US Imperialism in the US Imperialism in the Early 1900sEarly 1900s

ImperialismImperialism

► What is What is ImperialismImperialism? ? ► Building an empire by dominating other Building an empire by dominating other

nations politically, militarily, or economically nations politically, militarily, or economically

► Who is Involved in the late 1800’s/early Who is Involved in the late 1800’s/early 1900’s? 1900’s?

The United States, most European countries and The United States, most European countries and JapanJapan

Africa and Southeast Asia are divided into Africa and Southeast Asia are divided into colonies colonies

The competition for colonies will eventually lead The competition for colonies will eventually lead to World War I to World War I

Reasons for ImperialismReasons for Imperialism

► SocialSocial "white-man’s burden" & Manifest Destiny"white-man’s burden" & Manifest Destiny Anglo-Saxon Christians have the duty to Anglo-Saxon Christians have the duty to

"civilize" the rest of the world "civilize" the rest of the world

► EconomicEconomic US needed raw materials and markets US needed raw materials and markets

(customers) for trade(customers) for trade

► MilitaryMilitary All great empires need a navy (and islands All great empires need a navy (and islands

for friendly refueling stations)for friendly refueling stations)

American Social Darwinism

Superstition

Oppression

Ignorance

Barbarism

Vice

Civilization

Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

Examples of American Examples of American ImperialismImperialism

► Alaska (1867) — William Seward bought Alaska (1867) — William Seward bought from the Russians – “from the Russians – “Seward’s Folly”Seward’s Folly”

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: AlaskaAlaska

Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to

annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

Examples of American Examples of American ImperialismImperialism

► Hawaii (1900) -- US citizens owned sugar Hawaii (1900) -- US citizens owned sugar plantations, plantation owners took control plantations, plantation owners took control of Hawaii and removed the Queen of Hawaii and removed the Queen Liliuokalani. Liliuokalani.

United States annexed (took over) Hawaii in United States annexed (took over) Hawaii in 19001900

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: HawaiiHawaii

U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation

owners who called for U.S. annexation

In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a

republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

“The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the

United States to pluck it.”—John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinleyunder President McKinleyDo you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War►Spain still controls colonies:Spain still controls colonies:

Cuba & Puerto Rico in the Western Cuba & Puerto Rico in the Western HemisphereHemisphere

The Philippines in the PacificThe Philippines in the Pacific

►Spain’s colonies are revolting! Spain’s colonies are revolting! ►Why should the US care?Why should the US care?

Why does the US get Why does the US get involved?involved?

►Spain’s atrocities in Spain’s atrocities in CubaCubaSpanish General Spanish General Valeriano Weyler (“the Valeriano Weyler (“the Butcher”) is sent to Cuba Butcher”) is sent to Cuba to restore order. Moved to restore order. Moved all the rural people out of all the rural people out of their houses and into their houses and into huge concentration huge concentration camps -- thousands die of camps -- thousands die of disease and hungerdisease and hunger

Why does the US get Why does the US get involved?involved?

► Yellow Yellow Journalism: Journalism: Sensational appeal Sensational appeal to the public; to the public; exaggerating the exaggerating the news to increase news to increase readershipreadership

► Public outrage Public outrage and support for and support for the Cuban rebels the Cuban rebels begins to grow begins to grow

Butcher Weyler throws Cuban babies to the sharks!

Why does the US get Why does the US get involved?involved?

►The USS Maine ExplosionThe USS Maine Explosion

Yellow Journalists make a big deal out of it and blame Spain.

“Remember the Maine – to hell with Spain!”

►April 20, 1898: April 20, 1898: McKinley gave McKinley gave in to public in to public pressure and pressure and asked asked Congress to Congress to declare war on declare war on SpainSpain

The War in CubaThe War in Cuba►Volunteers rush to Volunteers rush to

enlist.enlist. Poorly trained and Poorly trained and

equippedequipped TR’s Rough RidersTR’s Rough Riders

►The war in Cuba The war in Cuba lasts only 3 monthslasts only 3 months 460 die from battle460 die from battle 5200 die from 5200 die from

diseasedisease

The War in the PhilippinesThe War in the Philippines►The US destroys the The US destroys the

Spanish fleet in the Spanish fleet in the Philippines and helps Philippines and helps Filipino rebels fight the Filipino rebels fight the SpanishSpanish

►But after the war, the US But after the war, the US staysstays….and ends up ….and ends up fighting the Filipino rebels fighting the Filipino rebels for another 3 years in a for another 3 years in a brutal and bloody warbrutal and bloody war..

Outcomes of the Spanish-Outcomes of the Spanish-American WarAmerican War

►The US takes Spanish possessionsThe US takes Spanish possessions►Annexes the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Annexes the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and

GuamGuam Annex – to take control ofAnnex – to take control of

►The US does NOT annex The US does NOT annex CubaCuba, but claims , but claims the the right to interveneright to intervene in Cuban affairs in Cuban affairs The Platt Amendment says Cuba can’t sign The Platt Amendment says Cuba can’t sign

treaties, the US can intervene anytime, and treaties, the US can intervene anytime, and the US gets a permanent naval base –the US gets a permanent naval base –Guantanamo.Guantanamo.

““The Duty of the Hour…to save her The Duty of the Hour…to save her not only from Spain, but from a not only from Spain, but from a

worse fate”worse fate”

Examples of American Examples of American ImperialismImperialism

► China China Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy — John Hay proposed that — John Hay proposed that

all nations have equal access to Chinese all nations have equal access to Chinese markets and material.markets and material.

1. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy 1. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy (1900-1908)(1900-1908)

►Wanted greater US Wanted greater US involvement in world involvement in world affairs.affairs.

► Advocated for peaceful Advocated for peaceful relations, but wanted a relations, but wanted a strong American strong American presence in to ensure presence in to ensure US prosperity.US prosperity.

► America as world America as world policemanpoliceman

► ““Speak softly and Speak softly and carry a big stick”carry a big stick”

Examples of “Big Stick” Examples of “Big Stick” PolicyPolicy

►Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1900): (1900): US can act as an international US can act as an international police power in Latin America. police power in Latin America. Used to justify intervention in Dominican Used to justify intervention in Dominican

Republic, Panama, Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras, Republic, Panama, Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico and Haiti.Mexico and Haiti.

►Panama CanalPanama Canal: The US wants a canal, : The US wants a canal, but Colombia will not agree…..so the US but Colombia will not agree…..so the US “supports” a Panamanian revolt….and gets “supports” a Panamanian revolt….and gets rights to rights to build and use the Panama Canalbuild and use the Panama Canal..

Examples of “Big Stick” Policy Examples of “Big Stick” Policy ctnd.ctnd.

► ““Open Door” policy— Open Door” policy— ensures ensures China would China would keep its door open to keep its door open to all countries for tradeall countries for trade..

► Roosevelt sent troops Roosevelt sent troops to suppress the to suppress the Chinese Boxers Chinese Boxers ((Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion), ), rebels who opposed rebels who opposed opening up China to opening up China to foreign trade. foreign trade.

2. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” 2. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” (1909)(1909)

► Encouraged US to invest Encouraged US to invest $$ in foreign nations$$ in foreign nations

► DollarsDollars, not bullets, would , not bullets, would advance US authority and advance US authority and ensure stability.ensure stability.

► Ordered troops to Haiti, Ordered troops to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico to protect and Mexico to protect investments. investments.

► Use of force was a way to Use of force was a way to teach other nations how teach other nations how to establish law and to establish law and order.order.

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” (1912)(1912)

► US should US should champion champion democracy democracy around the around the globe and help globe and help maintain world peace.maintain world peace.

► Emphasized American Emphasized American ideals like democracy, ideals like democracy, believed America believed America should help spread should help spread those idealsthose ideals..

► Caused US to meddle Caused US to meddle in affairs in Latin in affairs in Latin America and Asia.America and Asia.

►The consent of the governed is a good The consent of the governed is a good idea in theory but very rare in factidea in theory but very rare in fact

►England has governed her colonies England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. By not whether they consented or not. By not waiting for their consent, she has waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the world’s civilization.greatly advanced the world’s civilization.

►The U.S. must govern its new territories The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.can govern themselves.