1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests• Exports and investments in foreign lands Exports and investments in foreign lands

increases dramatically as a result of the increases dramatically as a result of the Industrial Revolution.Industrial Revolution.

• Farmers and some manufacturers depend Farmers and some manufacturers depend on exports for financial success.on exports for financial success.

• Producers wanted markets for ‘excess’ Producers wanted markets for ‘excess’ production.production.

• Result: Result: – Important business leaders argue that Important business leaders argue that

US prosperity and security requires US prosperity and security requires expansion overseas and global activity.expansion overseas and global activity.

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic ReasonsReasons

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic ReasonsReasons• The US needed a powerful navy and The US needed a powerful navy and

military bases throughout the world military bases throughout the world to protect its economic interests.to protect its economic interests.– Need a powerful navy to protect the Need a powerful navy to protect the

highway.highway.– Need military bases at strategic points Need military bases at strategic points

(in the Pacific, and Caribbean) to have a (in the Pacific, and Caribbean) to have a powerful navy.powerful navy.

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan - The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan - The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

• Many intertwined ideas encourage empireMany intertwined ideas encourage empire– nationalism, capitalism, Social Darwinism, and nationalism, capitalism, Social Darwinism, and

prejudiceprejudice• Imperialists assert racial hierarchy of Imperialists assert racial hierarchy of

“civilized” peoples; White Anglo-Saxons at “civilized” peoples; White Anglo-Saxons at top; dark skinned (Africans, Indians) on top; dark skinned (Africans, Indians) on bottom.bottom.

• ““White Man’s Burden”: White Man’s Burden”: Belief that white Belief that white peoples are dominant and need to expand peoples are dominant and need to expand to civilize the inferior peoples of the world.to civilize the inferior peoples of the world.

3. Belief in Cultural 3. Belief in Cultural SuperioritySuperiority

3. Belief in Cultural 3. Belief in Cultural SuperioritySuperiority

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

Secretary of State William Seward negotiates the U.S.

purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

Secretary of State William Seward negotiates the U.S.

purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of HawaiiAnnexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii• US missionaries, businessmen, and navy US missionaries, businessmen, and navy

see Hawaii as base for profit and expansionsee Hawaii as base for profit and expansion• White (American) sugar planters came to White (American) sugar planters came to

dominate the island by the 1890s.dominate the island by the 1890s.• Hawaiians attempt to regain control, but Hawaiians attempt to regain control, but

U.S. Marines seize power.U.S. Marines seize power.• ResultResult: 1898, Hawaii is annexed (becomes : 1898, Hawaii is annexed (becomes

a territory of the U.S.) a territory of the U.S.)

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

A. Why Interest in Cuba?A. Why Interest in Cuba?A. Why Interest in Cuba?A. Why Interest in Cuba?1.1. Cubans want freedom from Spanish Cubans want freedom from Spanish

rule and they revolt.rule and they revolt.

2. US profits from trade with Cuba2. US profits from trade with Cuba

3. US public support grows for Cubans. 3. US public support grows for Cubans. – Cuban rebellion is hurting trade.Cuban rebellion is hurting trade.– Spanish Gen. Weyler began to put Spanish Gen. Weyler began to put

population into concentration camps. population into concentration camps. – Yellow journalismYellow journalism—Exaggerated news —Exaggerated news

stories stirred up emotions in US. Stirred stories stirred up emotions in US. Stirred up excessive Patriotism up excessive Patriotism

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

• Feb. 9, 1898: Spanish Minister de Feb. 9, 1898: Spanish Minister de Lome’s letter criticizes President Lome’s letter criticizes President McKinley as weak.McKinley as weak.

• Feb. 15: Feb. 15: USS Maine, USS Maine, a U.S. navy ship a U.S. navy ship in Cuba explode killing 266 men.in Cuba explode killing 266 men.– Unclear the cause, but in the American Unclear the cause, but in the American

public blames Spain.public blames Spain.

• April 20, 1898: U.S. declares war on April 20, 1898: U.S. declares war on Spain.Spain.

B. McKinley’s Ultimatum and War B. McKinley’s Ultimatum and War DecisionDecision

B. McKinley’s Ultimatum and War B. McKinley’s Ultimatum and War DecisionDecision

USS MaineUSS Maine

USS MaineUSS Maine Post-Explosion Post-Explosion

Maine Post-ExplosionMaine Post-Explosion

Artist’s Rendering of Artist’s Rendering of MaineMaine ExplosionExplosion

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

C. Spanish-American WarC. Spanish-American WarC. Spanish-American WarC. Spanish-American War

• Less than 10% of US deaths were Less than 10% of US deaths were from combat; most died from yellow from combat; most died from yellow fever/typhoid fever/typhoid

• First US victory in war in Philippines First US victory in war in Philippines via new navy; imperialists see islands via new navy; imperialists see islands as key to US expansion in Pacific/Asiaas key to US expansion in Pacific/Asia

• Spanish, already weakened, lose Spanish, already weakened, lose quickly.quickly.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAssistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight position to fight in Cuba.in Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

E. Treaty of Paris (1898)E. Treaty of Paris (1898)E. Treaty of Paris (1898)E. Treaty of Paris (1898)• Cuba gains independence Cuba gains independence • US gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and US gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and

Philippines from SpainPhilippines from Spain– Pay $20M for PhilippinesPay $20M for Philippines

• Teller Amendment (in war declaration) Teller Amendment (in war declaration) blocks US annexation of Cuba, but blocks US annexation of Cuba, but McKinley assumes Cuba needs US helpMcKinley assumes Cuba needs US help

• Senate debates treaty and empire Senate debates treaty and empire (1899)(1899)

F. Should Cuba be F. Should Cuba be Independent?Independent?

F. Should Cuba be F. Should Cuba be Independent?Independent?

Senator

Orville Platt

Senator

Orville Platt

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903)(1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary.2. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

A. What to do with the A. What to do with the Philippines?Philippines?

A. What to do with the A. What to do with the Philippines?Philippines?

• Grant the Philippines independence?Grant the Philippines independence?– NO!NO!

• Why?Why?– Naval strategists wanted a base in Asia.Naval strategists wanted a base in Asia.– Could be key to maintaining influence in Could be key to maintaining influence in

China. China.

What to do w/ the What to do w/ the Philippines?Philippines?

What to do w/ the What to do w/ the Philippines?Philippines?• McKinley to a group of ministers McKinley to a group of ministers (p. 313 Zinn)(p. 313 Zinn)::

““I sought counsel from all sides… but got little I sought counsel from all sides… but got little help…. I went down on my knees and help…. I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for guidance…. [I]t prayed Almighty God for guidance…. [I]t came:came:

1.1. We could not give them back to Spain…We could not give them back to Spain…

2.2. We could not turn them over to [our rivals]We could not turn them over to [our rivals]

3.3. We could not leave them to themselves- We could not leave them to themselves- they were unfit for self-governmentthey were unfit for self-government

4.4. There was nothing left for us to do but to There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all and to educate… uplift… take them all and to educate… uplift… civilize… and Christianize them.civilize… and Christianize them.

And then I went to bed and slept soundly.”And then I went to bed and slept soundly.”

B. Emilio AguinaldoB. Emilio AguinaldoB. Emilio AguinaldoB. Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leads rebellion against American Leads rebellion against American occupation of the Philippines after occupation of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.the Spanish-American War.

• It took the US 3 years and 70,000 It took the US 3 years and 70,000 troops to crush the rebellion.troops to crush the rebellion.– War ended in the Philippines, with more War ended in the Philippines, with more

than 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino than 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians dead. dead.

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against Campaigned against the annexation of thethe annexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

A. Panama CanalA. Panama CanalA. Panama CanalA. Panama Canal• US wanted a canal across Central US wanted a canal across Central

America America Why?Why? To avoid shipping To avoid shipping goods and naval vessels around tip goods and naval vessels around tip of South Americaof South America

• US supported a revolt in Panama by US supported a revolt in Panama by a pro-US group willing to allow the a pro-US group willing to allow the canal to be built by Americans. canal to be built by Americans.

• US bought rights to canal for $10M.US bought rights to canal for $10M.

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

• Declares that the US could intervene Declares that the US could intervene first in order to prevent European first in order to prevent European interference.interference.

• ResultResult: U.S. gave themselves the : U.S. gave themselves the power to act as they wished with the power to act as they wished with the Americas.Americas.– Roosevelt’s Motto:Roosevelt’s Motto:

•Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

B. B. The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

B. B. The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic Chronic wrongdoing… may in wrongdoing… may in America, as America, as elsewhere, elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by intervention by some civilized some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine may force the may force the United States, United States, however reluctantly, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of in flagrant cases of suchsuch wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TRNobel Peace Prize for TR

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

President President Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

President President Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

President Wilson’s “Moral President Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

President Wilson’s “Moral President Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

What the U. S. Has What the U. S. Has Fought ForFought For

What the U. S. Has What the U. S. Has Fought ForFought For