US History

Exploration and ColonizationOverview

By Michela Parisi & Ellen Emery

Pequot War

• First Serious armed conflict between the Native Americans settlers of New England.

• Numerous previous conflicts over property, damage to Indian fields, hunting and dishonest trade dealings.

• The Pequot were outgunned, a smallpox epidemic had also weakened the tribe.

• 1637, the Pequot leader Sassacus is captured, main village destroyed and the Pequot were finished.

The Causes of European Exploration

• Potential for Wealth • Gold, God, Glory• Bubonic Plague• Foreign invaders• Renaissance leads

to global awareness• Religious freedom• Lack of central

government

Rise of England as an Exploration Power

• Spain’s rivalry with England– Led to Spanish naval invasion of England– England’s small ships beat huge Spanish navy

• Wealthy gentlemen wanted to fix England’s problems: poverty, growing population a stalled economy.

• Joint-Stock Companies – Charter from King– Get financial support– Send explorers England

Spain

Main differences of the Spanish, French and English Colonies

Spanish English French

Motives of Exploration:Gold, God, Glory

Motives of Exploration:Religious freedom, economic opportunity

Motives of Exploration:Fur trade, God

Settled Regions:Mexico, Central America

Settled Regions:Atlantic Coast

Settled Regions:Canada, Louisiana

Treatment of Natives:Hostile, Violent, Controlling

Treatment of Natives:Initially fair until expansion

Treatment of Natives:Cooperative, traded with, and married into tribes

Main Characteristics of the New England, Middle and Southern

ColoniesNew England Middle Colonies South

Culture: Strict religious structure of Puritans and Separatists; Economy based on fishing (failure)

Culture:Religious tolerance and diversity; “bread basket” of the English New World

Culture:Thrives on exports (mainly crops and tobacco); slavery

Government:Republic; Elected governors and adopted English common law; English Bill of Rights

Government:Originally under Dutch rule, then taken over by England

Government:House of Burgesses arrives in 1619;

Climate:Short growing season, cold winters, subsistent farming

Climate:Temperate climate, fertile soil and some crop exports

Climate: Long, warm summers makes land suitable for farming

Bacon’s Rebellion• Settlers wanted to clear Indians

from Virginia • Nathanial Bacon led rebellion,

slaughtering Indians • When William Berkeley

(Governor) opposed plan, Bacon’s men burned Jamestown

• Bacon died, Berkeley lost credibility, and a new governor is appointed to Virginia

Headright System

• If you pay for passage to Virginia, you get 50 acres of free land.

FREE $$ LAND

King Philip’s War

• Indian chief Metacom (King Philip) rebels against colonists– Disease – Land taken by force– Religious intolerance

• Defeated Indians flee to Canada

House of Burgesses

• Founded by Virginia colonists in 1619• First representative body in colonial America• Makes laws and raises taxes

Joint Stock Company

• Wealthy English businessmen share in a company’s profits and losses

• Took risks exploring New World• Formed after obtaining a charter from the King

Mercantilism

• Economic system: 1. Build colonies2. Take natural resources 3. Bring back to mother country4. Manufacture into products5. Sell products to colonies

Purpose = wealth and power

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Navigation Acts

• Only English ships can trade with English colonies

• Enumerated Articles: (tobacco and sugar) can only be exported to England

• Results in only English products in America

Triangular Trade

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Salutary Neglect

• Upheaval in England leads to King William and Queen Mary

• English Bill of Rights• Colonists rebel against

governors• The idea that in the colonies

freedom = loyalty to Great Britain

• Colonists were given too much freedom 3000 miColonies

England

Great Awakening• Religious movement in the mid

1700’s• Jonathan Edwards = leading

preacher• Led to greater

freedom in religion, eventually leads colonists to develop their own government

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Puritans and Separatists• Puritans:

– Believe English church follows too many Catholic beliefs

– John Winthrop led Puritans to MA, America (Pilgrims)

– Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson anger Puritans, fleeing to Rhode Island

• Create a separate church and state

• Religious tolerance

• Separatists:– Same motives as Puritans, but

instead they decided to make their own church

– First travel to Amsterdam, nobody speaks English, so they settle in Massachusetts

Mayflower Compact

• An agreement made by the first Pilgrims (Puritans) to arrive in the New World– Follow and agree to a

government– Idea of self-government

eventually leads to American government