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U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

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U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era
Transcript
Page 1: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America

Final Phase of the Cold War

Post-Cold War Era

Page 2: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.
Page 3: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Changing Priorities Under Jimmy Carter (1977-79)

Downplaying of the Soviet threat Panama Canal treaties completed Reduction in the role of the military and

intelligence agencies Emphasis on human rights (Patricia Derian at

State)

Page 4: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Changing Priorities Under Jimmy Carter (1977-79)

Strained relations with Brazil Human rights violations Nuclear race with Argentina Roseland Carter’s comments on poverty End of the Brazilian-American alliance??

Page 5: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Carter Reverses Course (1979 - 1981)

Soviet use of Cuban troops in Africa Sandinistas take power in Nicaragua

Somoza flees to South America National guard trickles into neighboring countries

New Jewel movement in Grenada Cold War mentality again dictates Washington’s

Latin American policy

Page 6: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Reagan Administration: The Centrality of Central America

Criticism of Carter’s Latin American policy important in Regan’s 1980 presidential campaign

Civil war in El Salvador becomes a central concern February 1981: world communism identified as principal

source of insurgency November 1981: decision to aid anti-Sandinista guerrilla

force Distraction in Grenada (October 1983)

Page 7: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Caribbean Basin

Page 8: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Reagan’s Liberation Strategy I

United States and the Soviet Union ratchet up aid to their respective clients (1984-87) Nicaragua El Salvadorian clients

Disagreement between President Reagan and the Democratic congress leads to the Iran-Contra caper

Page 9: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Reagan’s Liberation Strategy II.

U.S. military aid more effective Violetta Chamorro defeats the Sandinistas in

a free and open presidential election (1990) Undermining communism in the Caribbean

Basin was Reagan’s most significant policy success in Latin America

Page 10: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Reagan: Other Dimensions of the Latin American Policy

Ambivalence tending toward hostility in response to “Southern” demands on the “North”

Increased sales of arms to Latin American militaries Muted criticism of human rights violations

Chile Brazil Argentina

Page 11: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.
Page 12: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

• During the Reagan Years

Many Latin American dictatorships gave way to democracy

Explanation?

Page 13: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

George H. W. Bush & Latin America

Reordering of emphasis and priorities Missing themes

Anti-Communism Government to

government foreign aid Panama Canal

Muted themes Status of Puerto Rico Relations with Cuba

Page 14: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

George H. W. Bush & Latin America: Drugs

Special priority Strengthened DEA Pressed Mexico to control drug related

corruption Cooperation with Colombia

Page 15: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Operation Just Cause(December 1992)

Noriega – playing double or triple game

1989 election victory of Guillermo Endara annulled

December 1989 - 24,00 troops sent to Panama

1992 – Noriega convicted of racketeering and drug trafficking charges

Plotting the removal of Noriega

Page 16: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

George H. W. Bush Strengthening Democracy in Latin America

Washington Protocol 1992 Amended OAS Charter Explicit commitment to promote & protect

democracy OAS begins to monitor elections Secretary General can investigate and respond to

democratic crisis within 10 days of its inception

Page 17: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

George H. W. Bush Other Activities to Strengthening Democracy in Latin

America

Programs to train responsible judges and police Advocates civilian control over the military Assists in building democratic political party

parties War on corruption – viewed as a source of violence

and human rights abuse Ideological Pronouncement: Human freedom, in

long run, best weapon against poverty, disease and tyranny

Page 18: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

George H. W. Bush & Latin America: More Political

Stimulation of the private sector as a path toward democracy and freedom Small business Charities Debt reduction as a stimulus for protection of

tropical forests Privatization of social security

Page 19: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Bush Perspective on Democratic Development

The health of democracy depends on real economic gains for the average citizens

Advice to L.A. elites lift the barriers of bureaucracy and over-

regulation that prevent the poor from creating small businesses

give more priority and funding to universal education- because no nation can afford to squander the talent of its people

Page 20: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Economic Change: Road to NAFTA

End of Cold War makes attractive idea of integrating all of Western Hemisphere economies

Concern in Latin America that U.S. will tilt toward Eastern Europe

1990 Mexico formally proposes negotiating a North American Free Trade Agreement

Page 21: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

George H. W. Bush & Latin America: Economic

NAFTA – first step toward Free Trade for the Americas – goes into effect January 1, 1994 Implementing & Strengthening NAFTA

Promise - $200 billion in goods will expand Develop border cities – reduce illegal immigration Environmental concerns – especially water/clean air

Fast Track Authority for more free trade Enterprise zone for the Americas (Canada to Tierra del Fuego Free trade

Page 22: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Bill Clinton’s First Term: Completing the Bush Agenda?

Preserving NAFTA in the light of Mexico’s potential default Zapatista rebellion leads to flight of foreign

capital U.S. government guarantees loans for currency

stabilization Domestic issue of drugs increasingly drove

U.S. Latin American policy

Page 23: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Bill Clinton: Haiti Interlude

Haiti as a test case for support for democracy and human rights Overthrow of elected Aristide government (1991) Military-civilian junta (Gen. Raul Cedras) Immigration from Haiti

United Nations Security Council authorized separate military police operation (Sept 1993)

United States occupies Haiti (Sept. 19, 1993) U.N. mission to Haiti replaces U.S. military force

(March 1995)

Page 24: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Protocol of Managua: 1993

Approved by General Assembly of OAS – went into effect in January 1996

Eliminated: Inter-American ECOSOC Council for Education, Science & Culture

Inter-American Council for Integral Development assumed combined functions

Indicative of efforts to revive OAS and increase its social and economic activities

Page 25: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Second Clinton Administration 1997-2001

Slowdown in economic reforms Domestic resistance Mexico reluctant to share access to U.S. market

Democracy more widespread Central America Chile

Peru: an exception? Drift: President Clinton occupied elsewhere

Page 26: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

BUSH II: Latin American Relations Fail to Hold Center Stage

Mexican – U.S. relations: a central theme of 2000 presidential election campaign Illegal immigration Competition for Mexican-American vote Security of border Election of Vicente Fox (conservative National Action

Party) Quebec Summit

Bush pushes Free Trade for the Americas Chavez views himself as odd man out – humiliated

Page 27: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Quebec Summit (April 2001): Critical in raising Hugo Chavez’s doubts about USA

Page 28: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Impact of 9-11 on U.S. – Latin American Relations

War on Terror emphasis relates Latin America to the back burner

Chávez becomes militantly anti-U.S. Oil revenues increase capabilities

Invasion of Iraq resurrects anti-U.S. sentiment from Vietnam era

Brazilian upward mobility dilutes U.S. influence in South America

Page 29: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Obama in Latin America

Courting of Upwardly Mobile Brazil:

March 2011

Chavez Greets/Lectures

Obama 2010

Page 30: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Merida Initiative 2010

Security Cooperation United States Mexico Central America

Aim Tracking criminal cartels Combating drug trafficking Sharing intelligence

Training of agents Sharing equipment

Page 31: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America Final Phase of the Cold War Post-Cold War Era.

Other Dimensions of Intrusion of Latin American Issues Into the

Domestic Political Agenda

Dealing with Illegal Immigrants residing in USA

Protecting the United States borders with Mexico & the Caribbean.

Economic relations Free trade Mercosur/Mercosul

Tightening of restrictions on relations with Cuba


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