U.S History Ch. 10

American Imperialism

MI #1: Global competition caused the United States to expand

• Section 1: Imperialism and America became good friends due to global competition

• Imperialism: policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

• American Expansionism or Imperialism began to be practiced as a way to compete with other imperialist powers of Europe– Global Competition occurred in Africa and Asia, three

factors fueled the new American Imperialism: 1. Desire for military strength2. Thirst for new markets3. Belief in cultural superiority

• Desire for Military Strength became a competition between other western European countries. The U.S. began by increasing its navy to match other world powers

• Thirst for New Markets became the vaccine for unemployment and economic depression as American overproduction needed to go somewhere & the need for raw materials increased

• Belief in Cultural Superiority centered around:• Social Darwinism: the free-market competition of the survival

of the fittest; Anglo-Saxons were racially superior. • The belief that Christianity would also help other people

American Imperialism 1898

3-2-1 Activity-3 Thoughts -2 Questions -1 Analogy

Imperialism in Action

• The U.S. takes Hawaii, not before U.S. took over Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean

– The Cry for Annexation began as American-owned sugar plantations accounted for about 3/4 of the islands’ wealth, they did not want to pay high tariffs. U.S. military and economic leaders already understood the value of the islands. Pearl Harbor was built is 1887.

– The End of a Monarchy, King Kalakaua had been strong-armed by white business leaders to amend Hawaii’s constitution, effectively limiting voting rights to wealthy landowners

– Kalakaua died and his sister came to power, and she was overthrown by a revolution organized by white wealthy landowners and marines

– McKinley annexed Hawaii in 1898 and in 1959 Hawaii became the 50th state

Queen Lilioukalani (Hawaii’s Last Queen)

Alaska

• The U.S. acquires Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867. Some called this purchase by William Seward “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly”, 1859 Alaska becomes a state

• MI #2: The U.S. went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain

Section 2: The Spanish-American War occurred in 1898 as U.S. went to war with Spain to help Cuba win its independence from Spain

• Cubans Rebel Against Spain

– American Interest in Cuba has been long standing since it is only 90 miles off of the Florida coast; Following the emancipation of slaves in Cuba, American capitalists began investing millions of dollars in large sugar cane plantations

– The Second War for Independence was started by Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York; Marti organized and launched resistance against Spain using guerrilla tactics, including destroying American sugar plantations banking on U.S. intervention to help liberate Cuba

SEE… THINK… WONDER…

• War Fever Escalates as Spain tried to restore order by sending the entire rural population of central and western Cuba into barbed wire concentration camps where thousands died– Headline Wars of the concentration camps fueled the

desire for war as yellow journalism exaggerated the news to lure and enrage readers

– Yellow Journalism: a form of journalism that exploits, distorts or exaggerates the news to create false sensations and attract readers

– The De Lome, Spanish minister to the United States, Letter was published in New York Journal; The letter called President McKinley “weak” and a “bidder for the admiration of the crowd”; Americans were angered over the letter

– The U.S.S. Maine Explodes as it was sent to ensure Americans were pulled out of harm’s way, but while in port in Havana the U.S.S. Maine blew up, and the newspapers and journals automatically blamed the Spanish; 260 men were killed

1. How does this cartoon relate to what we covered in Section 2?

2. Create your own example of yellow journalism

• War With Spain Erupts as the slogan of “Remember the Maine!” became the rallying cry for the U.S. – The War in the Philippines was the first battle of the

Spanish-American War, and within two months the Spanish surrendered to the U.S.

– The War in the Caribbean began with a blockade of Cuba by the U.S. and the training of an Army

– Rough Riders led by Leonard Wood, Roosevelt & other U.S. forces landed and began to fight; The Battle began with a successful attack on Kettle Hill and then on San Juan Hill; U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet as they tried to escape the blockade and the war was over

– Treaty of Paris signified what was called “a splendid little war” as the actual fighting only lasted for 15 weeks; The Treaty of Paris freed Cuba, and turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S.; Spain also sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million

– Debate Over the Treaty centered on the right of the U.S. to take over the Philippines, and McKinley concluded there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all and educate and uplift and Christianize them

MI #1: The U.S. engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines

• Section 3: Acquiring New Lands included Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines

• Ruling Puerto Rico was favored by some Puerto Ricans, and other wanted self-rule or freedom– Military Rule occurred directly following the war to

provide protection

– Returning to Civil Government occurred as the Foraker Act ended military rule and set up a civil government where the President appointed Puerto Rico’s governor and the members of the upper house its legislature; Puerto Ricans could only elect members of the lower house; In 1917 Congress granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans and allowed them to elect the upper house members as well

Activity1. What is on the Bill of Fare or menu, in this restaurant?

2. Which President does the Waiter portray?

3. What seems to be Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the menu?

Cuba and the United States

– American Soldiers occupied Cuba when the war ended providing food and clothing, helped farmers, organized schools, improved sanitation and medical research, and helped to eliminate yellow fever; To the dismay of many Cubans, Spanish leaders were left in power

“White Man’s Burden”By Rudyard Kipling

Take up the White Man’s Burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man’s Burden-And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye guard—The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light—“Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?”

Take up the White Man’s burden-Ye dare not stoop to less-Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloak your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do,The silent, sullen peoplesShall weigh your gods and you.

Summary:Whites have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural

development of people from other cultural backgrounds until they can

take their place in the world economically and socially.

BASIC IDEA:The rich (whites) have a moral duty

and obligation to help the poor “better” themselves whether the

poor want the help or not.

“White Man’s Burden”1. According to Kipling, what is

the “White Man’s Burden”?

2. Based on this poem, how did imperialists think of the countries they were taking over?

3. Explain what is going on in the image.

– Platt Amendment were amendments to the Cuban constitution and started

1. Cuba could not make treaties2. U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba3. Cuba was not to go into debt that its

government could not repay4. U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for

naval and refueling stations

– The U.S. stated it would not withdraw troops until the Platt Amendment was accepted, and it was accepted and Cuba became a U.S. protectorate (a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power)

– Protecting American Business Interests was the number one reason for the protectorate

Filipinos Rebel when the Treaty of Paris is signed and vowed to fight for their freedom

– Philippine-American War occurred and the U.S. used the same tactics they condemned Spain for using in Cuba (forcing zones for the living with poor sanitation, down in three years and cost $400 million (20 times the price the U.S. paid Spain)

– Aftermath of War saw the U.S. set up the same type of government structure it had in Puerto Rico; Philippines became an independent republic in 1946

Video Activity• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tAgg3O

Ctls&list=PL7BC34479998B28D5&index=5Color, Symbol and Image

From the video

Foreign Influence in China was easier with the purchase of the Philippines as American investors saw a great opportunity to make money off of the “sick man of Asia” carving out spheres of influence– John Hay’s Open Door Notes were letters addressed to the

leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the U.S., thus creating an open door for all nations to exploit China

– The Boxer Rebellion in China, a group named for their practice of martial arts, killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners; Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and American forces put down the rebellion within two months killing thousands of Chinese

John Hay’s“Open Door Policy”

I see…..I think…I wonder…Discuss with a partner1. Identify who the individuals

represent.2. What is happening to China in

the image?

MI #1: The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Cana, and the Mexican Revolution added to America’s military and economic

power

• Section 4: America as a World Power continued to increase with the Mexican Revolution

• Teddy Roosevelt and the World – Roosevelt, the Peacemaker, mediated a conclusion to the Japanese-

Russo War expanding U.S. global power in Asia

• Panama Canal initially had two perspective routes, one through Nicaragua and the other through Panama (a province of Columbia); The U.S. bought the rights from the French to continue the canal in Panama, but first the U.S. had to get permission from the Columbian government; Negotiations broke down and the U.S. supported and funded a Panamanian revolution creating a sovereign nation, Panama; In exchange, along with $10 million and a rental fee of $250,000 a year the U.S. built the Panama Canal

• http://video.pbs.org/video/2365318842/3-2-1 Activity

3 Thoughts 2 Questions 1 Analogy

Construction on the Panama Canal

• Constructing the Canal ranks as one of the greatest engineering feats; Builders fought disease, volcanic soil, draining swamps, and more than 5,600 workers on the canal died from accidents or disease; The total cost was $380 million for the U.S.; The canal opened in 1914

– The Roosevelt Corollary in 1904 added to the Monroe Doctrine warning that disorder in Latin America might “force the U.S. to exercise its international police power”; Essentially it stated the U.S. would protect its economic interests in Latin America

– Dollar Diplomacy was the practice of the U.S. government guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries by American Business people

Color Symbol Slogan

That captures the idea of the map and image

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy gave the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary a moral tone to it as Wilson cited “missionary diplomacy”

– The Mexican Revolution occurred when Mexican peasants and workers led by Madero overthrow Diaz; Madero could not keep power and Huerta seized power

– Intervention in Mexico was a reaction to the arrest of a small group of American sailors in Mexico; Wilson used this as an excuse to intervene ordering U.S. Marines to invade; An agreement was made for Huerta (President) to step down and the U.S. to withdraw their troops; Carranza was the next to take power in Mexico

– Rebellion in Mexico occurred as Carranza was in charge, and was fighting with Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata over control of Mexico; The U.S. recognized Carranza’s government and Villa vowed reprisals against the U.S.; Villa’s men shot and killed American engineers who were in Mexico to work mines, and later Villa’s men killed 17 more Americans in Columbus, New Mexico

– Chasing Villa included an executive order from Wilson and headed by General Pershing to take 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa dead or alive; Pershing was unsuccessful and several clashes with the Mexican army occurred, and Wilson backed down recalling Pershing and the soldiers

Sources

• http://www.infobarrel.com/media/image/43582_max.jpg

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/teachers-resources/panama-guide

• http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pancho-Villa-3.jpg

Standards• 6.2.1 Growth of U.S. Global Power – Locate on a map the territories (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Hawaii, Panama Canal Zone) acquired by the United States during its emergence as an

imperial power between 1890 and 1914, and analyze the role the Spanish American War, the Philippine Revolution, the Panama

Canal, the Open Door Policy, and the Roosevelt Corollary played in expanding America’s global influence and re-defining its foreign policy. (National Geography Standards 1 and 3; p.184 and 188)