U.S. Home Front:Office of Scientific Research and Development• Radar• Sonar• Medicines: Penicillin• Atomic BombOffice of Price Administration• RationingWar Production Board

Raised taxesSold war bondsAllied War PlansChurchill & FDRTop priority to the defeat of GermanyOnly accept unconditional surrender

Caused Axis powers to fight longer and harder

110,000 put into 10 prison campsPeople lost homes, businesses and

possessionsKorematsu vs. USA (1944)

Supreme Court ruled that internment was constitutional based on national security

1965/1988: government compensated Japanese Americans but not close to what they actually lost

Turning point on Eastern FrontSoviets capture German 6th Army (Hitler

mistake: refused to allow them to retreat to safety)

Tremendous casualties on both sides (over 1.5 million)

Soviets on the offensive for the rest of the war

• D-day invasion by Allies at Normandy, France• Largest land-sea operation in history• U.S., British, & Canadian troops land at

Sword, Juno, Gold, Omaha, and Utah beaches. U.S. & British paratroopers dropped behind the beaches to cause confusion and keep reinforcements from moving up.

• Hitler mistake:– Thinks invasion is a diversion and the real

attack will come at Calais. Holds back troops and tanks allowing the invasion to succeed.

• FDR & Harry Truman defeat the Republican Thomas Dewey

• 4th term for FDRBattle of the Bulge (December 1944)• Last German offensive of the war• Try to break through to Antwerp, cut Allied

supplies, and drive Allies from continent• U.S. 101st Airborne hold up advance at Bastogne• Bad weather allows Germany early success but

clear skies later allow Allied air power to stop advance

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg

• FDR dies• Harry Truman becomes new presidentApril 30, 1945• Hitler and Eva Braun (just married on the

29th) commit suicideMay 8, 1945• Victory in Europe Day (V-E)• Germany formally surrenders

Read the article passed-outat the beginning of class. Then, answer questions 1-2.

Consider the following quote:The marines of Camp Pendleton were about to

ship out to the Pacific. “Behind them, in safe America, Bing Crosby sang of a white Christmas, just like the ones he used to know. Ahead lay a hot island of black sand, where many of them would ensure a long future of Christmases in America by laying down their lives.”James Bradley – Flags of Our Fathers

When you go homeTell them for us and say

For your tomorrowWe gave our today

-Engraving outside entrance to

Marine cemetery

Battle of Midway (June 1942)U.S. breaks Japanese codes and knows about

Midway attackJapan lost 4 carriers, 300 planes, and their

most experienced pilotsJapan on defensive for rest of war (turning

point)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Hiryu_f075712.jpg

Leap frog islands across Pacific on way to Japan• Guadalcanal (August 1942)• Tarawa (November 1943)• Philippines (October 1944)• Iwo Jima (February 1945)• Okinawa (June 1945)Japanese fighting style• Fight to the death. Surrender is the greatest

dishonor a soldier can do.• Kamikaze (Divine Wind): suicide planes that kill

over 5,000 Americans in the Pacific

General Leslie Groves & J. Robert OppenheimerJuly 16, 1945: Trinity Test• Alamogordo, New Mexico• 1st atomic bomb explosionJuly 26, 1945:• Truman warns Japan to surrender or face total

destructionAugust 6, 1945:• “Little Boy” dropped by B-29 Enola Gay on HiroshimaAugust 9, 1945:• “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki• About 200,000 dead from atomic bombs by end of war

• Estimates on American casualties for the invasion of Japan are over 1 million

• U.S. had spent millions of dollars on building the bomb

• Send message to the USSR: don’t mess with the U.S. after the war

The Targets• Military & Industrial targets• Virgin targets so that the U.S. could study the

effects of the bombSeptember 2, 1945• Japan formally surrenders (V-J Day)

Germany and Berlin divided into 4 zones (USA, Britain, USSR, and France)

Western part of the country rebuilt by the Allies and eventually formed into West Germany. Italy would be rebuilt by the Allies.

Berlin which lies entirely inside the Soviet zone would become a major issue of the Cold War

Douglas MacArthurFree market economyNew constitution guaranteed basic rights and

freedomsWomen’s suffrage grantedRebuilt by the U.S.

USA:• Killed 292,000• Wounded 670,000• Cost $288 billionWorld• Soldiers killed: 25 million• Civilians killed: 38.5 million• Cost: $1.6 trillion

• War ends the Great Depression• U.S. emerges as one of the two greatest

powers (USSR the other)• United Nations established• Start of the Cold War• G. I. Bill of Rights:– Federal loan guarantees for buying homes,

farms or starting a business– paid for college education– Unemployment compensation