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U.S. ARMY MOBILIZATIONAND LOGISTICS IN THEKOREAN WARA RESEARCH APPROACH
bYTerrence J . Gough
CENTER OF MIL ITAR Y HI STORYUNITED STATES ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1987
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gough, Terrence J.U.S. Army mobilization and logistics in the Korean War.Bibliography: p.Includes index.1. United States. Army-Mobilization-History-
Korean War, 1950-1953. 2. Korean War, 1950-1953-Logistics. 3. Korean War, 1950-1953-United States.I. Center of Military History. II. Title.UA913.G68 1987 355.280973 87-1781
CMH Pub 70-19
First Printing 1987
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402
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Foreword
In view of their crucial importance to military success, mobiliza-tion and logistics deserve thorough attention from historians.Although the Armys ability to mobilize has improved in recent years,much remains to be done, and the Korean War experience can pro-vide valuable insights. Planners involved in the attempt to perfectcurrent automated manpower mobilization systems need to preparefor possible strains and even collapse of those systems. In an emergency,we may have to rely on manual methods such as those that saw usthrough the Korean War.Industrial preparedness also has received increased emphasis andsupport in the last decade. But in this area, as well, there is much tobe learned from the Korean Wars partial mobilization.
Finally, we can study with profit the problems encountered insupplying the large forces that we fielded in Korea. Planners who dealwith theater logistics could benefit from detailed analysis, solidlygrounded in original sources, of those problems and the solutionsdevised for them during the war.This monograph should provide impetus to examine Korean Warmobilization and logistics. Through a discussion of the availableliterature, the author presents an- overview ofissues addressed thus far. He then suggests howmight elaborate on particular points, and offersfurther research.
the most pertinentfuture investigatorstopics that warrant
Washington, D.C.5 January 1987
WILLIAM A. STOFFTBrigadier General, USAChief of Military History
. . .111
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The Author
Terrence J. Gough received an A.B. degree in history and anM.A. degree in American history from the University of Miami in1966 and 1974, respectively. Currently he is a candidate at theUniversity of Virginia for a Ph.D. degree in American history, with aconcentration in the period since the Civil War. After Army service asan enlisted man in the Military Police Corps from 1967 to 1969,which included a tour of duty in the Republic of Vietnam, he taughtAmerican history in the public schools of Dade County, Florida, forseveral years. Later a fellow at the Office of Air Force History and ahistorian with the federal Food and Drug Administration, he joinedthe Center of Military History in 1979. He has specialized at thecenter in the history of mobilization, logistics, and administration.
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Preface
This study is intended to serve both as a general introduction toU.S. Army mobilization and logistics during the Korean War and asthe foundation for further treatment of these subjects. As treatedhere, mobilization involves the assemblage and organization ofmanpower and materiel to support national objectives in an emergency.Manpower mobilization includes activation of reserve components;
assemblage and organizing of personnel, supplies, and equipment;and major personnel policies that affect the composition of units inthe field and in training. Industrial mobilization represents theprocess of transforming industry from its peacetime activity to the in-dustrial program necessary to support national military objectives.Logistics involves planning and carrying out the movement andmaintenance of forces.
Chapter 1 of the present effort consists of a chronological sum-mary of major events. Like the other parts of the study, thechronology does not attempt to cover the Korean War in all itsaspects. Readers interested in a general study of the war should con-sult David Rees Korea: The Limited War (New York: St. MartinsPress, 1964) and Joseph C. Gouldens Korea: The Untold Sto? oftheWar (New York: Times Books, 1982), both of which contain exten-sive bibliographies.
Chapter 2 takes a bibliographical approach, laying out the perti-nent issues as covered in both the available published literature andunpublished monographic sources (as of mid-1985). There is also adiscussion of relevant archival material that seeks to indicate thevalue to the researcher of the various collections of documents andthe problems that can be anticipated in their use. Chapter 3 attemptsto crystallize the most salient issues raised or suggested in the secondchapter and to propose others that warrant the historians_and thesoldiers- consideration. If this study stimulates investigation of atleast some of these topics, it will have achieved its primary aim.Many current and former colleagues at the Center of MilitaryHistory gave generously of their time and expertise in the preparationof this study. Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., as chief of the General HistoryBranch, provided patient counsel. Robert K. Wright, Jr.sphenomenal knowledge of the entire spectrum of American militaryhistory and his perspective as a National Guard officer were par-
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titularly valuable. The Organizational History Branch, in the personsof Wayne M. Dzwonchyk, Stephen E. Everett, Rebecca R. Robbins,and John B. Wilson, expedited the study more than a few times withinformation on various units. Larry A. Ballard, Geraldine K.Judkins, and Hannah M. Zeidlik were unfailingly prompt and effi-cient in providing materials from the Historical Resources Branch. Inthe library, Carol Anderson and Mary J. Sawyer cheerfully and ex-pertly filled numerous requests. Billy C. Mossman, drawing on hispersonal knowledge of events and many years of study, continued inretirement to be a gracious and dependable source of information onthe Korean War. Two decades ago, Walter G. Hermes and his col-leagues in the Current History Branch produced a ChronologicalListing of Important Decisions and Events Relating to the Mobiliza-tion and Force Development of the Army during the Korean War,which serves as the base upon which the chronology in the presentstudy is built. Although he did not make a direct contribution, myretired colleague, James E. Hewes, Jr., provided a fine example ofscholarly tenacity and dedication. My editor, Diane Sedore Arms,brought to the project not only fine editing skills but also the ability toapply them with equanimity and understanding; and she probablywas right in excising those semicolons. Marshall T. Williams of theProduction Staff proficiently prepared the graphics. Gina D. Wilsonsword processing of the manuscript met her usual high standard, andTerrence L. Offer ably made the final revisions.
My debt to the staff of the National Archives and RecordsAdministration is considerable. At the Military Field Branch, locatedat the Washington National Records Center in Suitland, Maryland,Richard L. Boylan, George C. Chalou, Ben Cooper, Jr., Wilmah M.Getchell, Jr., Morris Izlar, Frederick W. Pemell, and Victoria S.Washington combined to make my visits there pleasant and myresearch in official records possible. The same is true of Edwin R.Coffee, Terese E. Hammett, LeRoy Jackson, Wilbert B. Mahoney,and Edward J. Reese of the Military Reference Branch at the mainNational Archives building in Washington, D.C. William H. Cun-liffe, chief of the Special Archives Division, shared once again his in-comparable knowledge of military records.Any errors of fact or interpretation are my responsibility alone.
Washington, D.C.5 January 1987
TERRENCE J. GOUGHvi
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Contentschapter Page
1. CHRONOLOGY................................... 32. THE ISSUES: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY ........... 19
Secondary Sources ............................... 19General ...................................... 19Prewar Plans and Policies ....................... 21TheEmergency ............................... 25The General Reserve ........................... 28Mobilizing Reserve Forces ....................... 29Selective Service ............................... 38Replacements ................................. 40Rotation ..................................... 42Korea, Europe, and Planning .................... 44Moving Troops to Korea ........................ 46Korean Augmentation to the U.S. Army ........... 47Industrial Mobilization and Procurement .......... 55Logistical Organization ......................... 59Requirements ................................. 66Distribution. .................................. 68Logistics and Operations ........................ 76
Primary Sources ................................. 82Industrial Mobilization ......................... 82Manpower Mobilization and Logistics - the
Continental United States ..................... 93Manpower Mobilization and Logistics - theFar East Command .......................... 98
3. TOWARD A HISTORY OF MOBILIZATIONANDLOGISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Map
No.1. Korea............................................. 2
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IllustrationsThe following illustrations appear between pages 49 and 54:
Advance Detachment of the 71st Signal Service Battalion, Pusan BaseCommand
Draftees Wait for Their Physical ExaminationsInductees Are Sworn Into the ArmyOne Millionth Man Through the Port of PusanTrainees Listening to a LectureIncoming Inductees Pass Troops Bound for KoreaTrainees Receive Instructions on the Use of the Recoilless RifleTwo Soldiers Wait Happily Outside the Rotation OfficeVeterans of the Fighting in Korea, HomeboundCross-section of the Troop Compartment Aboard a TroopshipMembers of the 23d Infantry, 2d Infantry Division, After Debarking
at PusanTroops of the 7th Infantry Division Land at Inchon Harbor
The following illustrations appear between page 83 and 90:Motor Equipment Waiting for Shipment to KoreaOrdnance Troops Repair Precision InstrumentsStockpiles of Military Supplies Along the Docks in the Port of PusanA Soldier Sorts Dirty Uniform Pants and JacketsView of the Harbor and City of PusanLSTs and LCMs Stranded by the Low Tide in the Yellow Beach Area
of InchonLarge Piles of Supplies on the Docks at InchonCargo Is Loaded From the SS Carleton Victory to a DUKW in Inchon
HarborThe U.S. X Corps Class I Dump at a Supply PointDrums of Mobile Gas at a Reserve PointA Steam Locomotive Is Hoisted From Ship to Dock at PusanSouth Korean Laborers and U.S. Soldiers Carry Ammunition and
Food to Frontline TroopsThe 187th Regimental Combat Team Receives Supplies From the AirTroops Aboard an LST Prepare To Embark on an Evacuation Ship
Waiting in Inchon Bay
All illustrations are from the files of the U.S. Army Center of MilitaryHistory.. . .
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