U.S.U.S. Environmental Environmental HistoryHistory

Conservation Conservation

Vs.Vs.

PreservationPreservation

Frontier AttitudeFrontier Attitude

Lewis & Clark expedition major influence for Lewis & Clark expedition major influence for “conquer and exploit” attitude of new country“conquer and exploit” attitude of new country

Economic theory not consider conservation or Economic theory not consider conservation or cleanup costs b/c not a large population to cause cleanup costs b/c not a large population to cause enormous costsenormous costs

John James AudubonJohn James Audubon

(1785-1851)(1785-1851) French sea captain sonFrench sea captain son Sent to Philadelphia to Sent to Philadelphia to

escape service in escape service in Napoleon’s armyNapoleon’s army

Dry-goods merchantDry-goods merchant Art/birds hobbyArt/birds hobby Romantic era publishing Romantic era publishing

successsuccess

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

(1817-1862)(1817-1862) Harvard educatedHarvard educated TeacherTeacher NaturalistNaturalist Composed Composed Walden Walden

PondPond based on naturalist based on naturalist livingliving

Surveyed/made pencilsSurveyed/made pencils abolitionistabolitionist

Ernst HaeckelErnst Haeckel

(1834-1919)(1834-1919) Physician/professorPhysician/professor Contemporary of Contemporary of

Darwin; studied Darwin; studied embryology, evolution, embryology, evolution, populationspopulations

Nazi’s distorted his Nazi’s distorted his viewsviews

John MuirJohn Muir

(1838-1914)(1838-1914) Naturalist, writerNaturalist, writer Yosemite/Sequoia Natl. Yosemite/Sequoia Natl.

ParksParks Founded Sierra Club, Founded Sierra Club,

natl. conservation natl. conservation organizationorganization

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

(1858-1919)(1858-1919) Preservationist/ Preservationist/

conservationistconservationist Established USFSEstablished USFS Increased national Increased national

forests 400%, 21 new forests 400%, 21 new w/ 16 million acresw/ 16 million acres

Antiquities Act to save Antiquities Act to save Grand CanyonGrand Canyon

Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

(1865-1946)(1865-1946) 1st. Head of USFS1st. Head of USFS Managed forests Managed forests

scientificallyscientifically Sustainable growthSustainable growth Today, multiple use Today, multiple use

managedmanaged

Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt

(1882-1945)(1882-1945) President during Great President during Great

Depression EraDepression Era Fed. Govt. Conservation Fed. Govt. Conservation

ProjectsProjects Established Civilian Established Civilian

Conservation CorpsConservation Corps Established Soil Established Soil

Conservation ServiceConservation Service

Dust Bowl StormDust Bowl Storm

Rachel CarsonRachel Carson

(1907-1964)(1907-1964) Naturalist/scientistNaturalist/scientist 1st woman Editor-in-1st woman Editor-in-

chief of US Fish & chief of US Fish & Wildlife PublicationsWildlife Publications

Studied Studied interrelationships; interrelationships; ecologyecology

Warned of harmful Warned of harmful pesticide effectspesticide effects

Ruth PatrickRuth Patrick

(1910s?-(1910s?- )) Studies diatoms; Studies diatoms;

unicellular algaeunicellular algae Understood link Understood link

between water quality between water quality and diatom presenceand diatom presence

Developed ways to Developed ways to assess water quality assess water quality worldwideworldwide

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Variety of DiatomsVariety of Diatoms

ResourcesResources

Raven & Berg. 2004. Raven & Berg. 2004. EnvironmentEnvironment 4th. 4th. http://www.ecotopia.org/ehofhttp://www.ecotopia.org/ehof http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/historhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/histor

y/haeckel.htmly/haeckel.html http://www.acnatsci.org/learn/whoswho/patrichttp://www.acnatsci.org/learn/whoswho/patric

k.htmlk.html http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fdrbihttp://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fdrbi

o.htmlo.html

The EndThe End