Date post: | 27-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | earl-bishop |
View: | 218 times |
Download: | 0 times |
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Albany Plan of Union
• Cause = rivalry between Britain & France for control of North America
• Britain & Native allies versus France & Native allies 1757 – William Pitt becomes Prime Minister of
England• Key Battles
Fort Necessity (1755) – French defeat British forces led by George Washington
Battle of Quebec (1759) – British lay siege and conquer capital of New France
Treaty of Paris (1763) ends the war
• Proposal by Ben Franklin in 1754 to form a legislature uniting all the colonies.
The Road to Independence (1753-1783)
1. Increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2. Greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on Britain
Effects of the War on Britain
1. Unites them against common enemy.
2. Created a socializing experience.
3. Created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.
Americans treated like 2nd class citizens
Unimpressed with Britain’s military tactics were weak. {fought cowardly}
Effects of the War on the American
Colonials
Effects of the War on the American
Colonials
British Proclamation Line of 1763
In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion
Closed region west of Appalachians to all settlement by colonists.
Colonists moved west anyway.
BACKLASH!BACKLASH!
Issues Behind the RevolutionAction When? What It Did
Sugar Act 1764 Lowered the Tax on Sugar, but No Trial by Jury
Stamp Act 1765 Tax on Newspapers, Books, Court Documents
Declaratory Act 1766 British can rule over Colonist
Quartering Act 1765 Provide Housing for troops
Townshend Acts 1767 Tax on paper, tea, lead to support judges and troops
Boston Massacre 3/5/1770 British soldiers opened fire on the crowd, 5 dead
Committees of Correspondence
1772 Samuel Adams and James Otis to coordinate resistance throughout the colonies
Boston Tea Party 12/16/1773 Tea Act –British East India Co.
Intolerable Acts Spring 1774 Coercive Acts
First Continental Congress
9/5/1774 56 delegates met in Philadelphia.
“Gentlemen may cry peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! . . . Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!—I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”
--Patrick HenryMarch 23, 1775
• April 19, 1775 – British troops in Boston, Mass. march to Concord planning to seize the armory Colonists find out and numerous riders scurry
to inform the inhabitants including Sam Adams and John Hancock.
MythsPaul Revere was one of many riders, such as
William Dawes.His cry was “the regulars are coming out!” not
“the British are coming!”• 5 miles from Concord at (Battle of) Lexington, the British
encountered 70 armed minutemen. “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” – no one knows who fired it.
• British continued on to Concord Most of the arms had been hidden As the British marched back to Boston thousands of colonists
began using guerilla war tactics resulting in 240 casualties
Revolutionary War
Paul Revere
Second Continental Congress
Common Sense
• May 1775• Strongly Divided at first• King George III denied
Oliver Branch Petition
• Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, published in Jan. 1776, arguing for separation from Britain and formation of a republic
Issues Behind the Revolution
Declaration of Independence
Jefferson was primary author
Borrowed heavily from fellow philosophers, most notably John Locke
Natural rights {life, liberty, pursuit of happiness}
Rule of law {obey the laws}
• July 2nd , 1776 Congress formally declared the U.S. an Independent nation
• July 4th Approved by Congress
1. List of grievances directed at King George III
2. Unalienable Rights3. Consent of the Governed4. Right to alter or to abolish it
• Loyalists or Tories – colonists loyal to Britain.
• 1/3 of colonists remained loyal to the King of Britain.
• Financing the war Congress could ask the colonies for help, but couldn’t
force them to give anything (ex. Valley Forge) No power of taxation
• Britain blockaded Atlantic coast not allowing colonists to trade
• Washington never had more than 26,000 soldiers available at one time
• Most Continental soldiers were under 23 y.o.• African Americans were banned from the Army in the
beginning, but later free African Americans and Indians were recruited to help the colonists
• Inflation – steady increase in prices over time reduced the ability to buy goods
Hardships
Military Strategies
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
The Americans The British
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.
Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Britain thought that there were more
Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General:Nathanial Greene
Battle When Effect
Bunker Hill June 1775
1,100 British Casualties400 Patriots
Trenton Dec 1776
Crossing the Delaware
Saratoga Oct 1777
Turning Point of the War.
Yorktown Oct 1781
General Cornwallis surrendered to Washtington
• Established independence• Inspired patriotism• First instance of a colony defeating its
Imperial master• Spread idea of liberty• Promoted antislavery in the North
Numerous northern states abolished slavery thereafter
• Natives support of Britain provided a reason to continue killing them after the war ended
Effects of the Revolution
Famous Revolutionary War Figures
Benedict ArnoldHero of the Battles of
Ticonderoga & Saratoga
Schemed with John Andre to give West Point to the British, but his plan was foiled
Name now is synonymous with betrayal
John Paul JonesFather of the
US Navy “I have not yet
begun to fight!”
Nathan Hale21-year old that
volunteered to go behind enemy lines
Captured and hanged
“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”
Thomas Sumter “Gamecock”General in the
South
Famous Revolutionary War Figures
Ethan Allen
Hero of the Battle of Ticonderoga
Leader of the “Green Mountain Boys”
Francis Marion
“Swamp Fox”
Pioneer of guerilla warfare
Marquis de Lafayette
French general who aided the US
Baron Frederick von Steuben
Prussian general who through drilling turned the US into a formidable fighting force at Valley Forge
• 1st gov. of U.S.• Failed• One branch: legislative (i.e. Congress)Weaknesses:
: Constitution of the U.S. (1776-1800)
Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Ceded land won in the Revolution to the purpose of creating new territories
• After 60,000 settlers inhabited a territory, it could apply for statehood via constitution
• Established American territorial policy
1780s • Economic recession• $50 million national debt• States printed paper money leading to
inflation
• Annapolis Convention Meeting to try and solve economic crisis Only 5 states showed up Agreed to meet again in Philadelphia in 1787
Constitutional Convention
• Causes Merchants and wealthy people that loaned money
began demanding their money back States passed high taxes to collect the money Some states, most notably Mass., said the tax must be paid in specie,
i.e. gold or silver coin. Very rare. Failure to pay could led to jail or foreclosure Tax supported by the rich in the east. Farmers in the west likened it to
British rule• Led by Shays, protesters closed courthouses and raided the
armory at Springfield• Mass. gov had no army so they couldn’t stop them• By Jan. 1787, they had an army and suppressed the rebellion• Importance: displayed the weaknesses of the Articles
Daniel Shays
The Constitutional Convention
• 55 delegates from 12 states (RI did not show) met in secret• Originally designed to amend or revise the Articles of
Confederation Quickly decided to construct a new gov from scratch Both VA and NJ plans would add executive & judicial branches, as
well as give the gov the power to tax and regulate commerce
“Father of the Constitution”
James Madison
Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
# legislative houses
2 1
How representation is determined
Population Equal
How representatives are chosen
Lower House = by popular vote
Upper House = chosen by lower house after state legislatures nominate
Elected by state legislatures
The Great Compromise
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Commerce Compromise
• established that Congress could levy tariffs on imports, but not exports
• allowed theimportation of slaves until the end of 1807
CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES
• System in which power is shared among state and national authorities
• Power is divided among the three branches: executive, legislative, judicial
• No one is all powerful
• Reps term is shorter so that they are directly responsible to the people
• Senators are longer so they can check the whims of popular opinion
• Electoral College set up because they distrusted the people• Did not predict parties would form. • Thus, whenever there is not a majority, the House
decides.
Federal System
Separation of Powers
Why Did they Select It?
• Federalists - Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Favored the Constitution Wrote a series of essays called The Federalist that explained
the system and won popular support Win due to superior organization and Washington’s support. Eventually agree to include a Bill of Rights to appease AFs
• Anti-Federalists - Patrick Henry, George Mason, George Clinton Opposed the Constitution Why?
Absence of GodDenial of States’ rightsIncreased power of central govLack of a Bill of Rights
Ratification
• Capital - New York City• Inauguration - official swearing-in ceremony on April 30, 1789• Washington was careful in his action since he knew everything
would establish a precedent Washington’s Precedents
Referred to as “Mr. President” Neutrality Refused to shake hands. Bowed instead. Added “so help me God” to oath of office Oath takes place outdoors Two Terms
• Cabinet - leaders of the executive departments that also advise the president
• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson In charge of foreign affairs
• Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton In charge of economic policy
The New Government
• Moved to Philadelphia in 1790• Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton have a dinner discussing
assumption – Hamilton’s plan for the federal gov to assume all state debts. Jefferson & Madison agree to Hamilton’s plan, and in return get the
new capital built in the South plus a $1.5 million reduction in tax obligations for VA
• Washington, D.C. becomes capital in 1800
• Why assumption? Foreign nations that were owed money wouldn’t want the gov to collapse since they wouldn’t get their money back. Thus, they have a vested interest in the country surviving, not just a state(s)
• Hamilton’s plan called for a tariff - tax on imported goods & creation of the Bank of the United States
Capitals & Hamilton’s Economic Policies
Alexander Hamilton
• 1789 - French Revolution. New gov soon declares war on England.• Citizen Genêt (1793) - French ambassador begins recruiting
Americans to fight against Britain. To be deported, but a change in the leadership of the French
Revolution meant he would be guillotined if returned. Married and was given U.S. citizenship
• Neutrality - not take either side. Washington proclaims in 1793 Tensions rise between Britain & US Became US’ policy up to WWII
• Jay’s Treaty (1794) - Britain agrees to abandon forts in the Northwest Territory Failed to end British practice of impressment
1790s Foreign Policy
John Jay
• Whiskey Rebellion (1794) - People on the frontier, (esp. western Pennsylvania) refused to pay the Whiskey Tax Closed courthouses & attacked tax collectors Washington personally took command and led 13,000 troops to
suppress the rebels Different from Shays’ Rebellion because this was a tax passed
by Americans, not foreigners Importance: Showed the gov was committed to
enforcing its laws. You need to elect new reps to change gov. Limits to public opposition.
• Rise of Political Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans
1790s in America
Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans
Federalists (Hamilton)
Jeffersonian Republicans
Constitution Loose construction Strong central gov Favored national bank
Strict construction Weak central gov Opposed national bank
National Debt Use debt to establish credit
Pay off debt
Vision of America Pro-business Pro-agriculture
Political Power With wealthy & educated
With the common man
Ally Britain France
Events During the Adams
Administration
XYZ AffairAlien &
Sedition Acts
Virginia & Kentucky
Resolutions
Gabriel Prosser’sRebellion
“as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form” - Jefferson
• Nasty campaign
• Jefferson wins after 36 ballots in the House
• Importance: Peaceful transition of power
• Led to passage of 12th Amendment
• 1812-1814; U.S. vs. Britain & natives• Causes
British support of Natives attacking U.S. Anger over impressment Embargo Act of 1807 – U.S. stops trading with all nations Economic recession in America; Depression in Britain
• Britain burns Washington, D.C.• Hartford Convention (1814) – New England
threatens to secede • Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) ends war.
Old boundaries restored.• Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 1815)
U.S. defeats British Makes Andrew Jackson a national hero
War of 1812