1 U.S. History EOC Review - detailed I. Colonization through the Constitution 20% Standard 1 1. Southern Colonies: Location & Place: settlement, Transportation, & Economic Development Settled near rivers and on the eastern Atlantic Coast Chesapeake Bay enabled transatlantic travel to Europe to trade Long growing season and warm climate encouraged Plantation Agriculture Rich soil allowed growth of tobacco and other agricultural crops 2. Virginia Company Joint-Stock Company; established Jamestown, Virginia Jamestown, first permanent English settlement 1607 3. Tobacco Cultivation Provided wealth for Virginia and helped it survive as a colony. Effect was to start the slave trade in Virginia as a labor source 4. Powhatan Native American chief first had peaceful relation with the colonists in Virginia but soon things turned violent over land and colonial westward expansion. 5. Virginia House of Burgesses Was the first example of a Representative democracy (government) in the colonies. Compared with Town Meetings; was a type of legislature or lawmaking body Contrasted with Town meetings; representatives were voted for by citizens who then passed laws 6. Bacon’s Rebellion Class warfare between wealthy aristocratic planters and the governor who owned land along the tidewater rivers emptying into the Chesapeake Bay Frontier farmer wanted land further west in the frontier with river access Tidewater elite engaged in fur trade Incident example of westward expansion pressure and the early conflicts over land 7. Development of Slavery Slavery Developed within the southern colonies because of the need for labor. Tobacco was labor intensive and Indentured Servants became too costly 8. New England: Location & Place: settlement, Transportation, & Economic Development Settled near rivers and on the eastern Atlantic Coast Close proximity to the Atlantic coast enabled transatlantic travel to Europe to trade Economic make-up based more on manufacturing, Industry, Commerce, and trade 9. Religious reasons for settlement in New England Settled New England to escape religious persecution 10. King Philips War Resulted in a lasting defeat for Native Americans in Massachusetts. Illustrated Conflict between colonists and Native Americans. emphasized conflict resulting from pressure of Westward Expansion of the colonies 11. Town Hall meetings Occurred in the New England Colonies as a form of colonial government. Compared with Virginia House of Burgesses: a legislature or law making body Contrasted with VA House of Burgesses: Direct Democracy where citizens have direct vote and are not represented.
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U.S. History EOC Review - detailed
I. Colonization through the Constitution 20% Standard 1 1. Southern Colonies: Location & Place: settlement, Transportation, & Economic Development
Settled near rivers and on the eastern Atlantic Coast Chesapeake Bay enabled transatlantic travel to Europe to trade Long growing season and warm climate encouraged Plantation Agriculture Rich soil allowed growth of tobacco and other agricultural crops
2. Virginia Company Joint-Stock Company; established Jamestown, Virginia Jamestown, first permanent English settlement 1607
3. Tobacco Cultivation Provided wealth for Virginia and helped it survive as a colony. Effect was to start the slave trade in Virginia as a labor source
4. Powhatan Native American chief first had peaceful relation with the colonists in Virginia but soon
things turned violent over land and colonial westward expansion. 5. Virginia House of Burgesses
Was the first example of a Representative democracy (government) in the colonies. Compared with Town Meetings; was a type of legislature or lawmaking body Contrasted with Town meetings; representatives were voted for by citizens who then
passed laws 6. Bacon’s Rebellion
Class warfare between wealthy aristocratic planters and the governor who owned land along the tidewater rivers emptying into the Chesapeake Bay
Frontier farmer wanted land further west in the frontier with river access Tidewater elite engaged in fur trade Incident example of westward expansion pressure and the early conflicts over land
7. Development of Slavery Slavery Developed within the southern colonies because of the need for labor. Tobacco was labor intensive and Indentured Servants became too costly
8. New England: Location & Place: settlement, Transportation, & Economic Development Settled near rivers and on the eastern Atlantic Coast Close proximity to the Atlantic coast enabled transatlantic travel to Europe to trade Economic make-up based more on manufacturing, Industry, Commerce, and trade
9. Religious reasons for settlement in New England Settled New England to escape religious persecution
10. King Philips War Resulted in a lasting defeat for Native Americans in Massachusetts. Illustrated Conflict
between colonists and Native Americans. emphasized conflict resulting from pressure of Westward Expansion of the colonies
11. Town Hall meetings Occurred in the New England Colonies as a form of colonial government. Compared with Virginia House of Burgesses: a legislature or law making body Contrasted with VA House of Burgesses: Direct Democracy where citizens have direct
vote and are not represented.
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12. Religious Tensions: Half-Way covenant
Attempt by Puritan church to boost its membership Church declining because of rigid religious beliefs and changing new generation
13. Religious Tensions: Rhode Island Roger Williams exiled for promoting democratic values provided religious toleration to all believers; promoted a separation of local government (state) and church
14. Religious Tensions: Salem Witch Trials people tried in Massachusetts for being witches and killed example of a merging of local government and church operations religious tension in New England
15. Loss of the Massachusetts Charter Massachusetts lost its charter because it refused to abide by Great Britain’s Navigation
Act arguing that it had a corporate charter. King Charles changed the Charter to a Royal Charter (Transition to Royal colony) against the colonists will (involuntarily).
Boston will become the hotbed of the American Revolution 16. Mid-Atlantic Colonies: Location & Place: settlement, Transportation, & Economic Development
Moderate growing seasons Large New York Harbor & Rivers systems enabled transatlantic travel to Europe to trade
17. New Amsterdam – English takeover Owned by Dutch Became a very profitable trading center for the Dutch King Charles took the colony by force, without war, and changed its name to New York Later will be the financial center of the United States and critical in the internal
infrastructure of the U.S. and international trade. 18. Settlement of Pennsylvania
William Penn settled it as a refuge for Quakers 19. French Settlement to Quebec – reasons settled
France settled Quebec because of the Fur Trade. France wanted to engage in the fur trade with Native Americans but did not wish to
transplant colonies in settlement like the English were doing.
Standard 2 20. Mercantilism
England used this economic system in the 17th century; (1600s) has a positive affect because it resulted in the colonization (or creation) of the North American Colonies that would later become the United States.
Raw materials would be shipped to England, and then England would create manufactured products and ship them back to the American Colonies and other countries for a profit.
The plan was for Great Britain to have a favorable balance of trade in which it exported more than it imported.
21. Transatlantic trade The trade route, across the Atlantic Ocean, that was used to exercise Mercantilism
between Great Britain and the American colonies. The routes were from the American colonies in North America to Europe, then down to
Africa, and then from Africa to the West Indies and North America. The triangular shape of the route causes some people to refer to it as Triangular trade.
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22. Middle Passage
The passage in the bottom middle of Triangular (Transatlantic) trade in which African slaves were shipped from West Africa to the West Indies sugar plantations and the Tobacco plantations in the Southern American colonies.
23. Growth of African population and African-American culture The influx of slaves into southern colonies because of labor intensive agriculture created
a situation in which the black population of southern colonies doubled. African American culture was ingrained in the population of the south through music, art, weaving, and ways of life. Tobacco cultivation was the spark that created the immigration and the cultural exchange.
24. Benjamin Franklin: example of Social Mobility & Individualism he rose out of poverty to become a wealthy printer, diplomat, and inventor Example of how hard work, self reliance (individualism) can move a person’s social
standing. This was unheard of in the old world. American was a land of opportunity for any person regardless of their social standing at birth.
25. Great Awakening A religious revival in the American colonies. Colonists questioned the authority of their church. The churches separated from the
Royal British Church and declared its independence from European corruption. This belligerence transferred over into individuals questioning independence the Royal
government in Great Britain. Religious movement behind the independence movement.
Standard 3 26. French & Indian War; laid foundation for American Revolution
Laid the groundwork for the American Revolution because the F&I war left Great Britain in debt (War debt). Great Britain began taxing the colonist who then rebelled.
27. Treaty of Paris 1763 Ended the French & Indian War and left Great Britain the most powerful nation in
control of North America because in the Treaty Great Britain acquired all lands east of the Mississippi River.
28. Proclamation of 1763 King George III declared that no colonist could settle or colonize west of the Appalachian
Mountains. King George III made proclamation to avoid hostilities and conflict between the Native
Americans in the western frontier and the colonists because Great Britain was in debt and could not mobilize troops because to do so cost money they did not have.
American colonists disobeyed the proclamation and went anyway. 29. Stamp Act
An attempt by Great Britain to get out of debt caused by French and Indian War Tax on the colonists in the form of an impression on paper like Newspapers, legal
papers, playing cards, etc. Was the first direct tax on American colonists American colonists rebelled and said “No taxation without Representation” A stamp Act Congress was called and colonists agreed to Boycott British Goods The Stamp Act was repealed by Great Britain
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30. Intolerable Acts Passed as a response to the Boston tea party; called coercive acts by British Boston and other colonies governments were shut down; British troops were quartered
in colonist’s homes, 31. Sons of Liberty
Formed to resist British attempts to tax or control Colonial economy, dumped the tea in Boston harbor, leader was Samuel Adams and their goal was to resist British actions against the colonist
32. Daughters of Liberty Women sewed, weaved, fabric during the colonial boycott to help in the Revolution by
making products that were normally bought from Great Britain. 33. Committees of Correspondence
A secret alliance between the colonies to resist British policies and the first time the colonist united in opposition during the Revolution. Agreed to Boycott British goods as a strategy of resistance.
Standard 4 34. Thomas Paine
Author of Common Sense 35. Common Sense
Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to convince many people in the colonies that they should declare their independence from Great Britain.
36. Declaration of Independence Written document declaring that Americans have Unalienable Rights (Natural Rights)
given to them by their creator: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness Also includes the Social Contract theory: government was formed exists on the consent
of the people and has a duty to protect individual’s unalienable rights. If it does not it can be overthrown and a new government created.
Written as a Justification of Rebellion by the American Colonists from Great Britain Has three parts: Part I is the preamble, Part II informs of Unalienable Rights and Social
Contract, and Part III lists the grievances the colonists have against King George III as examples of why the colonies are separating from Great Britain.
37. Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence
38. John Locke English Philosopher who wrote during the Enlightenment Influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of Natural Rights and Social contract theory and
the consent of the governed ideas into the Declaration of Independence. 39. Natural Rights
Life, Liberty, and Property as written by John Locke 40. Inalienable Rights
Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness as written by Thomas Jefferson 41. Social Contract theory
Government was formed exists on the consent of the people and has a duty to protect individual’s unalienable rights. If it does not it can be overthrown and a new government created
42. Benjamin Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette & French Alliance and Assistance Benjamin Franklin was ambassador to France that worked hard to get the French
government to make an alliance with the New United States and by giving assistance by
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loaning weapons and sending French troops and the French Navy to assist the U.S. against the invasion by Great Britain.
Marquis de Lafayette helped lead French Troops and was instrumental in the Battle Yorktown that resulted in an American victory.
The French Alliance and Foreign assistance helped the United States win the Revolutionary War by working together and capturing British General Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown.
43. George Washington, Military leader: creating Professional Army George Washington was chosen the General of the continental army during the
American Revolution and overcome obstacles, didn’t give up, and showed true leadership abilities.
He transformed a very inexperienced group of farmers into a professional army. Baron Frederick von Steuben hired by General Washington, drilled unskilled men to
make them into a professional army by teaching them to align correctly and how to use the Bayonet and musket.
44. Life of a common soldier Common soldiers went hungry, without shoes, ammunition, or proper equipment and
suffered disease extreme weather and sometimes tried to desert. The crossing of the Delaware boosted their morale by giving them hope that they could
win the war. 45. Crossing of the Delaware River
George Washington’s Crossing of the Delaware River during the Revolutionary War was significant because it was a victory after a long series of defeats
The victory boosted Morale of the American troops. The American troops defeated the British and Hessians at the Battle of Trenton in New
Jersey. 46. Valley Forge
The lowest point of the Revolutionary War where soldiers wintered, suffered through a polio outbreak, extreme cold, and starved but General George Washington drilled and trained the soldiers to become more professional.
47. Battle of Yorktown The last battle of the American Revolution French troops and French Navy used in the Chesapeake Bay and on the James and York
River cornered British General Cornwallis in and captured him there at Yorktown. 48. Geography & Capture of British General Cornwallis
The Geography of the Battle of Yorktown was important because American and French forces used the peninsula there to capture General Cornwallis.
The capture of General Cornwallis was significant because it caused (Forced) parliament to negotiate for peace during the Revolutionary War.
49. Treaty of Paris 1783 Parliament officially recognized U.S. independence in the Treaty of Paris 1783
Standard 5 50. Articles of Confederation
The Articles of confederation were too weak because there was no National judicial branch, No executive branch, 9 of 13 states needed to pass laws, each state had only one vote, and all 13 states were needed to amend the Articles. Congress could not tax or regulate interstate trade.
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51. Daniel Shays’ Rebellion & call for stronger central government Shay’s rebellion revealed that the Articles of Confederation was too weak because a
group of retired revolutionary soldiers almost took over Massachusetts. Debtors tried to foreclose and take citizen’s farms Many felt a stronger government was needed that included a strong executive that
could put down rebellion and a National court system to settle disputes. 52. Federalists
A group that supported a strong central government that had more power than the states.
Supported the United States Constitution that was created at the Constitutional Convention.
53. Federalism A government created that allowed a National and state governments to exist
simultaneously over the people and with legal and constitutional protection against the destruction by the other.
We have the United States government in Washington, D.C. But we also have the Georgia Government in Atlanta (49 other states have theirs)
54. Federalists Papers The Federalist was a series of 85 essays written by the Federalist (John Jay, Alexander
Hamilton, and James Madison) to convince states and individuals to ratify (vote approval of) the U.S. Constitution.
55. Anti-Federalists The Anti-Federalist wanted strong state governments and feared strong central
government and refused to ratify the U.S. Constitution without a Bill of Rights. 56. Republic
A form of government where elected officials are voted for by the citizens and then the representatives run government. There is no king. The Federalist argued in defense of a large Republic in their debates with Anti-federalists who argued for small republics (states),
57. Factions A group of individuals, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a
common political purpose that wish to used government to advance their very limited and selfish goals.
These groups oppose others that have goals that are different than their own Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans Proslavery v. Anti-Slavery Democrat v. Republican Environmentalist v. Big Business
58. Checks and Balances A mechanism or principle in the U.S. Constitution that ensures that no one branch of
government will overthrow the other two. Executive, Legislative, and Judicial place checks on one another to limit power and
protect individual rights and government by the people. 59. Alexander Hamilton
Federalist Author of The Federalist Papers Supported ratification of the U.S. Constitution
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Supported a strong centralized government Became the leader of the Federalist political party
60. James Madison Father of the U.S. Constitution Author of The Federalist Papers Author of the Bill of Rights
61. U.S. Constitution Created in the Summer of 1787 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania at the Constitutional
Convention Created to strengthen the United States
62. Great Compromise Large states suggested the Virginia Plan that created a bicameral legislature based on
population of each state. Small states suggested the New Jersey Plan that created a unicameral legislature based on equal proportion or one representative per state.
Great Compromise created the U.S. Congress and made sure large and small states were represented in the new legislature created under the U.S. Constitution
Large states population used to determine membership in the House of Representatives Small states represented in the Senate (two per state)
63. Montesquieu -Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu influenced the U.S. Constitution with Separation of Powers and
Checks and Balances in his pamphlet the Spirit of the Laws. Both were included in the U.S. Constitution as a way to limit government power
64. Limited Government A government that was neither too weak (like the Articles of Confederation) nor too
strong (Like Parliament and King George III in England) but was a balance between the two – created by having checks and balances and separation of powers as well as federalism.
65. 3/5ths Compromise Slavery issue was settled in determining representation for each state in the legislature
with the 3/5ths compromise. Three out of every five slaves would be counted in the Census to determine that states’ representation in the House of Representatives
66. Bill of Rights – Protector of States and Individuals First ten Amendments (changes )of the United States Constitution Were proposed and then ratified after the U.S. Constitution was ratified The Bill of Rights protects individuals against abusive acts by the National government The Bill of Rights also protects the States from abusive acts by reserving power not given
to the national government to the states in the 10th Amendment. 67. George Washington
First President of the United States. 68. Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion revealed that the U.S. government was strong under the U.S. Constitution. (Opposite of Shay’s Rebellion).
George Washington used the U.S. Military, as commander and chief, to put down an internal rebellion.
69. Farewell Address: Neutrality Proclamation, nonintervention in Europe Neutrality Proclamation: George Washington warned leaders to stay out of conflicts in
Europe that may put us in international conflicts. Our country needed time to grow and
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improve in trade and commerce. Avoid entangling alliances and non-intervention in Europe are some terms you may encounter that mean the same thing.
70. Farewell Address: Avoid forming Political parties George Washington warned leaders against forming political parties.
71. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist The first political parties formed when Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) opposed Thomas
Jefferson (Democratic Republicans). Hamilton favored a strong national government while Jefferson favored strong state governments
72. Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican The first political parties formed when Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) opposed Thomas
Jefferson (Democratic Republicans). Hamilton favored a strong national government while Jefferson favored strong state governments
73. John Adams, Alien & Sedition Acts Laws passed to silence supporters of Thomas Jefferson Deported citizens of other countries who spoke out against the government Arrested U.S. citizens for speaking out against the government
74. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification Doctrine Thomas Jefferson & James Madison opposed the Alien & Sedition Acts Wrote VA & KY resolutions Argued Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional because they violated the First
Amendment – freedom of speech and the press Nullification Doctrine: Stated states had the right to refuse to enforce the Alien &
Sedition Acts within their border. 75. Thomas Jefferson & James Madison
Authors of the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
II. New Republic through Reconstruction 20% Standard 6 1. Territorial Expansion
Is the action created in reaction to the idea of manifest Destiny Growth of the US – new Land, New territories, then new states Westward expansion is another term used with this idea
2. Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance hurt Native Americans. Also established how territories would
become states and was passed under the Articles of confederation. Also outlawed Slavery in the Northwest Territory and sold one section to finance public education.
Northwest Territory was South of the Great lakes, east of the Mississippi River, and North of the Ohio River.
3. Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson wanted to purchase the Port of New Orleans so the U.S. could get
control of the Mississippi River; Initially offered Napoleon of France money for the Port of New Orleans but Napoleon
offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 Million. Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.
4. Lewis & Clarke Expedition Lewis and Clarke were hired by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory
(Corps of Discovery) Lewis and Clarke were looking for a Northwest route to the Pacific Ocean.
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They documented their travels in journals and included information about Native American culture, plant and wildlife.
5. War of 1812 Reasons I – Impressment; Great Britain forcing U.S. fishermen and other neutral ship’s men, who
were U.S. citizens, into the British navy against their will I – Interference; Blockade the Atlantic Ocean and keep the U.S. from trading with France
and other nations even though the U.S. was neutral. I – Insistence; British refusing to leave the forts in the Ohio River Valley; engaged in fur
trade with Native Americans I – Incite; gave Native Americans weapons to create chaos on the border of the U.S.
6. War of 1812 Significance on National identity The U.S. winning the War of 1812 boosted a sense of patriotism and unity among U.S.
citizens The Battle of New Orleans was the last battle in the War of 1812 and Andrew Jackson
became a national hero. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812.
7. Erie Canal East U.S. and West U.S. were divided by the Appalachian Mountains and trade and
commerce were difficult. The Erie Canal was manmade; connected eastern U.S. to Western U.S. (Atlantic Ocean
to Great Lakes region). Improved the Infrastructure, and trade and commerce of the United States.
8. Rise of New York city Because New York City was located at the intersection of the Hudson River and the
Atlantic Ocean became a center of international trade and commerce between the U.S. and Europe. The Hudson’s connection to the Erie Canal connected the Atlantic coast to the inner frontier.
9. Development of Infrastructure Travel became easier and cheaper for people and for commodities and goods been
traded. Transportation improved in the United States. 10. Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 warned European Nations not to attempt colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
Standard 7 11. Industrial Revolution
Era in U.S. history when skilled labor was replaced by machine labor. Mostly in the form of textile mills in factories.
12. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Eli Whitney’s Cotton gin contributed to the South’s increased need for slave labor
before the civil War. 13. Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts (parts put in box shook up and Muskets reassembled) contributed to the rapid rise of industrial growth in the North before the civil war. Machines in factories could use these interchangeable parts in their construction. North becomes more industrialized as a result.
14. Eli Whitney’s impact on Sectionalism Eli Whitney’s two inventions contributed to Sectionalism in the U.S. because it
magnified the difference in the economies of the North and South.
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15. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the idea that God wanted the U.S. to expand (or own) all land
from the Atlantic Ocean all the Way to the Pacific Ocean. The concept Territorial expansion should make you automatically think of Manifest Destiny.
Texas Independence; War with Mexico & resulting Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase, and Oregon compromise with Great Britain finalized Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion in the continental U.S.
16. Reform Movements: Temperance Temperance Movement was a movement in the 19th Century to end the consumption of
alcohol. Culminated into the Prohibition movement in the 1920s
17. Reform Movements: Abolition The movement to end slavery. An abolitionist opposes slavery. William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas, Grimke Sisters are leaders
18. Reform Movements: Public School Horace Mann pioneered the Common School movement that sought to provide public
education for children at government cost, extend the school year, and improve pay for teachers.
19. Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Women’s Suffrage Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in the Women’s suffrage
(right to vote) movement. The Declaration of Sentiments was worded much like the Declaration of Independence but included the word “Women” and spoke to men in the U.S. instead of King George III.
20. Seneca Falls Convention Meeting called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Place where leaders met to decide if a
movement would begin for the equal rights of women, including the right to vote 21. Declaration of Sentiments
The Declaration of Sentiments was worded much like the Declaration of Independence but included the word “Women” and spoke to men in the U.S. instead of King George III.
22. Jacksonian Democracy The concept Jacksonian Democracy refers to the extension of voting rights to ordinary
citizens. This was achieved by dropping the land ownership (property) requirement for voting.
Standard 8 23. North/South Tensions; Sectionalism
Refers to the differences between the north and south that caused each region to pull away from the other (Economically, politically, and socially).
The divisions between north and south over the slavery issue Divisions also were along economic lines such as tariffs Wedge that pushed the North and South apart Opposite of Nationalism
24. Slave Rebellion of Nat Turner The main understanding of Nat Turner was that he opposed Slavery. He did this by
causing a slave revolt in Southampton Virginia in 1832. Nat Turner’s actions also caused North/South tensions (sectionalism) within the United
States. Turner can be considered a violent abolitionist
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25. William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison was an abolitionist (Wanted to end slavery) and was publisher of
The Liberator. 26. Frederick Douglas
Frederick Douglas was an abolitionist and was publisher of the North Star. 27. Grimke Sisters
The Grimke Sisters (Sarah and Angelina) were abolitionist women who spoke out against slavery even though their parents owned a slave plantation and they grew up witnessing slavery.
28. Missouri Compromise 1820 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 established the 36-30 line of latitude separating
Northern Anti-slavery states (against slavery) and Southern Proslavery states (for slavery). Missouri was allowed in as a slave state and Maine was allowed in as a free state.
Missouri Compromise contributed to Sectionalism because it split the country in two pieces geographically. Slavery allowed south of the 36-30 line and not allowed above it.
29. Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis in 1828 was caused by an increase in Tariffs, or taxes on imported
goods. This Tariff was the highest in U.S. history at the time.
30. States’ Rights ideology idea that states were more powerful than the national government States existed before the U.S. Constitution created the national government If the national government made a law that states considered unconstitutional then the
states could refuse to enforce it within state borders (Nullification Doctrine) Nationalists, or National Rights ideology, believe this to not be the case and argued that
the Supremacy Clause in the Constitution said national laws were the supreme law of the land until the Supreme Court decided otherwise.
31. John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was involved in the Nullification Crisis of 1832 and
argued State’s rights ideology (idea that states were more powerful than the national government).
Calhoun argued the protective tariff benefitted the North at the expense of the South because it was created to protect New England manufacturing.
32. Sectionalism South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union, President Andrew Jackson
received the Force bill from Congress giving him the authority to use military force against South Carolina
The Nullification Crisis was averted when Henry Clay offered a new, lower tariff, which both sides agreed to enforce.
In the end the National Rights group won argument; sectionalism was very much alive. 33. War with Mexico & David Wilmot’s Provisio
The dispute over the Texas Border caused a war between the U.S. and Mexico (Mexican American War).
David Wilmot proposed an amendment to outlaw slavery in lands acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican American War (Mexican Cession). The amendment failed but caused North/South tensions.
The ultimate goal of the Wilmot Proviso was to stop the spread of slavery westward.
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34. Compromise of 1850 The California Gold Rush in 1849 caused a huge population shift westward (territorial
expansion) because people wanted to find gold and get rich quick. California applied for statehood as a free state. This created North/South tensions or
sectionalism between proslavery and antislavery forces. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter as a free state, slave trade
outlawed in Washington, D.C.; Fugitive slave act passed. And the Utah and New Mexico territories would use Popular Sovereignty to determine if their territories would be free or slave states.
Standard 9 35. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by congress and stated that territories that wished to become states would determine if they would be a free state or slave state through Popular Sovereignty (people of the state will vote on it).
36. Popular Sovereignty People of the territory will vote, at the polls in elections, to determine if their state will
be slave or free. 37. Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas (small scale battles in Kansas) revealed that Popular Sovereignty was a failure.
Two state governments and two proposed Constitutions were submitted to Congress from Kansas, one was Anti-slavery and the other Pro-slavery.
38. Dred Scott Case In the Dred Scott Decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was property
and not a citizen and further stated that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Kansas Nebraska Act were unconstitutional because they deprived people of their property without due process of law (violation of the 5th amendment).
36°-30" line in Missouri Compromise & Popular Sovereignty both unconstitutional according Dred Scott case; Northwest Ordinance essentially was declared unconstitutional because it outlawed slavery in its territory in violation of due process clause.
39. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry Virginia John Brown attempted a slave rebellion when he tried to arm slaves by taking the
Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. His actions could be characterized as violent and he opposed slavery (abolitionist).
His actions also caused Sectionalism, North-South Tensions that led to the Civil War 40. Presidential Election of 1860
President Abraham Lincoln won the Presidency as a Republican because the Democrats split on the slavery issue.
Southerners thought Lincoln wanted to end slavery and they seceded. 41. Secession
Withdrawing from the Union, ending relationship as a state within the United States. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the United States after the Election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States.
42. Civil War Sectionalism and ultimately the Civil War were caused by the dispute between the
North and South over the Westward Expansion of Slavery.
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43. Lincoln’s Efforts to Save the Union Abraham Lincoln’s main focus during the Civil War was saving (preserving) the Union.
This can be seen in his Gettysburg Address, 2nd Inaugural Address, and Suspension of Habeas Corpus for suspected spies in Washington, D.C.
44. Lincoln’s use of Emergency Powers: Suspension of Habeas Corpus Suspension of Habeas Corpus means that suspected spies were not allowed to go before
a Judge, be formed of their charges, bond out of jail, or have a trial by Jury. President Abraham Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus to protect the capitol of the
United States from southern spies. 45. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
The purpose of the Civil War in the northern war effort was extended to freeing the slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation.
Lincoln only freed slaves in South so he would not offend Border States and make them secede from the Union as well.
46. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address Justified a moral basis for the war effort in the North during the
civil war. This address was given at a cemetery. President Lincoln was attempting to persuade northern people willing to give up after the Battle of Gettysburg to fight on and finish what the soldiers started so that “none shall have died in vain”
47. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address promised, “Charity for All and Malice toward none”
indicating he didn’t wish to punish the south but instead wanted to reunite the states. 48. Leaders of the Civil War: Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America (South) during the Civil War. 49. Leaders of the Civil War: Robert E. Lee
Head General of the Confederate States of America His army was known as the Army of Northern Virginia General Robert E. Lee (South) surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant (Union) at
Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia to end the Civil War. 50. Leaders of the Civil War: Stonewall Jackson
General Robert E. Lee’s best General (his “right hand”) Killed by friendly fire by his own men at the Battle of Chancellorsville
51. Leaders of the Civil War: Ulysses S. Grant After several attempts to find a great General, Lincoln Choose General Grant General Grant was successful in the Siege of Vicksburg which split the Confederate
States of America in two. 52. Leaders of the Civil War: William T. Sherman
William T. Sherman was a Union General (North) that burned down Atlanta, GA and made a “March to the Sea” to Savannah.
He also fought with General Grant at Vicksburg 53. Battles of the Civil War: Fort Sumter
Is important because it is the location where the Civil War began. 54. Battles of the Civil War: Antietam
An important battle because it was the bloodiest single day battle during the Civil War. This Battle was in Maryland and was the first attempt by the Confederate States of
America (CSA) to fight an offensive war. President Lincoln relieved General McClellan from his command because he would not
pursue General Lee even though his forces were strong
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President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the Battle of Antietam. 55. Battles of the Civil War: Vicksburg
The Battle of Vicksburg was a Turning Point of the Civil War because it split the confederacy in two. The U.S. Military gained control of the Mississippi River.
56. Battles of the Civil War: Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the Turning Points of the Civil War because it was
the last time that the Confederate Army would try to invade the North and it signaled to many the south would never recover and the North would win.
South lost many soldiers, weapons, ammunition, and items it could not produce. 57. Battles of the Civil War: Atlanta
The Battle of Atlanta was important because it was a major railway hub that General Sherman wanted to destroy so that the Southern Army could not supply its troops with supplies.
58. Emancipation Proclamation The northern war effort during the Civil War was expanded to freeing the slaves in the
Emancipation Proclamation. 59. Economic Disparity between North & South: Population
The North Dominated 60. Economic Disparity between North & South: Functioning Railroads
The North Dominated 61. Economic Disparity between North & South: Industrial Output
The North Dominated 62. Economic Disparity between North & South: Skill of Generals
The South Dominated
Standard 10 63. Reconstruction Era, 1865-1877
Era in U.S. History following the U.S. Civil War when the North and South were rebuilt and reunited
64. Presidential Reconstruction v. Radical Republican Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction was fast and lenient on the South and only required
ratification of the 13th Amendment and reentering the Union with a Pledge of Allegiance Radical Republican Reconstruction wanted social, political, and legal equality for African
Americans. The Radical Republicans pushed through the 14th and 15th Amendments. 65. Morehouse College
Morehouse College was an African American University established during Reconstruction in Atlanta Georgia to train freed men in Education and the Ministry.
66. Freedmen’s Bureau The Freedmen’s Bureau was an agency to help freed African Americans after the war
with Medicine, food, clothing, etc. 67. Reconstruction Amendments
13th, 14th, and 15th amendment are known collectively as the Reconstruction Amendments
68. 13th Amendment The 13th amendment outlawed (ended) slavery.
69. 14th Amendment Citizenship defined as anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. Equality Clause said all citizens had equal protection. States had to protect due process of all citizens.
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The 14th Amendment (passed in 1867) laid the groundwork for future civil rights laws (of the 1960s).
70. 15th Amendment The 15th Amendment gave African American (Men) Suffrage (Right to vote).
71. Southern Resistance: Black Codes Black codes were attempts by Southern states and people to keep African Americans
from receiving full social equality and to put them back to work after the 13th amendment was ratified.
72. Southern Resistance: Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was a secret group formed that used intimidation, threats, and
violence to keep African Americans from voting. 73. Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson became the first President of the U.S. to be impeached Impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act He suspended Secretary of war Edwin Stanton without approval from the Senate Andrew Johnson was acquitted by one vote in the Senate trial. President Andrew Johnson was impeached by the Radical Republicans who wanted to
control Reconstruction after the Civil War. 74. Presidential Election of 1876
No Presidential candidate won a majority of votes in the Electoral College The House of Representatives, according to the U.S. Constitution chooses the President
if no candidate receives a majority of the Electoral College votes. 75. Compromise of 1877
The compromise reached ended reconstruction in the south. The five military districts were shut down and the soldiers were removed from the
south.
III. Industrialization, Reform, & Imperialism 15% Standard 11 1. Railroad
The increase of Growth of Railroads after the Civil War stimulated growth of the Economy in the United States.
2. Big Business The 1860s expansion of railroads caused big business to dominate the national economy
of the United States. 3. Andrew Carnegie & Steel
Created a monopoly on steel using vertical integration 4. Monopoly
Business trusts like Rockefellers led to the creation of monopolies. Monopolies eliminated competition. Monopolies set prices and control a market.
5. Transcontinental Railroad Railroad across land (North American) that connected the eastern Atlantic coast of the
United States on the Atlantic Ocean to the Western Cost of the United States on the Pacific Ocean.
6. Chinese Labor Most of the labor used to build the Transcontinental Railroad was Chinese Labor.
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7. John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller created a Trust in the Oil industry and his business was called The
Standard Oil Company. 8. Standard Oil Trust
Business trusts like Rockefellers led to the creation of monopolies and Rockefeller controlled over 90% of the Oil in the U.S.
9. Thomas Edison; Impact on American Life Thomas Edison influenced American life with his inventions by replacing human labor
with electric powered appliances within the home. His electric light bulb was used in city streets and in factories at night
10. Electric Light Bulb Used to light homes, businesses, and city streets Invented by Thomas Edison
11. Motion Pictures Movies, first silent films and then talkies entertained many Businesses used the Movies to communicate with people. Invented by Thomas Edison
12. Phonograph Recorded and played back sound. Invented by Thomas Edison
Standard 12 13. Ellis Island
Ellis Island was located in New York City and was the entrance point, first stop, for immigrants entering the U.S.
Location of processing center where people were checked for diseases People deemed unfit were detained before being deported
14. Southern & Eastern Europe New Immigration (Immigration around 1900) originated from Southern & Eastern
Europe. This was a change from Old Immigration which originated from Northern and Western Europe.
The immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe did not assimilate and retained their native culture; non-English speaking, Jewish, Catholic, Greek Orthodox
15. Urbanization People began living in the cities and working in factories rather than working in
agriculture in rural areas. Overpopulation, tenement housing, and unsanitary living conditions existed in cities
16. American Federation of Labor First national labor union Helped workers and laborers with labor issues Helped organize workers to collectively bargain with factory owners Pushed for better pay, better working conditions, etc.
17. Samuel Gompers Samuel Gompers was a Union Leader; head of the American Federation of Labor; and
helped laborers (workers). 18. Wounded Knee
The Battle of Wounded knee marked the last time that Native Americans would resist the western expansion of the U.S.
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19. Sitting Bull The Sioux leader Sitting Bull was the last to resist western expansion. He was killed before the Battle of Wounded knee for practicing the Ghost Dance which
was misunderstood by U.S. Military as a war dance. 20. Growth of Western Population: Impact of Railroad
Expansion of Railroads hurt Native Americans by influencing the extinction of the Buffalo on the Great Plains which were a significant role in the culture of Plains Indians.
The railroad required land and Native Americans were forced off their traditional homelands.
21. Industrial Unrest Workers organized in strikes and protest to demand not met by factory owners. Workers wanted better pay, safer work environments, protection of wages.
22. 1894 Pullman Strike The Pullman Strike of 1894 was an attempt by workers to protect their wages. The Pullman strike also was a factor that contributed directly to Industrial Unrest.
Standard 13 23. Progressive Era
The Progressive Era was a time in U.S. history when people wanted the U.S. government to become more active (instead of Laissez-faire) to end social ills in the United States.
24. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle – Chicago Meat Packing industry Upton Sinclair, the most famous muckraker wrote about the unsanitary conditions in
the meatpacking industry in Chicago in his book The Jungle. The book influenced the U.S. government to pass the Meat Inspection Act.
25. Meat Inspection Act The Jungle, Written by Sinclair, influenced the U.S. government to pass the Meat
Inspection Act. 26. Jane Addams Hull House
Immigrants in Urban neighborhoods benefitted from Jane Addam’s Hull House. Addams fed children and the poor, taught them English, provided a school for children
and a center for inner city immigrants. 27. Jim Crow
Jim Crow laws were laws that separated the races (Segregation) in Society in the Southern part of the U.S. after the end of Reconstruction.
28. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson established the doctrine of “Separate but Equal” The “Separate but Equal” Doctrine from Plessy led to the expansion of Jim Crow in the
South. 29. NAACP
Movement with the stated goal of providing social, legal, and political equality for African Americans
Goal was to protect African Americans Civil Rights Began by W.E.B. Dubois and others
30. Muckraker Muckrakers were Journalist who investigated and uncovered political corruption and
social ills in the United States during the Progressive Era.
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31. Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil Ida Tarbell, a muckraker wrote a book titled The History of Standard Oil in which she
criticized the unfair business practices of John D. Rockefeller in his creation of a monopoly.
The book influenced the U.S. government to pass Anti-Trust laws (laws against monopolies and trusts).
32. Progressive Reforms: Initiative Initiative, Referendum, and Recall are all examples of direct democracy and were all
created during the Progressive Era. Initiative was a way citizens could act politically to put an issue on the ballot for a vote
by using the petition process. 33. Progressive Reforms: Recall
Recall is an example of direct democracy Citizens could remove a state or local official before his term ended through the petition
process 34. Progressive Reforms: Referendum
Referendum is an example of direct democracy 35. Progressive Reforms: 17th Amendment, Direct Election of Senators
The 17th amendment is an example of Direct Democracy because it gave voters the chance to directly elect U.S. Senators.
Prior to the 17th amendment State legislatures selected U.S. Senators. The electorate, or voters, benefited
36. Progressive Reforms: Initiative, Referendum, and Recall and the 17th Amendment
37. Conservation Movement Was a movement to protect the wilderness and other resources in the U.S. from the
devastating destruction of industrialization and deforestation. 38. Theodore Roosevelt & national parks and forests
President Theodore Roosevelt was a progressive in the Conservation Movement because he set aside forests in the Western part of the U.S. to keep for national parks such as Yosemite and Yellowstone.
Standard 14 39. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 caused there to be a decrease in immigration into the U.S. by the Chinese because the law made it illegal for Chinese to enter the U.S.
Whites on the west coast in California, Oregon, and Washington State were mad because the Chinese worked for cheap wages and drove wages down and made jobs hard to get by whites (caused anti-Asian sentiment).
40. Spanish American War The U.S. was helping Cuba against its colonizing country Spain. A result of the Spanish American War was that the U.S. assumed a more active role in
world affairs. 41. War in the Philippines
The Treaty of Paris 1898 ended with the U.S. acquiring the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Quam
The Philippine people refused to be acquired by the US and fought for their independence in the Philippine American war. The war lasted three years with an American Victory.
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42. Expansionism American Expansion into Latin America was justified by some as a need to protect U.S.
business, industry, and property throughout the pacific. 43. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
President Theodore Roosevelt strengthened the Monroe Doctrine by establishing the policy that the United States would intervene in Latin America to prevent European intrusion.
The U.S. would use its new steel navy “Great White Fleet” to police Latin America. Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy became Big Stick Diplomacy The U.S. was viewed as the police force of the Western Hemisphere
44. Panama Canal Theodore Roosevelt’s administration helped Panama rebel against Columbia and get its
independence because Columbia would not give access to land to build the Panama Canal.
The Panama Canal shortened travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Improved National Security, Commerce and Trade.
IV. Establishment as a World Power 20% Standard 15 1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
World War I lasted from 1914 to 1918 but the U.S. did not go in until 1917. The U.S. people and government was originally Neutral and Woodrow Wilson won election by promising not to go to war.
It was Unrestricted Submarine Warfare that caused the U.S. enter WWI (directly led to WWI).
2. World War I Lasted from 1914 -1919 Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia (1917 – Russians leave because of Bolshevik
Revolution) Central Powers: Germany, Austria Hungry, Turkey
3. Domestic impact of WWI: Great Migration The Great Migration was the mass movement of African Americans from Jim Crow South
to the North during WWI to fill jobs left by soldiers that went off to fight in WWI. A labor shortage was the pull factor; Jim Crow was the push factor.
4. Domestic impact of WWI: Espionage Act The Espionage Act was a law many believed to violate civil Liberties (rights to free
speech) because it imprisoned people who spoke out and interrupted the U.S. Government or U.S. Military during WWI.
Many believed that if people were allowed to speak freely it would hurt the United States in its efforts to win in war.
5. Domestic impact of WWI: Eugene Debs Eugene v. Debs was a Socialist leader that was imprisoned for 10 years for violating the
Espionage Act when he asked and sent out flyers telling soldiers to burn their draft cards.
6. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points was part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI.
The main goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points was to prevent future world wars.
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7. League of Nations & Senate rejection of Treaty of Versailles One of the Points in Wilson’s Fourteen Points was the League of Nations. The League of
Nations was an international peacekeeping organization that would serve as a court forum to maintain peace between countries and negotiate compromises between warring countries or nations in conflict.
Senators in the U.S. did not approve the Versailles Treaty because many after WWI wanted to return to Isolationism (Neutrality) and so they opposed the League of Nations that would have involved them in European affairs.
8. Isolationism: Foreign Policy, 1919-1941 The Senate rejection of the Versailles Treaty due to the League of Nations marked a
return to isolationism in the U.S. The U.S. would remain isolated and neutral until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
9. Eighteenth Amendment: Prohibition The Eighteenth Amendment was the Prohibition amendment that made it illegal to sell,
use, manufacture, and transport alcohol. 10. Nineteenth Amendment: Women’s Suffrage
The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage).
Standard 16 11. Red Scare 1920s & Immigration Restriction Southern and Eastern Europe
In 1917 (same year U.S. entered WWI), the Soviet Union became communist after the Bolshevik Revolution during World War I. Fear spread in the 1920s (Red Scare) over communism because it was the opposite of capitalism.
Many immigrants from the Soviet Union or any other non-capitalist nations were restricted from immigrating into the U.S.
The Bolshevik Revolution, Violent Labor strikes in the U.S., and Mail bombs to Industrialists marked the Red Scare of the 1920s.
People suspected of being communist, socialist, anarchist were arrested and jailed 12. Henry Ford, Mass Production, and the Automobile
Henry Ford made cars cheap and affordable for Ordinary Americans by using the Assembly line to mass produce cars.
13. Radio & Movies; Mass Communication Radio and Movie Theaters became popular during the 1920s and 1930s and influenced
how Americans dressed and acted. Mass Communication through new technologies.
14. Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a celebration of African American culture through poetry,
writing, Music. It was brought on by the Great Migration that led many African Americans to the North during World War I.
15. Harlem Renaissance: Louis Armstrong & Jazz Louis Armstrong was the most popular Jazz Music Trumpet player during the Harlem
Langston Hughes was the most popular poet during the Harlem Renaissance. 17. Harlem Renaissance: Irving Berlin & Tin Pan Alley
Tin Pan Alley was a group (row) of music publishing houses in Manhattan, New York famous for Jazz Music production. Tin Pan Alley was also a group of Jazz Musicians.
Irving Berlin was the most famous Jazz musician in the Tin Pan Alley group.
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Standard 17 18. Great Depression Causes
Economic downturn and hardship during the 1930’s was called the Great Depression. Overproduction, Underconsumption, Stock Market Speculation (Risky investments with
stocks) caused the Great Depression. 19. Speculation
Risky investments with stocks; buying low but buying on credit (known as buying on margin).
The gamble was to sell high, pay off loan, and keep the profits. This was the primary cause of the Great Depression and its elements were buying stock
on margin, an over extension of credit, and manipulation of the Stock Market. 20. Panic
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 happened because people Panicked and dropped their stocks.
This was an indication that the country was in a Great Depression. 21. Dust Bowl causes: Over farming; Climate, drought & Winds
Over-farming of wheat in the Great Plains during WWI to feed the troops and severe droughts and winds caused the Dust Bowl.
Farmers were displaced because they did not have money to pay back loans for equipment and seed and their farms were foreclosed by the banks.
22. Migration West to California impact of Dust Bowl
Many Farmers lost their farms because of the Dust Bowl and migrated west to California as a result.
23. Widespread Unemployment & Hoovervilles
The Great Depression caused widespread unemployment in the United States. Widespread Unemployment during the Great Depression caused many to lose
their homes and live in Homeless communities called Hoovervilles. Standard 18 24. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal
A primary political belief in the Great Depression was the Government should have policies to help the economy and the people that were suffering.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s attempt to end the effects of the Great Depression was called the New Deal.
When FDR said, “There is nothing to fear but fear itself!” he was speaking of the Great Depression.
25. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
The Tennessee Valley Authority was an attempt by FDR during the New Deal to lower unemployment through government jobs (Government intervened to relieve the economic hardship of the people). Also helped in flood control and provided electricity to seven southern states.
The Tennessee Valley Authority was FDR’s attempt provide jobs for the unemployed and to lower unemployment (caused by the Great Depression). It was called a Works Program. It also provided Electricity (DID NOT REGULATE ELECTRICITY); Helped control the environment because the dams were used for flood control.
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26. Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)
The Wagner Act, Also Known as the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was a law passed during FDR’s New Deal that protected worker’s rights to unionize or Collective Bargaining. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) regulated businesses and penalized them if they intimidated workers or interfered with their rights to strike or bargain with businesses. This caused Unions to grow in nearly every industry in the United States (Industrial Unionism).
27. Social Security Act (part of Second New Deal)
The Social Security Act was part of FDR’s Second New Deal. Social Security provided for Retirement Insurance or pension for people over 65,
the disabled and needy children. 28. Eleanor Roosevelt, symbol of women’s activism and Social progress
Eleanor Roosevelt became a symbol of Women’s activism (Influenced FDR to appoint women to cabinet positions) and social progress while her Husband was President and she changed the role of the first lady by giving speeches and traveling the country to report back to her husband.
29. Challenges to FDRs Domestic Leadership: Huey Long
Huey Long criticized the New Deal for failing to do enough to redistribute wealth to the average citizen.
30. Challenges to FDRs Domestic Leadership: Court Packing Bill
In the “Court Packing” bill FDR attempted to add 6 new Justices (total of 15) to the Supreme Court because the Supreme Court was ruling many of his programs unconstitutional.
He wanted the Supreme Court to approve his New Deal Programs. He move was very unpopular among the people who thought he was trying to usurp too
much power as President so he withdrew his request. 31. Challenges to FDRs International Leadership: Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Act was a series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress during WWII to keep FDR from selling, lending weapons or giving money loans to Countries at war. Congress and people wanted to remain Neutral and isolated from European affairs.
Congress was attempting in 1935 to prevent the U.S. entering world war again. This law interfered with FDR’s ability to give aid to Great Britain and the Allies during
WWII to help fight against Nazi Germany.
Standard 19 32. WWII
1939-1945 Allied Powers: United States, Great Britain, France, Russia Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
33. A. Philip Randolph’s Proposed march on Washington
A. Philip Randolph proposed a March on Washington D.C. to protest against discrimination in hiring practices in the U.S.
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President FDR asked Randolph not to but he refused to back down. FDR responded by making an Executive Order ending discrimination in hiring in the war industries or any business that contracted with the U.S. Government.
34. Japanese Attack of Pearl Harbor
Japanese Expansionist policies during WWII: Japan invaded Manchuria and China.
The U.S. placed an Embargo (refused to sell products, gas, iron, etc.) to Japan because of its Expansionist Policies.
In retaliation the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (Pacific Ocean). December 7, 1941 President FDR asked Congress for a Declaration of War
explaining that “Today will be a day which will live in infamy!” 35. Japanese-American Internment
FDR made Executive Order 9066 forcing all Japanese into Internment Camps in the U.S. after Pearl Harbor was bombed.
36. Internment of German-Americans & Italian-Americans
Italian Americans and German Americans were also placed in Internment Camps. 37. Major Events of WWII: Lend-Lease Program
President Franklin Roosevelt used the Hose analogy in an attempt to get the Lend Lease Act passed by Congress
President Franklin Roosevelt was attempting to justify giving aid to Great Britain and allies before entering World War II.
38. Major Events of WWII: Battle of Midway, Turning Point in the Pacific Theater
The Battle of Midway was when the U.S. made a surprise attack on the Japanese and destroyed their Aircraft Carriers. This was the turning point of WWII in the Pacific Theater. The Island was important geographically because it would allow the U.S. troops to be resupplied in the pacific and removed Japans ability to do the same.
39. Major Events of WWII: D-Day, Turning Point in the European Theater
D-Day was the largest seaborne invasion in World History. The Allies, in the first day of Operation Overlord, pushed the Nazi Germans out of France. It was important geographically because it provided a beach head to supply the Allied Troops in the European Theater of War in WWII. Commander in charge of Allied Troops was General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
40. Major Events of WWII: Fall of Berlin, May 8, 1945
Fall of Berlin was the bloodiest battle in WWII in the European Theater; happened in May 1945. Soviet Union defeated the Germans in Berlin (Capitol of Germany).
Also known as V-E Day or Victory in Europe day. Ended the War in Europe During WWII.
41. War Mobilization: Rationing
Rationing was the forced government program of making people conserve on scarce items such as sugar, flour, meat, and gas. C-Books (Coupon books) were issued to American Citizens.
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42. War Mobilization: War-time conversion War time conversion refers to changing the economy of the U.S. from making domestic
goods like sewing machines, cars, cigarettes, etc. to making war goods like rifles, ammunition, jeeps, planes, and tanks.
43. War Mobilization: Role of Women working in War industries
The use of Women labor increased in World War II because of the Wartime Mobilization of the economy.
Rosie the Riveter, a woman wearing a bandana on her head and holding a rivet gun was a propaganda poster meant to lure women to work in the defense industries.
44. Manhattan Project; Los Alamos, New Mexico & development of Atomic Bomb The Manhattan Project was the secret operation to create the Atomic Bomb. It was
created and tested in Los Alamos, New Mexico. 45. Hiroshima & Nagasaki: President Truman
President Harry Truman dropped the atomic bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to save American Lives that would have been lost to a land invasion of Japan.
President Truman wanted to avoid a land invasion of Japan. 46. Distance Across the pacific: Obstacle to delivering weapons, food, and supplies to troops in
WWII
The biggest obstacle (geographic) in World War II in the Pacific theater and in European theater during World War II was the distance to travel to get supplies to U.S. troops.
V. Post World War II to the Present 25% Standard 20 1. Cold War
1945-1991 when tensions existed between the United States and the Soviet Union Fear resulting from possible Nuclear war
2. Containment Policy U.S. foreign policy to stop the spread of communism (Soviet Union) The U.S. adopted this policy because the Soviet Union threatened to spread
Communism throughout the world 3. U.S. Commitment to Europe
The Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, and NATO were examples that the U.S. committed itself to preventing the spread of Communism in Western Europe.
4. Marshall Plan Humanitarian Plan to provide food, clothing, blankets, materials to rebuild Western
Europe, tractors, wood, cement, etc. for the purpose of rebuilding Western Europe after WWII
It was part of containment, or an effort to keep the hungry and homeless masses from turning to communism
5. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Countries that bordered the Atlantic Ocean in Western Europe and the United States
made a treaty to stop the spread of communism throughout the world. 6. Truman Doctrine
A statement made by President Harry Truman that devoted the U.S. to giving military aid and financial aid to any nation in the world resisting the spread of communism or expansion of the Soviet Union.
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7. Mao Zedong & the Chinese Communist Revolution Mao Zedong was the successful leader of the communist overthrow of China
8. Korean War Korea was divided at the 38th parallel or line of latitude North was communist South was pro-western and capitalist
9. Rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthy come to power because of fear from communism spreading to China and
Korea McCarthy accused the U.S. government and U.S. Military of being infiltrated by
communist spies sympathetic to Soviet communism. 10. McCarthyism, Red Scare 1950s
Fear resulted in mistreatment of people accused of being communist by the U.S. Senate and the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
People built bomb shelters in their back yards so to sustain a nuclear war; the hysteria caused social problems in the U.S. Schools had nuclear drills in the classroom – “stop drop and cover” etc.
Senator Joseph McCarthy lost power when the Army-McCarthy hearings were aired on TV, he appeared paranoid, crazy, and delusional on air and lost his support and the Red Scare of the 1950s comes to an end.
11. Cuban Revolution (Geography of Containment) Fidel Castro took control of Cuba and declared himself a dictator for life
12. Bay of Pigs Invasion (Geography of Containment) President John F. Kennedy carried out this plan that was started by President
Eisenhower to invade Cuba with Cuban exiles that had been trained by CIA The Invasion was a failure and caused Fidel Castro to turn to the Soviet Union for
financial and military aid against the United States. 13. Cuban Missile Crisis (Geography of Containment)
The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the U.S. and the Soviet Union come to Nuclear War.
U.S. Spy planes took pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba; President John F. Kennedy blockaded Cuba and threatened to invade if the Missiles were not removed.
A 13 day standoff happened but was compromised secretly when the U.S. agreed to pull nuclear missiles out of Turkey and promise not to invade Cuba.
Cuba was 90 miles south of Florida and in close proximity to use nuclear missiles to attack the U.S. within minutes.
14. Vietnam War (Geography of Containment) Vietnam was split at the 17th parallel Ho chi Minh was communist leader of North Vietnam The US was determined to use containment policy in Vietnam to stop the spread of
communism in Asia The Domino Theory used by Eisenhower and carried on by other presidents argued that
if Vietnam failed other nations would follow. 15. Tet Offensive & growing opposition to the Vietnam war
The Tet Offensive increased the number of Americans that opposed the Vietnam War. Televised violence of the offensive made many wonder if the U.S. military should be in Vietnam.
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Standard 21 16. Baby Boom
The Baby Boom was an explosion of births and population from 1945-1964. Soldiers returning home started families and the post war period reflected thriving
economy with plenty of jobs and a multitude of new appliances and products to buy in the consumer economy.
17. Levittowns The Baby Boom contributed to the rise of Levittown. Soldiers returning home and the families they started created a housing shortage in the
United States. William Levitt mass produced homes like Ford did automobiles The building of Levittowns created communities outside of the city known as Suburbs.
18. Interstate Highway Act The Interstate Highway Act (President Eisenhower) built freeways and Expressways and
allowed U.S. citizens to travel to work in the cities from the suburbs. Encouraged the growth of Suburbs. It also improved National Security because it allowed massive evacuation in case of a
nuclear attack during the Cold War. 19. Television: Presidential Debate of 1960 (Kennedy/Nixon debate)
The Kennedy/Nixon debate of 1960 the television influenced the election because many believed Kennedy better looking and more confident on TV. Politicians have to worry about their appearance on TV since this first televised debate.
20. Television: News coverage of Civil Rights movement The Television also caused many to sympathize with the Civil Rights movement because
many citizens witnessed violence against African Americans on television. 21. Personal Computer
The Personal computer and the Cellular phone caused a communications revolution in the United States.
The Personal Computer (using Internet) caused international business to increase. 22. Cellular Phone
The Personal computer and the Cellular phone caused a communications revolution in the United States.
23. Air Conditioner The expanded use of air conditioner allowed for work to take place in hot climates
within the U.S. and caused factory work to increase. The AC made working conditions tolerable and encouraged urban development and stimulated economic growth in Hot and Humid climates.
24. Sputnik I – Russian unmanned Satellite Sputnik I was the first unmanned satellite put into outer space by the Soviet Union. This alarmed the U.S. that the Soviet Union was leading in technology. President
Eisenhower signed into law the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) and asked Congress to increase spending in education for Math and Science.
The U.S. feared the Soviet Union would use satellites in outer space to guide nuclear missiles to attack the United States.
25. NASA President Eisenhower signed into law the National Aeronautics Space Administration
(NASA) in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik I.
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Standard 22 26. Civil Rights Movement
Started in the 1950s as an effort to fight against Jim Crow laws, laws that segregated the races in society.
Montgomery bus Boycott Gained momentum after Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 that ended segregation in
public schools. Culminated in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of
1965 27. Integration
The forced legal shift from segregation to integrating the races. For example, after Brown v. Board of Education black students were mixed into schools
with white children. Jackie Robinson played professional baseball with whites. 28. President Harry Truman: Integration of Armed Forces
President Truman integrated (ended segregation in) the U.S. Military and the U.S. government with two executive orders in 1948.
29. President Harry Truman: Integration of Federal Government President Truman integrated (ended segregation in) the U.S. Military and the U.S.
government with two executive orders in 1948. 30. Jackie Robinson: Integration of Professional Sports
Jackie Robinson was the first African American to integrate professional baseball. Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers professional baseball team
31. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka The Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson case and
forced the integration of schools. Integrated schools and gave blacks access to white schools
32. Resistance to Brown v. Board of Education Governor Orval Faubus attempted to resist Brown when he used the National Guard in
Little Rock Arkansas to block the admittance of 9 African American students into Central High School.
President Eisenhower recalled the National Guard and used the U.S. Military to protect the 9 African American student’s admission into Central High School.
John F. Kennedy used the military to open access to the University of Alabama for two black students forcing Governor George Wallace to integrate University of Alabama.
33. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail (Justification of Civil Disobedience) In Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail he addressed White ministers Defended the use of disobeying unjust laws as a strategy of social activism (Civil
Disobedience). 34. Martin Luther King, Jr.: I have a dream speech
Completed march on Washington in 1963 that was threatened by A. Philip Randolph in 1940s
In front of the Lincoln memorial gave his “I have a dream” speech In his “I have a dream” speech MLK, Jr. called for equality, Peace, harmony, and the end
of discrimination and segregation within the United States. The speech motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask Congress to pass sweeping Civil
Rights legislation.
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35. Civil Rights Act of 1964; Causes & Consequences Causes: Southern states passed Jim Crow laws separating races in society. Blacks were
not allowed in white schools, white restaurants, or other public facilities with whites. Southerners did not want to accept the equality of African Americans and resisted equal rights for blacks.
Consequences: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited segregation (ended Jim Crow) in public places. No more white and black water fountain, sitting on the back of the bus or separate train cars for blacks.
36. Voting Rights Act of 1965; Causes & Consequences Causes: Southerners did not want to accept the equality of African Americans and
resisted equal rights for blacks, especially voting. Southerners created the poll tax, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, white primaries and even used threats and violence from the KKK to keep blacks from voting.
Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 because of southern resistance to allowing African American from participating in voting.
Consequences: the Act resulted in an increase of blacks voting and holding office.
Standard 23 37. Warren Court & Expansion of Civil Liberties
The Warren Court (Supreme Court Era) was the most liberal Court in U.S. History and in its case Miranda V. Arizona (Accused had to be read their rights) the individual rights of people accused of a crime (Civil Liberties) were expanded.
Civil Liberties (protection of those accused of wrongs) and freedom of expression and speech were expanded under the court.
38. Miranda v. Arizona Miranda Rights were rights to avoid self-Incrimination (Right to remain silent). Police officers had to advise suspects of their right to a lawyer (6th Amendment) and
their rights against self-incrimination (5th Amendment) 39. Assassination of John F. Kennedy impact on Civil Rights legislation
The Assassination of John F. Kennedy led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act. Lyndon Johnson asked Congress to honor JFK’s life by passing Civil Rights legislation.
40. President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society In his social program “Great Society” President Lyndon B. Johnson declared war on
Poverty. President Johnson wanted to end poverty in the United States.
41. Medicare Medicare was a part of President Johnson’s Great society Program and it gave health
insurance to elderly people. 42. 1968: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated (people riots in cities across the U.S.); Civil Rights Act of 1968 was passed (outlawed discrimination in housing)
43. 1968: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Robert Kennedy was assassinated while ran for president (promised civil rights
legislation and end of war in Vietnam – Hopes destroyed!); Those who wanted more civil rights felt hopeless Those who wanted an end to war in Vietnam felt hopeless
44. 1968: Violence at the Democratic National Convention Democratic National Convention riots where police and rioters fought on television
(made many U.S. citizens wonder if the government in the U.S. could continue).
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This violence ushered in a Conservative Era that sought a return to law and order. Richard Nixon benefited from the 1968 violence and turmoil because he was the
candidate that was elected President of the United States. 45. 1968: Tet Offensive
Televised violence increased the number of people protesting the Vietnam War Political pressure mounted to bring the soldiers home and end the war.
46. Conservative Movement The Conservative Movement was a backlash to the liberal movement (New Deal, Civil
Rights, and Great Society) and began when Barry Goldwater was nominated a Presidential Candidate by the Republican Party in 1964.
Barry Goldwater, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan all contributed to strengthening the Conservative movement.
Standard 24 47. SNCC, SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) led by MLK, jr. started in Atlanta Georgia began and stayed non-violent.
SCLC strategies were voter registration drives, marches, protests, and demonstrations The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began non-violent but turned
militant and violent. 48. Sit-ins
Sit-ins were when black and White college students (SNCC) went into lunch counters and cafes that were segregated and demanded to be served until arrested by police.
This was a strategy initially used by SNCC. 49. Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides were when black and white college students got on buses that were supposed to be segregated and rode throughout Jim Crow South.
This was a strategy initially used by SNCC. 50. NOW goals
The Main goal of the National Organization of Women (NOW) was Equal pay, equal opportunity in the workforce for women.
51. Anti-Vietnam War Movement Movement that opposed the War in Vietnam Increased in number after the Tet Offensive
52. Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers (UFW) movement Cesar Chavez, leader of the United Farm Workers movement used boycotts and other
peaceful demonstrations to help Hispanic farm workers with collective bargaining with grape growers in California. Concentrated specifically on migrant farm workers.
53. Modern Environmental Movement: Leader Rachel Carson; Silent Spring Rachel Carson, Author of Silent Spring, considered leader of the Modern Environmental
movement criticized the use of DDT (pesticide) in agriculture. Her book led to Clean Water Act to be passed by the U.S. Congress.
54. Modern Environmental Movement: Earth Day Earth Day is celebrated on April 22 every year to celebrate and educate people on the
importance of keeping the earth clean and informing people on the devastating effects of pollution.
55. Modern Environmental Movement: Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created by the federal government to give
assistance to state and local government in regulating pollution in the environment.
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56. Modern Environmental Movement: Clean air Act Authorizes EPA to regulate air emissions to protect public health and public welfare and
to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants. 57. Modern Environmental Movement: Clean Water Act
Authorizes EPA to regulate discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters to protect public health and welfare.
58. Conservative Movement: Barry Goldwater, 1964 Republican Presidential Candidate Barry Goldwater’s nomination to the Republican Party in 1964 signaled a shift from the
Liberal movement that began in 1932 with FDR to a Conservative Movement. The Conservative Movement was a backlash to the liberal movement (New Deal, Civil
Rights, and Great Society) and began when Barry Goldwater was nominated a Presidential Candidate by the Republican Party in 1964.
59. Conservative Movement: Richard Nixon (1968), Ronald Reagan (1979) Barry Goldwater, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan all contributed to strengthening the
Conservative movement.
Standard 25 60. President Richard Nixon: Opening of China
President Richard Nixon uses a policy different than containment to make friendly relations with China.
Détente was a strategy used by President Nixon to befriend China by recognizing the communist government of Moa Zedong with the hopes of opening friendly avenues of communication with the Soviet Union.
President Nixon was successful in alleviating nuclear tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union with the SALT treaty (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty).
61. President Richard Nixon: Watergate & Distrust of Government in America The Watergate scandal caused many U.S. citizens to distrust government. Richard Nixon
became the first president to resign from office. 62. President Gerald Ford: Nixon Pardon
President Gerald Ford was not re-elected to office An economic recession, his pardon of President Nixon, and his granting of Amnesty to
Vietnam War dodgers upset a large number of Americans. 63. President Gerald Ford: Amnesty
President Ford granted legal Amnesty (Forgiveness and release from criminal prosecution) to people who refused to fight in Vietnam.
64. Roe v. Wade (1973) In Roe v. Wade women’s constitutional right to privacy in the 4th amendment was
extended to include abortion. Women could get a legal abortion. Women had Reproductive rights!
65. Bakke Case (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978) In the Bakke Case (Bakke v. Regents of the University of California) stated that
Affirmative Action (preferential selecting candidates because of race) was perfectly constitutional but Quota systems were Unconstitutional.
66. President Jimmy Carter: Camp David Accords In the Camp David Accords, President Jimmy Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize for
helping Egypt and Israel come to a peace agreement to stop fighting in the Middle East.
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67. President Jimmy Carter: 1979 Iranian Revolution In 1979 the Iranian Revolution happened when the Shah of Iran was run out and
Ayatollah Khomeini (Muslim cleric) came to power in Iran. 68. President Jimmy Carter: Iranian Hostage Crisis
When President Jimmy Carter allowed the Shah into the U.S. to receive medical help the revolutionaries in Iran took U.S. citizens from the Embassy in Iran Hostage (Iranian Hostage Crisis) and held them for 444 days. They were released when President Ronald Reagan was elected to office.
69. President Ronald Reagan: Reaganomics (Supply-side economics, Trickle-down theory) The concept Reaganomics refers to President Ronald Reagan’s attempt to stimulate the
economy by cutting taxes. President Ronald Reagan’s Reaganomics was a plan to stimulate the economy by
creating circumstances that resulted in increased financial investment by big business that would result in jobs for workers.
70. President Ronald Reagan: Iran-contra scandal During President Ronald Reagan’s administration the Iran-Contra Affair was when the
U.S. CIA trained rebels in Nicaragua to fight against the Sandinistas (Communist group) In Nicaragua. It was an affair (Scandal) because the CIA sold weapons to Iran to help finance the rebellion in Nicaragua.
71. President Ronald Reagan: Collapse of the Soviet Union & Berlin Wall President Ronald Reagan is given credit for ending the Cold War when he asked his
friend, the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbechev to tear down the Berlin Wall; he did end the cold war.
72. President Bill Clinton: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Bill Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which was an
agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada to remove tariffs or restrictions on trade between the three countries.
Opponents to NAFTA argued that it hurt the Environment (No environmental laws in Mexico and Canada) and shipped jobs across borders (gave jobs to foreigners instead of Americans)
73. President Bill Clinton: Impeachment for Perjury & Obstruction of Justice President Bill Clinton became the Second President of the United States to be
impeached for Perjury (lying under oath) and obstruction of Justice (asking another to lie under oath). He was acquitted.
Impeachment process, by the U.S. Constitution, begins in the House of Representatives and after impeachment a trial is held in the Senate.
74. Presidential Election of 2000 & Importance of Electoral College The Election of 2000 emphasized the Importance of the Electoral College. The people do not choose the President Gore won the popular vote and Bush won only 271 Electoral College votes but Florida’s
22 Electoral College votes were being contested because of faulty voting booths. The Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore (2000) ordered the recount of ballots to stop and
George W. Bush became President of the United States. 75. President George W. Bush: 9/11 Terror Attacks & War on Terrorism
9/11 refers to the Terroristic attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 Twin towers in New York City, Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a plane was crash
landed in Pennsylvania farm Congress declared war on Terror
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The Department of Homeland Security was created to prevent future terror attacks 76. President George W. Bush: Operation Enduring Freedom (Invasion of Afghanistan)
Operation Enduring Freedom was invasion of Afghanistan to hunt down Osama Bin Laden, leader of Al Qaeda (Responsible for 9/11) and put his terror training camps out of business and also to shut down the Taliban government in Afghanistan that was supporting Bin Laden.
77. President George W. Bush: Operation Iraqi Freedom (Invasion of Iraq) Operation Iraqi Freedom was invasion of Iraq to remove Sadaam Hussein from the
throne as leader and to search out Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). No WMDs found!
