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U.S. History
“We Didn’t Start the Fire”By
Billy Joel
The Cold War Era
1949-1989
What really happened?
This period in history will be remembered for many events
• The space race• Nuclear anxiety• Cuban Missile Crisis• Fear of Communism• Iron Curtain• Korean war• Vietnam
“It was a Cold War of words -- a time when
nations were rallied by stirring speeches and trembled by ominous
warnings.” WWW.CNN.COM
The following presentation is a brief but effective summary of what took place during the
Cold War Era
“We Didn’t Start The Fire”
1949• Harry S. Truman• Doris Day • Red China• Johnny Ray• South Pacific • Walter Winchell• Joe Dimaggio
1950• Joe McCarthy• Richard Nixon• Studebaker• Television• North Korea• South Korea • Marilynn Monroe
1951• Rosenburg• H-Bomb• Sugar Ray• Panmunjom• Brando• The King and I• The Catcher in
the Rye
1952• Eisenhower• Vaccine• England’s got a
new Queen• Marciano• Liberace• Santayana good-
bye
Chorus
• We didn't start the fire It was always burning,
Since the world's been turning. We didn't start the fire Well we didn't light it, But we tried to fight it.
1953• Joseph Stalin• Malenkov• Nasser• Prokofiev• Rockefeller• Campanella • Communist Bloc
1954• Roy Cohn• Juan Peron• Tosconini• Darcon• Dien Ben Phi falls• Rock around the
clock
1955• Einstein• James Dean• Brooklyn’s got a
winning team• Davy Crockett• Peter Pan• Elvis Presley• Disneyland
1956• Bardot• Budapest• Alabama• Kruschehev• Princess Grace• Peyton’s Place• Trouble in the
Suez
Chorus
• We didn't start the fire It was always burning,
Since the world's been turning. We didn't start the fire Well we didn't light it, But we tried to fight it.
1957• Little Rock• Pasternok• Mickey Mantle• Kerouac• Sputnik• Chou En-Lai• Bridge on the
River Kwai
1958• Lebanon• Charles de Gaulle• California
Baseball• Starkweather
Homicide• Children of the
Thalidomide
1959• Buddy Holly• Ben Hur• Space Monkeys• Mafia• Hula Hoops• Castro• Edsel is a no go
1960• U-2• Syngman Rhee• Payola• Kennedy• Chubby Checker• Psycho• Belgians in Congo
Chorus• We didn't start the fire
It was always burning, Since the world's been turning.
We didn't start the fire Well we didn't light it, But we tried to fight it.
1961• Hemingway• Eichmann• Stranger in a
Strange Land• Dylan• Berlin• Bay of Pigs
Invasion
1962• Lawrence of
Arabia• British
Beatlemania• Ole Miss• John Glenn• Liston beats
Patterson
1963• Pope Paul• Malcolm X• British Politician
Sex• JFK blown away
Chorus• We didn't start the fire
It was always burning, Since the world's been turning.
We didn't start the fire Well we didn't light it, But we tried to fight it.
1964-1989• Birth Control• Ho Chi-Minh• Richard Nixon back again• Moonshot• Woodstock• Watergate• Punk Rock• Begin• Reagan• Palestine• Terror on the airlines• Ayatollahs in Iran
• Russians in Afghanistan• Wheel of Fortune• Sally Ride• Heavy Metal• Suicide• Foreign debt• Homeless vets• AIDS• Crack• Bernie Goetz• Hypodermics on the shore• China’s under Martial Law• Rock and Roller Cola Wars
The Cold War
Music by Billy Joel“We Didn’t Start The Fire”
The End
• Images & Text creditswww.google.com
United States HistoryFrom WWII to the present
THE POST-WAR WORLDForeign Policy
The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991
Cold War Begins
– a non-military battle of diplomacy and propaganda between the United States and Soviet Union
– Lasted from 1945-1990– led to “hot” wars around globe
in Korea, Vietnam
- Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face to face
U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet Union)
U.S. U.S.S.RCapitalism CommunismPrivate property State ownsDemocratic Totalitarian
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc
Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist
world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic
govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtain iron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern
Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
FIGHTING COMMUNISM
CONTAINMENT POLICY: The U.S. would work to stop the spread of communism.1. Truman Doctrine2. Marshall Plan3. NATO and other alliances
4. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory
Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid countries around the world who are fighting communism (like Greece and Turkey).
Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.
The ‘Truman Doctrine’• Truman had been horrified at the pre-
war Allied policy of appeasement and was determined to stand up to any Soviet intimidation.
The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.
• Triggered by British inability to hold the line in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and Turkey, and also money to help capitalists to stop communists in Italy and France.
It signalled the end of “isolationst” policies.
The Marshall Plan 1948
• Plan to aid Europe—in ruins– Prevent countries from
falling to communists– Aid American business
• $17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet Union)
The ‘Marshall Plan’
• The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to enable the economies of Europe to rebuild after World War II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism.
The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern European countries from receiving American money.
NATO vs. WARSAW PACTNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization:
defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists.
Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization rganization (1949)(1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Postwar GermanyPostwar Germany• Nuremburg Trials for war crimes• Divided into 4 zones:
– West Germany – U.S., Britain, and France
– East Germany- Soviets– Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4
zones (in East Germany)
• Berlin Airlift: In 1948-49, the U.S. and Europe flew food and supplies to save West Berlin, until Soviets reopened roads.
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.
Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by
Winston Winston Churchill Churchill
to describe the to describe the separating of separating of
Those Those communistcommunist
lands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from
the the West. West.
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Berlin• West Berlin, was an outpost of Western
democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany
• The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists
• The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin.
It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries
Post War Japan:Post War Japan:
• U.S. occupied – under General MacArthur– New constitution – Democracy with Emperor as
figurehead– Rebuild economy– Abolished army and navy
• Tokyo trials convicted war criminals
The Red Scare
• Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S. – China became a Communist country in
1949.– Soviets developed an atomic bomb in
1949.– Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic
secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953.
McCarthyism• In 1950, Republican Senator Joseph
McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that he had “lists” of communists in the U.S. government.
• Falsely accused hundreds of people of being active Communists, ruining lives.
• When hearings were televised, people saw that McCarthy was wrongly accusing many people.
• Censured (punished) by Senate.
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Korean War[1950-1953]
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
“Domino Theory”
• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.
MacArthur at Inch'on
landing
Korean War, 1950-53• Divided north and south at 38th
parallel at end of WWII.• In 1950, Communist North Korea
invaded South Korea. • The U.S. and United Nations,
aided the South; China aided the North Koreans.
• Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 38th parallel (still today).
• 33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 wounded.
The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]
Ending the War:
• President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China.
• Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists.
• U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
• Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.
• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended
Space Race
• Began when Soviets beat the U.S. into space– Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in
1957– Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, was
launched in 1958.
• The National Defense Act of 1958 approved federal funding of education in math, science and foreign languages.
• Reforms in education –
The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union
exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in
1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear
superpowers!superpowers!
Nuclear Arms Race• Hydrogen bomb
invented – both U.S. and Soviets had them
• 1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb—vaporized an island.
• Dangers of fallout and radiation
• Many built bomb shelters!!
Improve your knowledge
• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock.
Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you
whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us,
don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don't
invite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury you. We will bury you. -- --
19561956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American CitizenKhrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?Who buried who?
Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China?Who lost China?
Growing Interest in China
Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek
CommunistsLed by Mao Zedong
People’s Republic of China:• In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.
• The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.
• China became a
communist country,
and Chiang
Kai-shek and his
forces fled to Taiwan.
Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)(1959)
Cold War ---> Cold War --->
TensionsTensions
<--- Technology <--- Technology
& Affluence & Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was
shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.
Paris, 1961Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev
thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpoinCheckpointt
CharlieCharlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)(1963)
President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that
the West is the West is with them!with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,Khruschev Embraces Castro,19611961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973
The Cold War Years
Quiz
1.Who controlled East Berlin?
A. United StatesB. Soviet UnionC. CubaD. Frankenstein
2. How did America get supplies to West Berlin?
A. Mailed them U.P.S.B. Sent them in by trains.C. Flew them in by planes.D. Dropped them from a parachute.
3. Who invaded South Korea and tried to take over their
country?
A. BritainB. North KoreaC. United StatesD. Donald Duck
4. Who was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A. Lyndon B. JohnsonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John F. KennedyD. Ronald Reagan
5. Where did the Soviet Union build their missile sites?
A. RussiaB. EnglandC. United StatesD. Cuba
6. How did the United States avoid nuclear war with the
Soviets?
A. Set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
B. Threatened to bomb Russia.C. Told Soviet leaders to take a hike.D. Attacked Russia’s military.
7. What was the arms race?A. It was the way presidents are
elected.B. It was the build up of weapons in
order to have the most power for protection.
C. It was the invention of the atomic bomb.
D. It was the way many Americans spent their free time in the 1950’s.
The Cold War Years
Quiz Answers
1. Who controlled East Berlin?
A. United StatesB. Soviet UnionC. CubaD. Frankenstein
2. How did America get supplies to West Berlin?
A. Mailed them U.P.S.B. Sent them in by trains.C. Flew them in by planes.D. Dropped them from a parachute.
3. Who invaded South Korea and tried to take over their
country?
A. BritainB. North KoreaC. United StatesD. Donald Duck
4. Who was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A. Lyndon B. JohnsonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John F. KennedyD. Ronald Reagan
5. Where did the Soviet Union build their missile sites?
A. RussiaB. EnglandC. United StatesD. Cuba
6. How did the United States avoid nuclear war with the
Soviets?
A. Set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
B. Threatened to bomb Russia.C. Told Soviet leaders to take a hike.D. Attacked Russia’s military.
7. What was the arms race?
A. It was the way presidents are elected.B. It was the build up of weapons in order to have
the most power for protection.C. It was the invention of the atomic bomb.D. It was the way many Americans spent their free
time in the 1950’s.
Why is Rocky IV called a Cold War movie? Explain