the beginning of the 21st century, 124 At the beginning of the 21st century, 124 million people, in 118 countries in Africa million people, in 118 countries in Africa and South East Asia, were estimated to be and South East Asia, were estimated to be affected by VAD. affected by VAD.
VAD is responsible for 1-2 million deaths VAD is responsible for 1-2 million deaths and 500,000 cases of irreversible and 500,000 cases of irreversible blindness annually.blindness annually.
Golden RiceGolden Rice Children and pregnant women are at Children and pregnant women are at
highest ________. highest ________.
Vitamin A is supplemented orally and Vitamin A is supplemented orally and by injection in areas where the diet is by injection in areas where the diet is deficient in Vitamin A.deficient in Vitamin A.
Golden RiceGolden Rice
Most children with VAD are in areas Most children with VAD are in areas where rice is the staple foodwhere rice is the staple food
Golden rice seen as a simple and less Golden rice seen as a simple and less expensive alternative to vitamin expensive alternative to vitamin supplements or an increase in the supplements or an increase in the consumption of green vegetables or consumption of green vegetables or animal products.animal products.
Golden RiceGolden Rice
Golden rice can be considered as the Golden rice can be considered as the genetically engineered equivalent of genetically engineered equivalent of fluoridated water or or iodized salt. .
Golden RiceGolden Rice
Golden Rice 2 developed in 2005 by Golden Rice 2 developed in 2005 by SyngentaSyngenta
23 times more Vitamin A precursors than 23 times more Vitamin A precursors than Golden riceGolden rice
144 grams per day of Golden Rice 2 144 grams per day of Golden Rice 2 estimated to meet the Vitamin A estimated to meet the Vitamin A requirementrequirement
Research suggests that field grown Golden Research suggests that field grown Golden Rice produces 3-4 times the Vitamin A Rice produces 3-4 times the Vitamin A precursors as greenhouse riceprecursors as greenhouse rice
Golden RiceGolden Rice
Although golden rice was developed Although golden rice was developed as a humanitarian tool, it has met as a humanitarian tool, it has met with significant with significant _______________________ from _______________________ from environmental and anti-globalization environmental and anti-globalization activists. activists.
Neither variety is currently available Neither variety is currently available for human ___________________for human ___________________
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders Wheat Wheat Leading producers Leading producers (2003)(2003)
1.1. ChinaChina
2.2. IndiaIndia
3.3. U.S.U.S.
4.4. RussiaRussia
Facts about wheatFacts about wheat
Grown on _________ acresGrown on _________ acres (land) than (land) than any other cropany other crop
Originated in Asia (the Fertile Crescent)Originated in Asia (the Fertile Crescent)
Considered to be the Considered to be the ____________________________ grain____________________________ grain
Facts about wheatFacts about wheat
Grain makes flour for bread, pastries Grain makes flour for bread, pastries and pastaand pasta
Plant can be used as ___________ for Plant can be used as ___________ for livestocklivestock
Stalks can be used for livestock fodder Stalks can be used for livestock fodder or construction materialor construction material– Also as a biofuel stockAlso as a biofuel stock
Facts about wheatFacts about wheat
Grows well in temperate regionsGrows well in temperate regions
Fairly short ____________________Fairly short ____________________
Generally requires supplemental Generally requires supplemental nitrogen ______________, especially to nitrogen ______________, especially to achieve good yieldsachieve good yields
Facts about wheatFacts about wheat
Europeans fertilize wheat much more Europeans fertilize wheat much more than we do in the U.S.than we do in the U.S.
Water quality concerns with nitrate Water quality concerns with nitrate ____________________________________
World Agriculture World Agriculture LeadersLeaders
Corn (maize)Corn (maize) Leading producersLeading producers
in 2005 in 2005
1.1. U.S. U.S.
2.2. ChinaChina
3.3. BrazilBrazil
4.4. MexicoMexico
Facts about cornFacts about corn
Originated in Mexico/Central America
Grown in ______ countries than any other crop
Produces _______ tons of food than any other crop
Facts about cornFacts about corn Several types of corn…
1. Dent corn (for processing or animal feed)2. Sweet corn (direct human consumption)3. Popcorn4. Flint (Indian) corn (for processing)5. Flour corn (“food grade” corn for making flour
for human consumption)6. Broom corn (minor crop; for making brooms)7. Silage corn—especially grown as livestock feed
by harvesting entire plant
Facts about corn…Facts about corn…
____________ corn____________ corn– High lysineHigh lysine– High oilHigh oil– High starchHigh starch– Waxy cornWaxy corn– These specialty corns are generally These specialty corns are generally
grown for specific purposes—feed, food grown for specific purposes—feed, food or ______________________ uses.or ______________________ uses.
Facts about cornFacts about corn ____ agricultural commodity in Illinois Large percentage of production is
used for __________________(55% of U.S. crop in 2005/06)
New Holland 6-row Silage Chopper;
515 HP; $325,000.
Facts about corn…Facts about corn…
Growing percentage of production is used for industrial uses (_________ consumed about 14.5% of the 2005/06 U.S. crop and is projected to expand further)
Requires supplemental _________ In virtually every U.S. ___________
(High Fructose Corn Syrup)
Corn ControversiesCorn Controversies
Biotechnology: Roundup-Ready and Biotechnology: Roundup-Ready and Bt-corn. Is biotech safe? Do you Bt-corn. Is biotech safe? Do you remember “Star Link?”remember “Star Link?”
Should we be converting a primarily Should we be converting a primarily food and feed crop into fuel when food and feed crop into fuel when there are people starving in the there are people starving in the world?world?
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
_________________Leading Producers
1. Nigeria2. Brazil3. Thailand4. Indonesia5. Congo
CassavaCassava Originated in South America
Usually called ____________ in Africa
Can consume both ______ and ________
Rootstock produces what we call ______
Plant root is poisonous prior to processing/cooking—precursors to cyanide
CassavaCassava Highest producer of CHO
per acre among staple crops
Easy to grow “____________________________________”
Also called “_______________________________________”—looks like a sweet potato
CassavaCassava Rootstock will store in
ground up to 2-3 years Will grow in very ________
soils Tolerates _________ Important staple crop in
Africa
CassavaCassava
High in starch (energy) High in starch (energy) Low in proteinLow in protein Leaves have higher protein content.Leaves have higher protein content. Can also be used as a livestock feedCan also be used as a livestock feed
CassavaCassava
Mealybugs and green mites posed Mealybugs and green mites posed serious threat to production in Africaserious threat to production in Africa—up to 80% losses—up to 80% losses
Introduced two insects from South Introduced two insects from South America that effectively controlled America that effectively controlled these pests these pests a good example of a good example of __________________________________________________________
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Soybeans1. U.S.2. Brazil3. Argentina4. China5. India
Facts about soybeans…Facts about soybeans… Originated in southeast
Asia Soybeans are a
_______________. This means they can “fix” atmospheric nitrogen because of a symbiotic relationship with certain bacteria known as rhizobia that live in nodules on the roots of the plant.
Soybeans…Soybeans…
Soybeans (and other legumes) are generally high in protein as compared to feed and food grains like corn and wheat
Considered a source of “__________ protein” because it has all essential amino acids required by humans—important for vegetarians
Soybeans…Soybeans…
Second leading ag product in Illinois Commonly used as animal feeds
(mostly as protein meal but also as forage/hay)
Many industrial uses--________, cosmetics, resins, plastics, _______, crayons, solvents, and ________________.
SoybeansSoybeans
Widely used in human foods (soy sauce, tofu, many others) – Proven “health claim” indicates that diet
including soybeans reduces risk of heart disease
– Isoflavones—prevent cancer? Infant formulas for babies who are
lactose intolerant
Soybeans--ChallengesSoybeans--Challenges
Less foliage/plant mass than the other Less foliage/plant mass than the other grains we discussed—higher risk of grains we discussed—higher risk of __________________________________________________
New threat: Asian soybean _________New threat: Asian soybean _________– Already widespread in S. AmericaAlready widespread in S. America– Is present in southern U.S. Is present in southern U.S. – Can devastate yieldsCan devastate yields– Expensive fungicide treatment; Expensive fungicide treatment;
sometimes multiple treatments requiredsometimes multiple treatments required
SoybeansSoybeans
Rapid expansion of acreage in South Rapid expansion of acreage in South America—especially BrazilAmerica—especially Brazil– Infringing on _____________________Infringing on _____________________– Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity
Biotech beans (RoundUp Ready) are Biotech beans (RoundUp Ready) are widely grown in U.S. (about 90% of widely grown in U.S. (about 90% of U.S. soybeans)U.S. soybeans)
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Coffee1. Brazil2. Columbia3. Ivory Coast4. Mexico
CoffeeCoffee
Originated in EthiopiaOriginated in Ethiopia Second most Second most
commonly _________ commonly _________ commodity in the commodity in the world (measured by world (measured by monetary volume; monetary volume; trailing only crude oil) trailing only crude oil)
CoffeeCoffee U.S. is world’s leading _______________ U.S. is world’s leading _______________
of coffeeof coffee Perfectly legal stimulant, caffeinePerfectly legal stimulant, caffeine Popular in Muslim world due to their Popular in Muslim world due to their
prohibition of alcoholprohibition of alcohol
CoffeeCoffee
Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues– Conversion of _____________ habitatConversion of _____________ habitat– Soil erosion and ___________________Soil erosion and ___________________– Chemical use & ________________Chemical use & ________________– Processing effluentsProcessing effluents
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Cotton1. China2. U.S.3. India4. Pakistan
CottonCotton Most widely used natural _________ Most widely used natural _________
cloth in the worldcloth in the world Fibers are strong, durable, and Fibers are strong, durable, and
absorbentabsorbent Requires ________ growing seasonRequires ________ growing season Needs plenty of sunshine and water Needs plenty of sunshine and water
but dry harvest periodbut dry harvest period
CottonCotton
Heavy fertilizer and insecticide Heavy fertilizer and insecticide requirementsrequirements– Biotech cotton is reducing Biotech cotton is reducing
_______________ needs_______________ needs
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Beef1. India (however, most Hindus
do not eat beef)2. Brazil3. China4. U.S.
Cattle/BeefCattle/Beef
Ruminant animalRuminant animal– Hooved animal with even number of
toes– Has four stomachs (rumen, reticulum,
omasum, and abomasum – Digests its food in two steps, first by
eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as a cud, then “chewing the cud”
Cattle/beefCattle/beef Two stage digestion process makes it
capable of converting low quality feedstuffs (such as hay or grass that is high in cellulose or fiber) into high quality protein source (meat)
Can utilize poor land for grazing
Cattle/beefCattle/beef
Poor conversion of grain to meat High quality but relatively expensive
source of protein
BeefBeef
U.S. cow/calf operations are numerous, U.S. cow/calf operations are numerous, small and widespreadsmall and widespread– Average size (U.S.) is 40 cowsAverage size (U.S.) is 40 cows
Feedlot industry is highly _____________ Feedlot industry is highly _____________ (Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado)(Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado)– ____________ management is concern/challenge ____________ management is concern/challenge
of large feedlotsof large feedlots– Innovation: capture ______________ to produce Innovation: capture ______________ to produce
electricityelectricity
Beef—Environmental IssuesBeef—Environmental Issues
Conversion of forest to grazing landConversion of forest to grazing land– Cattle use more pasture land than all Cattle use more pasture land than all
other domestic animals combinedother domestic animals combined ________________________ from ________________________ from
deforestation and deforestation and
over-____________over-____________
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Pork (Swine; Hogs; Pigs)1. China2. U.S.3. Germany4. Spain5. Brazil
SwineSwine
Can have 2+ litters per year Litter typically 8-10 piglets More efficient in converting
feedstuffs to meat than cattle—but cannot utilize low quality, fiber crops
SwineSwine
U.S. industry has become more U.S. industry has become more concentrated (_________ but ________ concentrated (_________ but ________ operations)operations)
Manure management becomes an Manure management becomes an environmental challenge due to large environmental challenge due to large quantities producedquantities produced– OdorOdor– Nutrient management (____________ and Nutrient management (____________ and
__________________)__________________)
World Agriculture LeadersWorld Agriculture Leaders
Sheep (Lamb/Mutton)Sheep (Lamb/Mutton)1.1. ChinaChina
2.2. AustraliaAustralia
3.3. New ZealandNew Zealand
4.4. IranIran
SheepSheep
Like cattle, a ruminant animal that Like cattle, a ruminant animal that can graze or utilize low quality, high can graze or utilize low quality, high fiber feedstuffsfiber feedstuffs
Produces Produces fiber crop fiber crop (wool) in addition (wool) in addition to to meatmeat (lamb or mutton) (lamb or mutton)
SheepSheep
More efficient than beef in converting More efficient than beef in converting forage to meatforage to meat
Twins are very common so they are Twins are very common so they are also more prolific than beef cattlealso more prolific than beef cattle
U.S. lamb consumption is quite low U.S. lamb consumption is quite low compared to beef or porkcompared to beef or pork
Roquefort and feta cheese are from Roquefort and feta cheese are from sheep’s milk sheep’s milk
Feed Conversion RatiosFeed Conversion Ratios
Measured as pounds of feed required Measured as pounds of feed required per pound of gainper pound of gain• Beef: about 6:1Beef: about 6:1• Sheep: about 5:1Sheep: about 5:1• Swine: about 3:1Swine: about 3:1• Poultry: about 1.7:1Poultry: about 1.7:1• Fish: about 1:1Fish: about 1:1
Some Useful Websites for Some Useful Websites for Agricultural and Environmental Agricultural and Environmental
InformationInformation
www.fao.orgwww.fao.org www.ers.usda.govwww.ers.usda.gov www.usda.gov/nasswww.usda.gov/nass www.usaid.govwww.usaid.gov www.worldbank.orgwww.worldbank.org www.epa.govwww.epa.gov www.cgiar.orgwww.cgiar.org