U.S. Domestic PoliciesU.S. Domestic Policies(1945-1980)(1945-1980)

Unit VIIBUnit VIIB

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

Compare and contrast the administrations of Compare and contrast the administrations of Democratic presidents and Republican Democratic presidents and Republican presidents regarding political and presidents regarding political and economical policies.economical policies.

Truman’s PresidencyTruman’s Presidency

Republican Majority in Congress in 1946Republican Majority in Congress in 1946 Postwar turmoil (strikes, inflation) and Postwar turmoil (strikes, inflation) and

rejuvenated conservatism led to rejuvenated conservatism led to Republican victoriesRepublican victories

Eliminated price controls leading to rapid Eliminated price controls leading to rapid inflation and strikesinflation and strikes

Truman ordered troops to settle strikesTruman ordered troops to settle strikes Taft-Hartley Act (1947) - unionsTaft-Hartley Act (1947) - unions

Prohibited closed shops, political Prohibited closed shops, political contributions, sympathy strikescontributions, sympathy strikes

Twenty-Second Amendment (1951)Twenty-Second Amendment (1951) Term limitsTerm limits

Employment Act of 1946Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers

Civil RightsCivil Rights Committee on Civil Rights (1946)Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Desegregated the federal government Desegregated the federal government

and military (1948)and military (1948)

Election of 1948Election of 1948 Democrats SplitDemocrats Split

Truman’s civil rights and Truman’s civil rights and foreign policy upset foreign policy upset DemocratsDemocrats

Liberal Democrats and Henry Liberal Democrats and Henry WallaceWallace

States’ Rights Party States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) and Strom (Dixiecrats) and Strom ThurmondThurmond

Republican ConfidenceRepublican Confidence Thomas Dewey ran a cautious Thomas Dewey ran a cautious

campaign while Truman campaign while Truman aggressively campaignedaggressively campaigned

Truman VictoryTruman Victory Despite the press and experts Despite the press and experts

predicting a sound Republican predicting a sound Republican victory, Truman won the victory, Truman won the electionelection

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Truman’s Fair DealTruman’s Fair Deal

A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare programsprograms

Policies:Policies: Expansion of Social SecurityExpansion of Social Security Increased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 centsIncreased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 cents Housing Act of 1949Housing Act of 1949

Urban projects and public housingUrban projects and public housing Protections and relief programs in labor, agriculture, Protections and relief programs in labor, agriculture,

health, education, infrastructurehealth, education, infrastructure Failures:Failures:

National healthcare insuranceNational healthcare insurance Limited civil rights legislationLimited civil rights legislation

2222ndnd Amendment Amendment

In response to FDR’s four consecutive In response to FDR’s four consecutive termsterms

Republican Congress proposed to avoid a Republican Congress proposed to avoid a repeat of FDR’s dominancerepeat of FDR’s dominance

Presidential term limits to twoPresidential term limits to two Ratified 1951Ratified 1951

Election of 1952Election of 1952

““I like Ike!” - Dwight D. Eisenhower on the I like Ike!” - Dwight D. Eisenhower on the Republican ticketRepublican ticket Richard Nixon as VPRichard Nixon as VP

Checkers speechCheckers speech

Adlai Stevenson for DemocratsAdlai Stevenson for Democrats Eisenhower won by landslideEisenhower won by landslide

Election of 1952Election of 1952

Eisenhower’s RepublicanismEisenhower’s Republicanism Modern Republicanism/Dynamic ConservatismModern Republicanism/Dynamic Conservatism

Cut federal spending and deficit spendingCut federal spending and deficit spending Federal support for businessFederal support for business Reduce federal powers and influence to states/localsReduce federal powers and influence to states/locals

More Money Toward Defense and Cutbacks for Social ProgramsMore Money Toward Defense and Cutbacks for Social Programs Surpluses in some yearsSurpluses in some years Per-capita increases and low inflationPer-capita increases and low inflation

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953)Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953) Soil-bank programSoil-bank program

Farmers retire land for up to 10 years for federal paymentsFarmers retire land for up to 10 years for federal payments Interstate Highway SystemInterstate Highway System

Connected major citiesConnected major cities Significantly developed transportation and urban sectorsSignificantly developed transportation and urban sectors

Interstate Highway SystemInterstate Highway System

The American Dream – 1950s ProsperityThe American Dream – 1950s Prosperity

Defense Spending and InvestmentDefense Spending and Investment Why?Why?

Production and innovation during WWIIProduction and innovation during WWII Fear and defense against CommunismFear and defense against Communism

How?How? Department of Defense (DOD) became the nation’s top Department of Defense (DOD) became the nation’s top

consumerconsumer More and more companies and contractors worked with DODMore and more companies and contractors worked with DOD

Recessions?Recessions? Throw more money toward DOD rather than social programsThrow more money toward DOD rather than social programs

Automation in IndustriesAutomation in Industries Innovation and Research and DevelopmentInnovation and Research and Development Threatened blue-collars and white-collars prosperedThreatened blue-collars and white-collars prospered

Middle-Class ExpansionMiddle-Class Expansion White-collar jobs increased given focus on education White-collar jobs increased given focus on education

and defense spendingand defense spending

Election of 1956Election of 1956

Despite Eisenhower’s popularity and success, the Democratic Party won Congressional majorities in 1954 midterm elections. They would sustain those majorities until the 1982 midterms.

2323rdrd Amendment Amendment

District of Columbia receives right to vote District of Columbia receives right to vote and electoral college votesand electoral college votes

Ratified 1961Ratified 1961

Election of 1960Election of 1960

Republicans nominate NixonRepublicans nominate Nixon Democrats nominated John F. KennedyDemocrats nominated John F. Kennedy

Massachusetts and a CatholicMassachusetts and a Catholic Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas as VPLyndon B. Johnson from Texas as VP

Television and DebatesTelevision and Debates Kennedy = born for the limelightKennedy = born for the limelight Nixon = tense and uncomfortableNixon = tense and uncomfortable

Close CallClose Call Kennedy won by just over 100,000 votesKennedy won by just over 100,000 votes

Election of 1960Election of 1960

Nixon looked very Nixon looked very uncomfortable and uncomfortable and was visibly sweating.was visibly sweating.

Kennedy had a knack Kennedy had a knack for the camera.for the camera.

Election of 1960Election of 1960

Kennedy’s PoliciesKennedy’s Policies

“Ask not what your country can“Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.”do for your country.”

Fiscal ConservativeFiscal Conservative New FrontierNew Frontier

Expansion of social welfareExpansion of social welfare Stimulus plans for slumping Stimulus plans for slumping

economyeconomy Clean Air Act (1963)Clean Air Act (1963) Strong support for civil Strong support for civil

rights legislation with rights legislation with Attorney General Robert Attorney General Robert KennedyKennedy

““We choose to go to the We choose to go to the Moon…”Moon…”

Kennedy’s AssassinationKennedy’s Assassination

Dallas, Texas on November 22, Dallas, Texas on November 22, 19631963

Warren CommissionWarren Commission Investigations and hearings ruled Investigations and hearings ruled

Lee Harvey Oswald as lone Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassinassassin

Conspiracy theories led to doubt Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal governmentof federal government

Lyndon B. Johnson assumes officeLyndon B. Johnson assumes office

JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas

LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One

Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby

Johnson’s Great SocietyJohnson’s Great SocietyCreative FederalismCreative Federalism

War on PovertyWar on Poverty Office of Economic OpportunityOffice of Economic Opportunity Food StampsFood Stamps Community ActionCommunity Action

Department of Housing and Urban Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)Development (HUD)

Significant increases in educational Significant increases in educational funding in all levelsfunding in all levels Elementary and Secondary Education Elementary and Secondary Education

ActAct Health CareHealth Care

Medicare - health services for Medicare - health services for elderlyelderly

Medicaid - health services for Medicaid - health services for low-income familieslow-income families

Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation Urban mass transit actsUrban mass transit acts National Traffic and Motor National Traffic and Motor

Vehicle Safety ActVehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for Safety belts, redesigns for

protection, drunk driversprotection, drunk drivers

Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection Wilderness Act, Endangered Wilderness Act, Endangered

Species ActSpecies Act Cultural PromotionCultural Promotion

National Historic PreservationNational Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts

AND the HumanitiesAND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and Public broadcasting (PBS) and

public radio (NPR)public radio (NPR) Civil Rights Legislation - ALSO SEE Civil Rights Legislation - ALSO SEE

CIVIL RIGHTS ERA SECTIONCIVIL RIGHTS ERA SECTION Elimination of immigration quota Elimination of immigration quota

lawslaws $10 Billion Tax Cuts$10 Billion Tax Cuts

Consumer spending rose 45%Consumer spending rose 45% Federal government earning Federal government earning

revenuerevenue Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection

Fair Packaging and Labeling Fair Packaging and Labeling ActAct

2424thth Amendment Amendment

In response to Jim Crow laws and massive In response to Jim Crow laws and massive civil rights movement.civil rights movement.

Prohibited all governments from enacting Prohibited all governments from enacting poll taxes.poll taxes.

Ratified in 1964.Ratified in 1964.

Election of 1964Election of 1964 Republicans and Barry GoldwaterRepublicans and Barry Goldwater

Strong conservative RepublicanStrong conservative Republican Attacked Johnson’s welfare state programsAttacked Johnson’s welfare state programs

Johnson’s CampaignJohnson’s Campaign Daisy AdDaisy Ad

Election of 1964Election of 1964

2525thth Amendment Amendment

In response to cases such as William Henry In response to cases such as William Henry Harrison, Abraham Lincoln, and recently Harrison, Abraham Lincoln, and recently JFKJFK

Presidential succession:Presidential succession: Ratified in 1967.Ratified in 1967.

Election of 1968Election of 1968

Vietnam and Robert KennedyVietnam and Robert Kennedy Johnson stepped away due to Vietnam escalationJohnson stepped away due to Vietnam escalation Kennedy was frontrunner until assassinationKennedy was frontrunner until assassination

Republicans and NixonRepublicans and Nixon Peace and Honor; Law and OrderPeace and Honor; Law and Order

Democrats and Hubert HumphreyDemocrats and Hubert Humphrey Suffered from anti-war backlashSuffered from anti-war backlash Riots at Democratic National Convention in ChicagoRiots at Democratic National Convention in Chicago

Henry Wallace and American Independent PartyHenry Wallace and American Independent Party Ran against expanded government and civil rights Ran against expanded government and civil rights

legislationlegislation

Election of 1968Election of 1968

2626thth Amendment Amendment

In response to student-led protests to the In response to student-led protests to the Vietnam ConflictVietnam Conflict

Right to vote extended to 18 years old.Right to vote extended to 18 years old. Ratified in 1971.Ratified in 1971.

Nixon’s Early PresidencyNixon’s Early Presidency New Federalism/Competitive New Federalism/Competitive

FederalismFederalism Revenue sharing and block Revenue sharing and block

grantsgrants Stagflation and EconomyStagflation and Economy

Production decreased while Production decreased while prices increasedprices increased

Spending cuts to deficit spendingSpending cuts to deficit spending 90-day price and wage freeze90-day price and wage freeze Devalued dollar off gold standardDevalued dollar off gold standard

Silent MajoritySilent Majority Developed coalition of Southern Developed coalition of Southern

whites and conservatives whites and conservatives responding to counterculture and responding to counterculture and liberal youthsliberal youths

Election of 1972Election of 1972

WatergateWatergate Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP)Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) Democratic National Headquarters Break-in (June Democratic National Headquarters Break-in (June

1972)1972) Enemies List and WiretapsEnemies List and Wiretaps Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox fired - Saturday Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox fired - Saturday

Night MassacreNight Massacre Nixon TapesNixon Tapes

United States v. Nixon United States v. Nixon ruled against executive privilegeruled against executive privilege Drafting ImpeachmentDrafting Impeachment

Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of CongressCongress

Resignation on August 9, 1974Resignation on August 9, 1974

The Watergate Hotel Complex

Nixon is captain of a sinking ship.

Nixon held fast to his innocence…"Not a Crook"

… then he resigned.

Gerald Ford (1974-1977)Gerald Ford (1974-1977) Assumed office after Nixon’s resignationAssumed office after Nixon’s resignation

Pardons Nixon to end “national nightmare”Pardons Nixon to end “national nightmare” Oil Crisis of 1973Oil Crisis of 1973

Oil reductions led to economic slowdowns and Oil reductions led to economic slowdowns and increasing inflationincreasing inflation

WIN (Whip Inflation Now)WIN (Whip Inflation Now) Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by

businesses and consumersbusinesses and consumers Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional

DemocratsDemocrats Election of 1976Election of 1976

Ford barely won Republican nomination from Ford barely won Republican nomination from ReaganReagan

Democrats nominate Jimmy CarterDemocrats nominate Jimmy Carter Southern outsiderSouthern outsider Democrats used Watergate and economy Democrats used Watergate and economy

to winto win

Election of 1976Election of 1976

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) 1979 Energy Crisis1979 Energy Crisis

Inflation skyrocketed while economy Inflation skyrocketed while economy slowed furtherslowed further

““Malaise Speech”Malaise Speech” Dependency on oil and non-Dependency on oil and non-

renewable fuels will affect the futurerenewable fuels will affect the future Federal Reserve Chairman Paul VolckerFederal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker

Raised interest rates to highest levelsRaised interest rates to highest levels Resulted in higher inflation and lower Resulted in higher inflation and lower

GDP in the short-runGDP in the short-run In the long-run, the economy recovered In the long-run, the economy recovered

but after Carter’s administrationbut after Carter’s administration Election of 1980Election of 1980

Carter and Democrats suffered from Carter and Democrats suffered from stagflation and Iran hostage crisisstagflation and Iran hostage crisis

Popular Ronald Reagan secured Popular Ronald Reagan secured Republican nomination and eventual Republican nomination and eventual presidencypresidency

Conservative ComebackConservative Comeback As a result of liberalism and counterculture, As a result of liberalism and counterculture,

conservatives began a grassroots reemergenceconservatives began a grassroots reemergence William F. BuckleyWilliam F. Buckley

Fiscal and political conservatives coupled with Fiscal and political conservatives coupled with social conservativessocial conservatives Barry Goldwater, Milton Friedman, Ronald ReaganBarry Goldwater, Milton Friedman, Ronald Reagan

Demographics of ConservativesDemographics of Conservatives Blue-collar workers, rural, suburbs/commuter towns, yuppies, Blue-collar workers, rural, suburbs/commuter towns, yuppies,

fundamentalists, upper-class/corporatesfundamentalists, upper-class/corporates

Regional BasesRegional Bases Southern Democrats shifted RepublicanSouthern Democrats shifted Republican Midwest more solidly RepublicanMidwest more solidly Republican

Christian ConservatismChristian Conservatism Moral Majority - Jerry FalwellMoral Majority - Jerry Falwell

Voting bloc/interest group of fundamentalistsVoting bloc/interest group of fundamentalists

Election of 1980Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)Reagan RevolutionReagan Revolution

““Reaganomics” - Supply-Side EconomicsReaganomics” - Supply-Side Economics Tax cuts will reduce government spending, Tax cuts will reduce government spending,

increase business investment and productionincrease business investment and production Corporate tax, capital gains tax, gift tax - Corporate tax, capital gains tax, gift tax -

CUTCUT Tax Reform Act of 1986Tax Reform Act of 1986

Spending cuts on domestic and social Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programswelfare programs

Drastic spending on defenseDrastic spending on defense Deregulation - New FederalismDeregulation - New Federalism

Limited regulation of businessesLimited regulation of businesses Opened up federal conservation lands for Opened up federal conservation lands for

resources and developmentresources and development Labor Unions Decrease MembershipLabor Unions Decrease Membership

Reagan and Flight ControllersReagan and Flight Controllers Replacement workers/scabsReplacement workers/scabs

Conservative Supreme Court appointmentsConservative Supreme Court appointments William Rehnquist as Chief Justice, Antonin Scalia, William Rehnquist as Chief Justice, Antonin Scalia,

Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor

Election of 1984Election of 1984

Reagan’s ImpactReagan’s Impact Defense spending and tax cuts =Defense spending and tax cuts =

Tripled national debtTripled national debt $900 billion to $2.7 trillion$900 billion to $2.7 trillion

Trade deficits and debtor statusTrade deficits and debtor status Business and Society of DeregulationBusiness and Society of Deregulation

Corporations and Upper-Class thrived in wealthCorporations and Upper-Class thrived in wealth Socioeconomic gap widenedSocioeconomic gap widened Welfare programs cutWelfare programs cut

Virtual end of New Deal/Great Society visions and Virtual end of New Deal/Great Society visions and goalsgoals

Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987)Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987) Stock prices fell 20%Stock prices fell 20%

Savings and Loan CrisisSavings and Loan Crisis CausesCauses

Tax Reform of ‘86Tax Reform of ‘86 Deregulation of banking industryDeregulation of banking industry

EffectsEffects Major bank failuresMajor bank failures Savings and loans market restrictionsSavings and loans market restrictions