US HistoryUS History

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• Take out your C-Notes from last week, Take out your C-Notes from last week, look over them (you are about to take an look over them (you are about to take an assessment)assessment)

Which of these were Which of these were advantages of the south?advantages of the south?

A.A. More soldiersMore soldiers

B.B. More weaponsMore weapons

C.C. Better military leadersBetter military leaders

D.D. Economic advantageEconomic advantage

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What was so significant about the all What was so significant about the all iron/steel submarine used during the Civil iron/steel submarine used during the Civil

War?War?A.A. Birth of the modern NavyBirth of the modern Navy

B.B. Many people died from sinkingMany people died from sinking

C.C. Wood ships were considered more usefulWood ships were considered more useful

What was the significance of the What was the significance of the Gatling Gun?Gatling Gun?

A.A. First gun that was loaded through the First gun that was loaded through the muzzlemuzzle

B.B. First automatic weaponFirst automatic weapon

C.C. First time guns were used in war. First time guns were used in war.

80% of North were farmers.80% of North were farmers.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

C.C. [Option 3][Option 3]

D.D. [Option 4][Option 4]

What was the name of the new process for What was the name of the new process for creating steel from molten iron?creating steel from molten iron?

A.A. Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process

B.B. Bissinger ProcessBissinger Process

C.C. Carnegie ProcessCarnegie Process

D.D. [Option 4][Option 4]

How did much agriculture grow How did much agriculture grow from 1870-1880from 1870-1880

A.A. Stayed the sameStayed the same

B.B. TriplesTriples

C.C. doubleddoubled

D.D. decreaseddecreased

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What drives the industries of steel, timber, What drives the industries of steel, timber, and coal in the 1860s-1870sand coal in the 1860s-1870s

A.A. Labor unionsLabor unions

B.B. Building of new factoriesBuilding of new factories

C.C. destroyed railroad repairs and additionsdestroyed railroad repairs and additions

[Default][MC Any][MC All]

Learning TargetsLearning Targets

– Describe the significance of the Describe the significance of the important events that led to the important events that led to the development of Tennessee during development of Tennessee during Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

– Explain the impact the Hayes- Tilden Explain the impact the Hayes- Tilden Presidential election of 1876 had on Presidential election of 1876 had on America and the end of Reconstruction.America and the end of Reconstruction.

ReconstructionReconstruction

• Old RebelOld Rebel

The song “Old Rebel” best The song “Old Rebel” best describes whatdescribes what

A.A. The Yankees’ happiness at winning the The Yankees’ happiness at winning the war.war.

B.  very few Southerners were able to emotionally accept the consequences of defeat

C.C. The willingness of the Southerners to The willingness of the Southerners to embrace Northern ideals.embrace Northern ideals.

D.D. [Option 4][Option 4]

The South is destroyedThe South is destroyed

• The Civil War ended April 9, 1865.The Civil War ended April 9, 1865.• Most of the land in the South was Most of the land in the South was

destroyed by the Civil War. The destroyed by the Civil War. The South would need to be rebuiltSouth would need to be rebuilt..

• This rebuilding of the South was This rebuilding of the South was called called Reconstruction. Reconstruction.

Reconstruction PlanReconstruction Plan

• President Lincoln wanted to reunite President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. the nation as quickly as possible.

• Any southern state with at least 10% Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be of its voters making a pledge to be loyal to the U.S. could be readmitted loyal to the U.S. could be readmitted to the Unionto the Union..

• The South also had to accept a ban The South also had to accept a ban on slaveryon slavery..

What percentage of voters had to pledge to What percentage of voters had to pledge to be loyal to the union in order to regain be loyal to the union in order to regain

admission?admission?A.A. 5%5%

B.B. 20%20%

C.C. 10%10%

D.D. 50%50%

Why was the South divided into Why was the South divided into military districts?military districts?

A.A. They had not yet readmitted to the unionThey had not yet readmitted to the union

B.B. They were out of control and needed They were out of control and needed military intervention.military intervention.

C.C. They refused to abolish slavery.They refused to abolish slavery.

The Slaves Are FreeThe Slaves Are Free

• With the ending of the war, the With the ending of the war, the slaves were now free.slaves were now free.

• The 13th Amendment to the The 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed. Constitution was passed.

• The The 13th Amendment13th Amendment made made slaveryslavery illegalillegal forever in the United forever in the United States.States.

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau

• The Freedmen’s Bureau was The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help poor blacks and established to help poor blacks and whites in the South.whites in the South.

• The Freedmen’s Bureau established The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools in the South.schools in the South.

• Laws against educating slaves during Laws against educating slaves during the Civil War meant that most ex-the Civil War meant that most ex-slaves did not know how to read and slaves did not know how to read and write. write.

What was one of the major What was one of the major accomplishments of the Freedman’s accomplishments of the Freedman’s

bureau?bureau?A.A. Builds churches Builds churches

B.B. Built schools and educated former Built schools and educated former slavesslaves

C.C. Organizes familiesOrganizes families

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Why were people from the North that moved Why were people from the North that moved to the South called carpet baggers?to the South called carpet baggers?

A.A. They were seen as taking advantage of They were seen as taking advantage of the prospects in the Souththe prospects in the South

B.B. Their luggage mainly consisted of Their luggage mainly consisted of “carpet bags”“carpet bags”

C.C. They were looking to gain money from They were looking to gain money from the south.the south.

D.D. All of the above.All of the above.

E.E. None of the above.None of the above.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Lincoln’s Second Inaugural AddressAddress

• On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln laid out his approach to laid out his approach to Reconstruction in his second Reconstruction in his second inaugural address. inaugural address.

• He hoped to reunite the nation and He hoped to reunite the nation and it’s people.it’s people.

• Lincoln Video ClipLincoln Video Clip

• “ “With malice [hatred] toward With malice [hatred] toward none, with charity for all, with none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his and for his widow and for his orphans, to do all which may orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.with all nations.

Lincoln is assassinatedLincoln is assassinated

• Just six days after the war ended, Just six days after the war ended, on April 15, 1865, President on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play.while watching a play.

• Lincoln was assassinated by John Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes BoothWilkes Booth, a Southerner who , a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln. was angry at Lincoln.

• Vice-President Andrew Johnson Vice-President Andrew Johnson became presidentbecame president..

What group of conspirators was What group of conspirators was responsible for Lincoln’s death?responsible for Lincoln’s death?A.A. Those who wanted to punish the SouthThose who wanted to punish the South

B.B. Those who were AGAINST abolishing Those who were AGAINST abolishing slaveryslavery

C.C. Radical Republicans.Radical Republicans.

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

• The Black Codes were laws passed by The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the new-Southern states that limited the new-found freedom of African Americans. found freedom of African Americans.

• Black Codes forced African Americans Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.meetings, or renting property in cities.

The Black Codes were laws passed by The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the new-found Southern states that limited the new-found

freedom of African Americans. freedom of African Americans.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

C.C. [Option 3][Option 3]

Voting RightsVoting Rights

• Other laws were passed to keep Other laws were passed to keep blacks from voting. blacks from voting.

• One law said former slaves had to One law said former slaves had to pay a tax to vote. It was called a poll pay a tax to vote. It was called a poll tax. tax.

• Another law was passed that said a Another law was passed that said a person could only vote if their person could only vote if their grandfather had voted. These laws grandfather had voted. These laws were called the Grandfather Clause. were called the Grandfather Clause.

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

• The Black Codes angered many The Black Codes angered many Republicans in Congress who felt the Republicans in Congress who felt the South was returning to its old ways. South was returning to its old ways.

• The Radical Republicans wanted the South The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change more before they could be to change more before they could be readmitted to the Union. readmitted to the Union.

• They were angry at President Johnson for They were angry at President Johnson for letting the South off so easy.letting the South off so easy.

The 14th AmendmentThe 14th Amendment

• The The 14th Amendment guaranteed 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all people born or citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U.S.naturalized within the U.S. except for except for the Indians. the Indians.

• It said that It said that state governments could state governments could not “deprive any person of life, not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, withoutliberty, or property, without due due process of lawprocess of law.”.”

US HistoryUS History

• Clickers, C-notes from the other day, Clickers, C-notes from the other day, Primary Source DocsPrimary Source Docs

• What is this picture referencing?What is this picture referencing?

1414thth Amendment Amendment

A.A. Abolished slaveryAbolished slavery

B.B. granted African Americans the granted African Americans the right to vote.right to vote.

C.C. guaranteed citizenship to all people guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U.S. born or naturalized within the U.S. except for the Indians.except for the Indians.

Johnson and The Radical Johnson and The Radical RepublicansRepublicans

• Congress was angry at President Congress was angry at President Johnson for not going along with their Johnson for not going along with their Reconstruction policies.Reconstruction policies.

• As a result, As a result, Congress impeached Congress impeached Johnson.Johnson.

Which is the relationship status of The Which is the relationship status of The Radical Republicans and JohnsonRadical Republicans and Johnson

A.A. BFFsBFFs

B.B. its complicatedits complicated

C.C. Married in idealsMarried in ideals

ImpeachmentImpeachment

• Impeachment is the process of Impeachment is the process of charging a public official with a charging a public official with a crime. crime.

• The next step was to try the The next step was to try the president in the Senate. president in the Senate.

• By a single vote, Republicans failed By a single vote, Republicans failed to convict Johnson.to convict Johnson.

• The only other time a president has The only other time a president has been impeached was Bill Clinton.been impeached was Bill Clinton.

Johnson was impeached and Johnson was impeached and removed from office.removed from office.

A.A. TruethTrueth

B.B. FalsethFalseth

Yellow Fever Memphis 1878Yellow Fever Memphis 1878

• Spread from slave shipsSpread from slave ships• Started in VicksburgStarted in Vicksburg• Lady in Memphis dies, town fleesLady in Memphis dies, town flees• By October 20,000 people had died.By October 20,000 people had died.

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

• In 1866 a group of white southerners In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan.created the Ku Klux Klan.

• The KKK was a secret society opposed to The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote.particularly the right to vote.

• The KKK used violence and intimidation to The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks.frighten blacks.

• Klan members wore white robes and Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities.hoods to hide their identities.

• The Klan was known to have murdered The Klan was known to have murdered many people. many people.

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux KlanMore than 1 answerMore than 1 answer

A.A. Used violence to intimidate blacksUsed violence to intimidate blacks

B.B. Murdered many peopleMurdered many people

C.C. Started before the Civil WarStarted before the Civil War

D.D. A society opposed to African Americans A society opposed to African Americans gaining civil rights.gaining civil rights.

15th Amendment15th Amendment

• In 1870 the 15th Amendment In 1870 the 15th Amendment became law.became law.

• The 15th Amendment gave African The 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote.American men the right to vote.

• Women’s rights activists were angry Women’s rights activists were angry because the amendment did not also because the amendment did not also grant women the right to vote.grant women the right to vote.

Which amendment would eventually give Which amendment would eventually give women the right to vote?women the right to vote?

A.A. 18th18th

B.B. 19th19th

C.C. 20th20th

D.D. 21st21st

African American LegislatorsAfrican American Legislators

• In TN, 14 African Americans were voted In TN, 14 African Americans were voted into the general assembly. into the general assembly.

• All former slavesAll former slaves

• After 1887, no other would be elected until After 1887, no other would be elected until the 1950sthe 1950s

Segregation and Jim Crow Segregation and Jim Crow LawsLaws

• Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is known as segregation.parks. This is known as segregation.

• Segregation - the legal separation of Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public placesblacks and whites in public places

• Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregationsegregation

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

• The Supreme Court ruled segregation was The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in Plessy v. Ferguson.legal in Plessy v. Ferguson.

• They said that segregation was fair as They said that segregation was fair as long as “separate-but-equal” facilities long as “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans.were provided for African Americans.

• In practice, the African American facilities In practice, the African American facilities were usually “separate-and-unequal.”were usually “separate-and-unequal.”

• It would take until the 1965, 100 years It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal equality in America. realize legal equality in America.

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Document AnalysisDocument Analysis

• Look at the question. As a group on your Look at the question. As a group on your document answer:document answer:• This prompt is asking me to prove…This prompt is asking me to prove…

• On your table, write all of things that you On your table, write all of things that you will need to know for your background will need to know for your background information.information.

Document AnalysisDocument Analysis

• On each document: On each document:

• Left ColumnLeft Column– Authors Authors

message/main ideamessage/main idea– Perspective/Time Perspective/Time

PeriodPeriod– Background info it Background info it

ties toties to

•Right ColumnRight Column– What does it tell What does it tell

you about the you about the answer to the answer to the question being question being investigated.investigated.

– Any supporting Any supporting factsfacts

Verify the Validity of the SourceVerify the Validity of the Source

• Does the author’s background, context of Does the author’s background, context of the times, the audience being addressed, the times, the audience being addressed, or the purpose behind the source affect its or the purpose behind the source affect its meaning or significance?meaning or significance?

YesYes

OrOr

No?No?

Written Analysis:Written Analysis:

• Label by number:Label by number:– 1. Explain the document and what is saying. 1. Explain the document and what is saying.

Give examples.Give examples.– 2. Explain how each document answers the 2. Explain how each document answers the

question, including facts supporting your question, including facts supporting your argument.argument.

– 3. Make a judgment of the source’s credibility 3. Make a judgment of the source’s credibility or weight as evidence should also be included or weight as evidence should also be included when it affects the meaning or significance of when it affects the meaning or significance of the document.the document.

FinalFinal• Create a FOUR sentence answer, as a group, Create a FOUR sentence answer, as a group,

that answers the Big Questionthat answers the Big Question

• Example:Example:– Thesis: The changing status of African Americans

in America from 1876 to the early 1900s was…– First….– Later in the 1800s…– And by the end of the 1800s African Americans….

State Electoral VotesState Electoral Votes

• Each state is entitled to as many electoral Each state is entitled to as many electoral votes as the sum of its representationvotes as the sum of its representation– U.S. House of RepresentativesU.S. House of Representatives– U.S. House of SenateU.S. House of Senate

• Ohio: 18 House members plus 2 senators = Ohio: 18 House members plus 2 senators = 20 electoral votes20 electoral votes– Total: Total:

• 435 House members 435 House members • 100 senators 100 senators • 3 electors for the District of Columbia3 electors for the District of Columbia• = 538 electoral votes= 538 electoral votes

Delegate Votes DividedDelegate Votes Divided

Each state determines the manner of Each state determines the manner of selectionselection

All but two states use a winner-take-All but two states use a winner-take-all delegates statewide election all delegates statewide election systemsystemNebraska Nebraska MaineMaine

Everyone elseEveryone elseIf Candidate A gets the most votes in a state, If Candidate A gets the most votes in a state,

Candidate A gets the all of the delegates.Candidate A gets the all of the delegates.

Voters and ElectorsVoters and Electors

61

• Therefore, Therefore, – An Ohioan who votes for Obama is An Ohioan who votes for Obama is

really voting for a elector pledged to really voting for a elector pledged to cast the state’s electoral votes for cast the state’s electoral votes for Obama. Obama.

– Remember:Remember:• In 2000, Bush won all of Florida’s 25 In 2000, Bush won all of Florida’s 25

electoral votes because the final official electoral votes because the final official vote tally showed him ahead of Gore by vote tally showed him ahead of Gore by about 600 votes.about 600 votes.

The amount of electors depends The amount of electors depends onon

A.A. populationpopulation

B.B. Size of stateSize of state

C.C. unemploymentunemployment

D.D. Economic stabilityEconomic stability

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential Election

Hayes/Tilden Presidential Hayes/Tilden Presidential ElectionElection

• Tilden won popular voteTilden won popular vote• Electoral vote 185/184Electoral vote 185/184• Compromise of 1877 – Compromise of 1877 –

– Hayes gets 20 electoral votes that were Hayes gets 20 electoral votes that were unresolved, as long as…unresolved, as long as…• Republicans pull their troops out of the Republicans pull their troops out of the

South.South.

How many electoral votes must How many electoral votes must you have to win presidency?you have to win presidency?

A.A. 120120

B.B. 205205

C.C. 280280

D.D. 185185

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The

“Compromise” of 1877

Presidential Election of 1877 Presidential Election of 1877 SignificanceSignificance

•Ends ReconstructionEnds Reconstruction•Leaves the South on their Leaves the South on their own…….own…….

What is likely to happen in the south What is likely to happen in the south now that the federal troops have left it?now that the federal troops have left it?

A.A. Growth and prosperityGrowth and prosperity

B.B. A return to racist rootsA return to racist roots

C.C. A Great depressionA Great depression

Segregation and Jim Crow Segregation and Jim Crow LawsLaws

• Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is known as segregation.parks. This is known as segregation.

• Segregation - the legal separation of Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public placesblacks and whites in public places

• Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregationsegregation

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

• The Supreme Court ruled segregation was The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in Plessy v. Ferguson.legal in Plessy v. Ferguson.

• They said that segregation was fair as They said that segregation was fair as long as “separate-but-equal” facilities long as “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans.were provided for African Americans.

• In practice, the African American facilities In practice, the African American facilities were usually “separate-and-unequal.”were usually “separate-and-unequal.”

• It would take until the 1965, 100 years It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal equality in America. realize legal equality in America.

40 Acres and Mule40 Acres and Mule

• During Reconstruction, ex-slaves were During Reconstruction, ex-slaves were promised 40 acres of land and a mule.promised 40 acres of land and a mule.

• Unfortunately, the government never Unfortunately, the government never came through with their promise.came through with their promise.

• During the riots in the 1960’s, people were During the riots in the 1960’s, people were overheard saying, “That’s for my 40 acres overheard saying, “That’s for my 40 acres and a mule,” as they stole something from and a mule,” as they stole something from a store.a store.

• Film maker Spike Lee’s company is called Film maker Spike Lee’s company is called 40 Acres and a Mule.40 Acres and a Mule.

Agree/DisagreeAgree/Disagree

• Pick up your Orange and Green cardsPick up your Orange and Green cards

• Green – AGREEGreen – AGREE• Orange- DisagreeOrange- Disagree

• THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD FUND SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES FUND SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANSFOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

• THE NORTH SHOULD PROVIDE AN THE NORTH SHOULD PROVIDE AN ACRE OF LAND (IN THE NORTH) FOR ACRE OF LAND (IN THE NORTH) FOR EACH FORMER SLAVE FAMILYEACH FORMER SLAVE FAMILY

• THE CONFEDERATE STATES SHOULD THE CONFEDERATE STATES SHOULD PAY FOR 75% OF THE WAR COSTS.PAY FOR 75% OF THE WAR COSTS.

•FORMER CONFEDERATE FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES SHOULD BE RE-STATES SHOULD BE RE-ADMITTED TO THE UNION ADMITTED TO THE UNION BUT DENIED BUT DENIED REPRESENTATION IN REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESSCONGRESS

• THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD PAY FOR FREEDMEN TO LOCATE PAY FOR FREEDMEN TO LOCATE FAMILY MEMBERS AND PAY FOR FAMILY MEMBERS AND PAY FOR PASSAGE BACK TO AFRICA IF THE PASSAGE BACK TO AFRICA IF THE FREEDMEN WANTS ITFREEDMEN WANTS IT

• FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO HAVE AT SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO HAVE AT LEAST ONE FREEDMEN SERVE IN THE LEAST ONE FREEDMEN SERVE IN THE FEDERAL SENATE OR HOUSE OF FEDERAL SENATE OR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESREPRESENTATIVES

• THE FEDERAL (UNION) MILITARY THE FEDERAL (UNION) MILITARY SHOULD OCCUPY THE FORMER SHOULD OCCUPY THE FORMER CONFEDERACY FOR AT LEAST TEN CONFEDERACY FOR AT LEAST TEN YEARSYEARS

• THERE SHOULD BE A SEPARATE THERE SHOULD BE A SEPARATE STATE CREATED FOR ALL THE STATE CREATED FOR ALL THE FREEDMENFREEDMEN