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United S t a t e s
P a t e n t
US007154451B1
( 1 2 ) ( 1 0 ) P a t e n t N 0 . : US 7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1
B 1
S i e v e n p i p e r ( 4 5 ) D a t e o f P a t e n t : D e c . 2 6 , 2 0 0 6
(54) LARGEAPERTURE RECTENNA
BASEDON 4 , 3 6 7 , 4 7 5 A
1 / 1 9 8 3 Schiavone
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343/767
PLANARLENS STRUCTURES 4,370,659 A 1/1983 Chu
t a 1 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
343/772
4,387,377 A 6/1983
Kandler
.
343/756
( 7 5 ) I n v e n t o r :
Daniel
F .
S i e v e n p i p e r , S a n t a
Monica,
4 , 3 9 5 , 7 1 3
A
7 / 1 9 8 3
N e l s o n
e t
3 1
3 4 3 / 7 1 3
CA
Us )
4,443,802 A 4/1984
M ayes
. . . . . .
. .
343/729
4, 59 0, 478
A
5/19 86 Powers
e t
a l .
. . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 700 MS
( 7 3 )
Assignee; HRL aboratories,
LLC
M a l i bu
4 , 5 9 4 , 5 9 5
A
6 / 1 9 8 6
S t r u c k m a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 7 7 0
Canyon CA
Us)
4 , 6 7 2 , 3 8 6
A
6 / 1 9 8 7 W o o d . 3 4 3 / 7 7 0
4,684,953
A 8/1987 Hall
. .
.343/725
(
*
)
N o t i c e : S u b j e c t
t o any d i s c l a i m e r ,
t h e term of h i s
4 , 7 0 0 , 1 9 7
A
1 0 / 1 9 8 7
M i l n e - 3 4 3 / 8 3 7
patent
i s
e x t e n d e d or adjusted u n d e r 3 5
4 , 7 3 7 , 7 9 5 A
4/1988 Nagy e t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/712
USC' 1 5 4 6 ) )
by
0 d a y s '
4 , 7 4 9 , 9 9 6 A 6 / 1 9 8 8
T r e s s e l t
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 3 4 3 / 7 0 0
Ms
4, 760, 402 A 7 / 1 9 8 8 MlZuno t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 71 3
( 2 1 )
APPL
NO, 10,944,032 4 , 7 8 2 , 3 4 6 A 1 1 / 1 9 8 8 shanna
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 7 9 5
4 , 8 0 3 , 4 9 4 A
2 / 1 9 8 9
N o r r i s
e t
a l .
3 4 3 / 7 7 0
( 2 2 )
Film: 561,47, 2004
4 , 8 2 1 , 0 4 0
A 4 / 1 9 8 9
J o h n s o n e t
a 1 .
.
3 4 3 / 7 0 0 Ms
4, 8 3 5 , 541 A
5 / 1 9 8 9 Johnson e t
a l .
. . . . . . . 343/713
(51)
Int CL
4,843,400 A 6/1989
Tsao
e t
a 1 .
. . . . . . . . .
. . 343/700 Ms
HoIQ 1 5 / 0 2
( 2 0 0 6 0 1 ) 4 , 8 4 3 , 4 0 3 A
6 / 1 9 8 9 L a l e Z a r i
( I t
a l . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 7 6 7
4 , 8 5 3 , 7 0 4
A 81 989
DiaZ
eta.
343
767
HoIQ 19/06 (2 00601)
4 , 9 0 3 , 0 3 3
A
2 / 1 9 9 0 T s a o e t
a l . . .
3 4 3 / 7 0 0
MS
(52)
US.
Cl.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 9 0 9 ; 3 4 3 / 7 5 3 4,905,014 A 2/1990 Gonzalez e t a 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 343/909
(58)
Field of
Classi?cation
S earch
. . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 700 MS,
3 4 3 / 7 5 6 , 7 5 4 , 7 5 3 , 9 0 9 ,
7 0 1
_
S e e a p p l i c a t i o n
? l e f o r
c o m p l e t e
s e a r c h
h i s t o r y .
( c o m l n u e d )
( 5 6 )
R e f e r e n c e s
C i t e d
FOREIGN
PATENT
DOCUMENTS
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
DE 1 9 6
00
609
A 1
4 / 1 9 9 4
3,267,480 A
8/1966
Lerner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343/911
_
3,560,978
A 2/1971 Himmel
t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343/106 (comlnued)
3,810,183
A 5/1974 Krutsinger
e t
a 1 . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 / 7 0 8 Primar E . iD
W
3 ,96 1 ,3 3 3 A
6 / 1 9 7 6
Purinton . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 8 7 2 _ y xaml'? on Ong .
4 , 0 4 5 , 8 0 0
A 8 / 1 9 7 7 Tang e t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 8 5 4
4 331 mm
Exammer*Ang?1a M le
4 , 0 5 1 , 4 7 7
A
9 / 1 9 7 7 Mur phy t a 1 . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 7 0 0
MS
( 7 4 )
A l l o y / 1 6 y , A g e / 1 Z 1
or F
r m i L a d a s
& arry LLP
4,119,972
A
10/19 78 Fletcher
e t
a l . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 3 4 3 / 8 4 4
4 , 1 2 3 , 7 5 9
A
1 0 / 1 9 7 8
H i n e s
e t
a 1 .
3 4 3 / 8 5 4
( 5 7 )
ABSTRACT
4 ,1 24 ,8 5 2 A 1 1 / 1 97 8 S t eu d e l
. . . . .
. . .343/854
4 , 1 5 0 , 3 8 2 A 4/1979 Klng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/754 A r e c t e n n a
S t r u c t u r e
Comprising a ? e x i b l e , d i e l e c t r i c S h e e t o f
4 , 1 7 3 , 7 5 9 A 1 1 / 1 9 7 9 Bakhru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 1 0 0 m a t e r i a l ; a
p l u r a l i t y
o f m e t a l l i c l e n s l e t s disposed o n
the
i
s h e e t
o f m a t e r i a l ; a n d a p l u r a l i t y o f d i o d e s d i s p o s e d o n t h e
4 2 2 0 9 5 4
A 9 / l 9 8 0 M a r c h l a n d ' t ' .
. 3 4 3 / 1 1 3
R
s h e e t
o f m a t e r l a l ,
e a c h
d l o d e
1 n s a 1 d p l u r a l 1 t y o f
d i o d e s
bemg
4 , 2 3 6 , 1 5 8
A
1 1 / 1 9 8 0 D a n i e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 3 4 3 / 1 0 0
LE
a r r a n g e d
a t a f o c u s O f a Correspondmg one of s a 1 d p l u r a l 1 t y
4,242,685 A
12/1980 Sanf or d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/770
o f m e t a l h c l e n s l e t s '
4,2 66, 2 03 A 5/19 81
S a u d re a u e t a l . .
. . 3 3 3 / 21 A
4 , 3 0 8 , 5 4 1 A 1 2 / 1 9 8 1 S e i d e l e t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/786
24 Claims, 6 Drawing
Sheets
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U S 7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1 B1
P a g e
2
US.
PATENT
DOCUMENTS 6,081,239 A 6/2000 Sabet e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/753
4 9 1 6
4 5 7
A 4 / 1 9 9 0
F o y
e t a l 3 4 3 / 7 7 0
2 8 3 3 ? ;
2 2 , 5 8 8 8 2 4 8 1 1 8 8 5 3 1
3 3 3 2 5 7 7 6 5 1 ;7 ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ oetZet . .............. .
4 , 9 2 2 , 2 6 3
A 5 / 1 9 9 0 Dubost e r a 1 ~ 343/797
6 , 1 1 8 , 4 0 6
A 9 / 2 0 0 0 Josypenko
. . . . . . . . .
. . 343/700 MS
4,958,165
A
9/1990 A X f O I d
e t a 1 ~
343/770 6,118,410
A 9/2000
Nagy
. . . . . . .
. . 343/713
4,975,712 A * 12/1990 Chen
- - - - - - - -
3 4 3 / 754
6, 12 7, 9 08 A
10 / 2000 B ozle re t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 / 24 6
5,021,795
A
6/1991
Maiulis
- -
343/700
MS
6,150,989
A
11/2000
Aubry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
343/767
2 8 3 3 1 3 3 A
1 2 % ; ; g e l n h e d e r
e t
a 1 ~
-
6,154,176 A 11/2000 Fathy e t a l . . 343/700
MS
1 r 1112 --------------
6, 166, 705
A
12 /2 000
Mast t
a l .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 8 5 3
5,081,466
A 1/1992
B i t t e r / J 1
343 /767
6,175,337
B1* 1/2001 Jasper e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343/770
5,115,217
A
5/1992
M c G r a t h
e t a 1 . 3 3 3 /246 6,175,723
B1 V2001
Rothwell,
In
N
455/63
5, 14 6 , 2 3 5
A
9/1992
F r e s e - - - - - - - - - -
3 4 3 / 8 95 6, 188, 369 B1 2/2001 Okabe etal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 7 6 7
5,148,182
A 9/ 1 992
Gautier
e t a 1 ~ 3 4 3 / 754
6,191,724
B1
2/2001 M6Ewari
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
342 /2 1
5,208,603 A 5 / 1993 Y e e . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
343/909 6,198,438 B1 3/2001 H e r d
e t
a 1 _ _ 343/700 MS
5,218,374
A 6/1993
K06
r a 1
3 4 3 / 7 8 9 6,198,441
B 1
3/2001
O k a b e e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343/702
2 , 5 2 2 , 2 3 2
A
1 2 % ; ;
u d 1 r f n t e t l a 1
6 , 2 0 4 , 8 1 9
B1
3 / 2 0 0 1
H a y e s e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 / 7 0 2
4 a
u ? e a
6 ,21 8 ,91 2
B1
4 / 20 0 1
Mayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333/106
5268701
A
12/1993 S m l ? . ' 3 4 3 / 7 6 7 6, 2 18, 9 9 7 B1 4/2001
L i n d e n m e i e r e t a l .
. . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 725
2 5 1 3 g : x g s t ? d e g t a i l i ' h o g ?
6 , 2 4 6 , 3 7 7 B 1 6 / 2 0 0 1
A i e l l o e t a l . 3 4 3 / 7 0 0
5,287,118 A 2/1994 Budd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/909 6252473
B 1
6/2001 A n d o I 333/105
5,402,134
A
3/1995
M i l l e r
e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/742
6285325 B 1
9/2001
Na lb a n d m n
e t a 1 343/700
MS
5 , 4 0 6 , 2 9 2
A
4/l995 S c h n e t z e r e t a l 343/700
MS
6 , 3 0 7 , 5 1 9
B1
1 0 / 2 0 0 1
L 1 v 1 n g s t ( - ) n
e t a 1 . . . . . . . .
. .
343/767
5,519,408 A
5 / 1996
SchnetZer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 7 6 7 6,317,095 B1 11/2001 T f i s h l r o g g l e t a 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 343/785
5 , 5 2 5 , 9 5 4 A 6 / 1 9 9 6 Komazaki e t a l . 3 3 3 / 2 1 9 6 , 3 2 3 , 8 2 6 B1 1 1 / 2 0 0 1 s l e v e n p l p e r 9 t
9 1
3 4 3 / 9 0 9
5, 531, 018
A 7 / 1996 saia e t
a l .
. . . . . . . .
2 9 /62 2 6, 331,2 57 B1 12/2001 L00
e r
a 1 -
- -
2 16/13
5,532,709
A 7 / 1996
Talty
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 8 1 9
6, 337, 668 B1 V2002
I t o e r
a 1 - - - -
- - 3 4 3 / 8 3 3
5,534,877
A
7/1996
sorbeno
e 1 3 1 , 343/700
MS 6,366,254
B1 4/2002 Sievenpiper
e t
a 1 . . . . . . . . . 343/700
5 ,5 4 1 ,6 1 4 A 7 / 1 9 9 6 L a r r i etal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 / 7 92. 5 6 ,3 7 3 ,3 4 9 B1 4/2 002 Gilbelt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 3 / 1 2 6
5,557,291
A 9/ 1 996
Chu
t a l . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 725
6, 380, 89 5
B1 4 / 2002 Moren t a l . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 700 MS
5,581,266
A
12/ 1996 Pe n g e t
a 1 .
. . . . . . . . . . 343/770 6, 388, 631 B1 5/2002 L iv in gs ton e t
a 1 .
. . . . . . . . . 343/767
5 , 5 8 9 , 8 4 5 A 12/1996 Y a n d r o f s k i e r a 1 . . . 343/909 6 , 3 9 2 , 6 1 0
B1
5/2002
Braun
e t a l . 343/876
5 ,5 98 ,1 7 2 A
* V1997 Chekroun
- - - - - - - -- 3 4 3 / 7 5 4 6 ,4 0 4 ,3 90
B1
6/2 002
Sheen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 3 4 3 / 7 0 0
MS
5,600,325 A 2/1997 Whelan
t
91
- - - -
- -
342/13
6,404,401 B1
6 / 2002
Gilb en e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/780
5 ,6 1 1 ,94 0 A 3 / 1 9 9 7 Z e t ? e r
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
7351416 6 ,4 0 7 ,7 1 9
B1
6 / 2 0 0 2 O h i r a
etal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 / 8 9 3
5,619,365 A 4/1997 R h o a d s e t a 1 ~ 359/248 6,417,807
B1
7/2002
Hsu
t
a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343/700 MS
5519366 A 4/1997 R 1 1 0 3 ?
e t
a 1 359/248
6,424,319
B1 7/2002 Ebling e t a l .
. . . . . . . . . .
. .
343/911 L
2 , 2 3 5 3 % 2 5 1 3 3 ; 2 2 3 2 0 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 % ? 6 , 4 2 6 , 7 2 2
B 1
7 / 2 0 0 2 S i e v e n p i p e r e t a l . . 3 4 3 / 7 0 0 M S
5 , 6 4 4 , 3 1 9
A 7 / 1 9 9 7 Chen e t 3 4 3 / 7 0 2
6 4 4 0 7 6 7
B1
8 / 2 0 0 2
LOO
e t
a 1
4 3 8 / 5 2
536943134
A
12,1997 Barnes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6,469,673
B1
10/2002
K a i p o n e n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 70 3
5 , 7 2 1 , 1 9 4 A 2,1998
Yandmfski
e t 3 1 6 , 4 7 3 , 3 6 2
B1
10/2002
G _ a b b a y _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 367/119
5 , 7 6 7 , 8 0 7
A
6/1998 P r i t c h e t t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
342/374 6 , 4 8 3 , 4 8 0
B1 11/2002 SFVGHEPGT e t a 1 ~
343/909
5 , 8 0 8 , 5 2 7
A 9 / 1 9 9 8
D e LOS S a n t o s 6 , 4 9 6 , 1 5 5 B1 1 2 / 2 0 0 2 S l e v e n pl p e r e t
a l .
3 4 3 / 7 7 0
5,874,915
A
2/ 1999 L e e etal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 3 42/ 3 75 6518931 B1 2 /2 003 Siev en p i p er - - - - - ~ ~ 3 4 3 / 7 0 0
5,392,485
A 4 / 1 9 9 9
Glab e
e t a 1 , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 4 3 / 7 3 9
6,525,695 B1* 2 /2 003
M c K i n Z i e ,
I I I
. . . . . . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 75 6
5, 89 4,2 88
A
4 / 1 9 9 9
L e e
e t
a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3 4 3 / 770
6,538,621 B1 3/2003 Siev en p i p er
9 t
9 1
- - - - - - - ~ 3 4 3 / 909
5,905,465 A
5 / 1999
Olson
e t
a l .
. . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 700
MS 6, 515, 635
B1 4 / 200 3 C h i a n g e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 8 3 4
5,923,303 A
7 / 1999
Schwengler e t a 1 .
. . . . . .
. . 343/853 6,552,696 B1
4 / 200 3
Sievenpiper e t a 1 .
. . . . . .
. . 343/909
5,926,139
A
7/1999
KoriSCh
. . . . . . .
. .
.343/702
6,624,720 B 1 9/2003 Allison e t a l .
333/105
5,929,819
A 7 / 1999 Gr inb er g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 754
6, 642 , 389
B1
11/2 003 McGrath
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
3 4 3 / 700 MS
5943016
A
8/1999 S n y d e r , J r
e r a1
343/700
MS
6,657,525 B1
12/2003
D i 6 1 < e r i s
e t a l .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 335/78
5945951 A 8 / 1 9 9 9 Monte eta1~
- - - - - -
- - 3 4 3 / 700 MS 6,741,207 B1 5/2 004 Allison etal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 /371
5 ,94 9,3 8 2 A 9 / 1 9 9 9 Quan
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 / 7 6 7 6 ,8 22,6 22 B1 i< ll/ 20 0 4 Crawford t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 4 3 / 9 0 9
2 8 2 2 1 2 1 2 8 / 1 2 2 : 3 2 : 1 1 : 1 1 : 3 7 5 2 2 2 2 : 3 4 3 3 5 3 4 3 ; ; g g g g g g j g g g ;
6,005,519 A 12/1999 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343/700
MS me a
,005,521
A 12/1999 suguro e t a l . . . . . . . .
343/700
MS
7026993
131* 40006
21mg
t
a l 343/700 MS
6 , 0 0 8 , 7 7 0
A 12,1999
su g a w a m
343,767
2001 / 00 3 5 8 01 A1
1 1 / 2 0 0 1 G l l b e l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..333/126
6 ,0 1 6 ,1 25 A 1 ,20 0 0 J o h a n s s o n ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
3 4 3 , 7 0 2
2002/0036586
A1 3 / 2 0 0 2 G o t h a r d
etal. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 2 / 3 7 4
6,028,561 A 2/2000 Takei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 /767 2003/0112186 A1* 6/2003
SW11?
t a 1 ~ - 343/700 MS
6 , 0 2 8 , 6 9 2 A
20 0 0 0
Rhoads e t a 1
_ 359/245
2003/0122721
A 1 7/2003 S l e v e n p l p e r
.343/767
6 , 0 3 4 , 6 4 4 A 3/2000
Okabe
t
a l .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
343/767
2003/0193446 A1
1 0 / 20 0 3
Chen
- - - - - - - -
- - 343/893
6 ,0 3 4 ,6 5 5 A
3 / 2 0 0 0
You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 5 / 6 0
2003/0222738 A1 1 2/ 20 0 3 Brown
t
a 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 3 3 / 2 0 6
6,037,905
A 3 / 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
Koscica e t a 1 343/701 2003/0227351 A1 12/2003 Sievenpiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333/105
6, 040, 803 A
3 / 2000
Spall _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ 3 4 3 / 700
Ms
2 0 0 4 / 0 1 1 3 7 1 3 A1 6 / 2004 Zi p p e r e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 702
6, 046, 655
A 4 / 2000 Cipolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 / 1 3 7 2 0 0 4 / 0 1 3 5 6 4 9
A1
7/2 004
Siev en p i p er
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 / 105
6 , 0 4 6 , 6 5 9 A
4/2000
L00 e t a 1 .
333/362
2004/0227583
A 1
1 1 / 2 0 0 4 S h a f f n e r e t a 1 . 3 3 3 / 3 2
6,054,659 A
4/2000
Lee
et
a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 200/181 2004/0227667 A1 11/2004
Sievenpiper ....... . 343/700
MS
6,061,025 A 5/2000 Jackson e t a 1 . 343/700 MS 2004/0227668 A1 11/2004 Sievenpiper . . . . . . . . . 343/700 MS
6,075,485 A
6 / 2000 Lilly etal. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 700
MS
2 0 0 4 / 0 2 2 7 6 7 8
A1 11/2004 Siev en p i p er
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 702
6,081,235 A
6 / 2000 Romanofsky
t a 1 .
. . . .
. . 343/700
2 0 0 4 / 0 2 6 3 4 0 8 A1 12/2004
Siev en p i p er e t a 1 .
. . . . . .
. .
3 4 3 / 757
MS
2 0 0 5 / 0 0 1 2 6 6 7 A1*
1/2005
Noujeim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 / 700 MS
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U S 7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1 B1
P a g e 3
2 0 0 6 / 0 0 4 4 1 9 9 Al* 3 / 200 6
Furuhi e t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 / 75 3 JP 61-260702 11/1986
WO 94/00891
1 / 1 9 9 4
FOREIGN
PATENT
DOCUMENTS
WO 9 6 / 2 9 6 2 1 9 / 1 99 6
EP
1
1 5 8
605 A 1 1 1 / 2 0 0 1 WO 98/21734 5 / 1 9 9 8
WO
99/50929
1 0 / 1 9 9 9
FR
2
785
476 5 / 2 0 0 0
WO 03/098732
A 1 1 1 / 2 0 0 3
GB
2 281 662
3/1995
GB 2
3 2 8 7 4 8
3 / 1 9 9 9 *
c i t e d by
examiner
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P a t e n t D e c . 2 6 , 2 0 0 6
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6 f
6
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C o l l e c t o r
Rectenna
F i g u r e 4
E a r t h
Power
Source
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1
LARGE APERTURE RECTENNA BASED ON
PLANAR LENS STRUCTURES
RELATED
APPLICATIONS
T h i s d i s c l o s u r e i s r e l a t e d
t o
US. P a t e n t A p p l i c a t i o n S e r .
N o . 6 0 / 4 7 0 , 0 2 7
e n t i t l e d
M e t a - e l e m e n t A n t e n n a a n d A r r a y
? l e d M a y 1 2 ,
2 0 0 3 and t o
US. P a t e n t
A p p l i c a t i o n S e r . N o .
6 0 / 4 7 0 , 0 2 8 e n t i t l e d S t e e r a b l e L e a k y Wave A n t e n n a
C a p a b l e f o r Both Fo rward
a n d
Backward
R a d i a t i o n ? l e d
M a y
1 2 ,
2 0 0 3 .
The
d i s c l o s u r e s o f t h e s e a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e
h e r e b y
i n c o r p o r a t e d h e r e i n b y
r e f e r e n c e .
T h i s d i s c l o s u r e i s
a l s o
r e l a t e d
t o
two n o n - p r o v i s i o n a l a p p l i c a t i o n s t h a t were
? l e d c l a i m i ng
t h e
b e n e ? t o f
t h e
a f o r e m e n t i o n e d a p p l i c a
t i o n s . The t w o n o n - p r o v i s i o n a l a p p l i c a t i o n s
h a v e
S e r . N o s .
1 0 / 7 9 2 , 4 1 1 and
1 0 / 7 9 2 , 4 1 2
and
were b o t h ? l e d
on
M a r . 2 ,
2 0 0 4 . The d i s c l o s u r e s o f t h e s e t w o n o n - p r o v i s i o n a l
a p p l i
c a t i o n s a r e a l s o
i n c o r p o r a t e d h e r e i n
by
r e f e r e n c e .
TECHNICAL F I EL D
The
t e c h n o l o g y d i s c l o s e d h e r e i n r e l a t e s t o a l i g h t w e i g h t ,
h i g h - e ? i c i e n c y r e c t e n na
and
t o
a
m e t h o d
o r
a r c h i t e c t u r e
f o r
m a k i n g s a m e . Rectennas
can be
u s e f u l
f o r
a v a r i e t y
of
a p p l i c a t i o n s
i n
t h e ? e l d
o f
beaming RF p o w e r , which
c a n
b e
u s e f u l
f o r
s a t e l l i t e s , Z e p p e l i n s , a n d
UAVs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Rectennas a r e
antenna
s t r u c t u r e s
t h a t
i n t e n t i o n a l l y i n c o r
p o r a t e r e c t i f y i n g e l e m e n t s i n t h e i r d e s i g n s .
S a t e l l i t e s a r e
a n i n t e g r a l
p a r t
o f m o d ern communication
s y s t e m s , a n d t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e
c a n
b e e x p e c t e d t o grow i n t h e
c o m i n g y e a r s . As
f u t u r e
g e n e r a t i o n s o f
a t e l l i t e s
w i t h
g r e a t e r
c a p a b i l i t i e s
become p o s s i b l e , i t
i s e x p e c t e d t h a t
t h e y c a n
t a k e an even
m o r e
a c t i v e
r o l e i n
f u t u r e
m i l i t a r y c o n ? i c t s .
T h e
d e s i g n o f p r e s e n t - d a y
s a t e l l i t e s
o f t e n
i n v o l v e s
t r a d e o l f s
a m o n g
s u c h
a s p e c t s a s
w e i g h t , p o w e r ,
and
e l e c
t r o n i c
c a p a b i l i t i e s . Each
new e l e c t r o n i c
s y s t e m
a d d s
w e i g h t ,
a n d
must
c o m p e t e f o r
power
w i t h
o t h e r r e q u i r e d s y s t e m s
such
a s s t a t i o n
k e e p i n g . T h e l i m i t s
of t h e s e t r a d e o l f s
a r e
e a s e d
o n l y
g r a d u a l l y f r o m o n e g e n e r a t i o n t o t h e n e x t , b y t h e
e v o l u t i o n
o f
e l e c t r o n i c s ,
b a t t e r i e s ,
p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m s ,
a n d
s o
o n . T h u s , d e v e l o p i n g new t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t s i g n i ? c a n t l y
e x p a n d t h e a v a i l a b l e d e s i g n s p a c e
i s
c r u c i a l t o t h e e n a b l e
ment o f s a t e l l i t e s w i t h r a d i c a l l y i m p r o v e d
c a p a b i l i t i e s
o v e r
t h e
p r e s e n t
g e n e r a t i o n .
Power s u p p l y o r
g e n e r a t i o n
i s
one
a r e a where r e v o l u t i o n
a r y c h a n g e s c o u l d s i g n i ? c a n t l y
e x p a n d
s a t e l l i t e c a p a b i l i t i e s .
P r e s e n t l y ,
power s o u r c e s a r e
l i m i t e d t o
s o l a r p a n e l s o r
o n - b o a r d
p o w e r
s u p p l i e s .
S o l a r p a n e l s
r e q u i r e c o n t i n u o u s
exposure t o
t h e s u n ,
o r
t h e
use of
b a t t e r i e s
t o supply
power
d u r i n g
p e r i o d s o f
d a r k n e s s . Any
o n - b o a r d
p o w e r
s y s t e m
s u c h
a s a b a t t e r y
a d d s
w e i g h t ,
which
r e d u c e s t h e number o f
e l e c t r o n i c s y s t e m s t h a t
c a n be
?own. F u r t h e r m o r e , a
s y s t e m
of
s o l a r p a n e l s a n d / o r
o n - b o a r d
s o u r c e s i s b e s t
s u i t e d t o
c o n t i n u o u s power
a t m o d e r a t e l e v e l s , and c a n n o t e a s i l y
s u p p l y h i g h - e n e r g y
b u r s t s
w i t h o u t
s i g n i ? c a n t a d d i t i o n a l
w e i g h t i n o r d e r t o c o l l e c t and
s t o r e ,
a n d
t h e n
r e l e a s e
t h e
e n e r g y .
O n e way of providing a m o r e ?exible power source
i s
t o
b e a m
t h e power from a ground s t a t i o n 10 t o a s a t e l l i t e 2 0 ,
a s i l l u s t r a t e d
i n
F I G .
1 . T h i s c o n c e p t h a s
been
e x p l o r e d i n t h e
p a s t ,
b u t i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n : b e a m i n g power o e a r t h
( w h i c h
s e e m e d
a t t r a c t i v e d u r i n g t h e e n e r g y c r i s i s ) . S e n d i n g
power
i n
t h e s p a c e
t o e a r t h d i r e c t i o n
f a c e s
c e r t a i n f u n d a
m e n t a l
l i m i t s t h a t m a k e i t
i m p r a c t i c a l , b u t
t h e s e l i m i t s
a r e
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
6 5
2
e a s e d i n
t h e
e a r t h t o s p a c e d i r e c t i o n ,
l e a d i n g
t o a s y s t e m t h a t
i s w i t h i n t h e r e a l m o f p o s s i b i l i t y .
I n
a d d i t i o n t o s a t e l l i t e s , t h e r e a r e m a ny o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s
w h e r e b e a m i n g power
c o u l d
b e i m p o r t a n t . F o r
e x a m p l e ,
i t i s
p o s s i b l e
t o
r e p l a c e h u n d r e d s o f
c i v i l i a n
c e l l p h o n e
b a s e
s t a t i o n s w i t h a s i n g l e Z e p p e l i n 2 0 ' ,
shown
i n F I G . 2 , w h i c h
c o u l d
s e r v i c e a
l a r g e
m e t r o p o l i t a n
a r e a
25
w i t h
mobile
t e l e p h o n y , a s w e l l a s such
o t h e r
s e r v i c e s
a s
s a t e l l i t e
t e l e v i s i o n .
T h i s would
p r o v i d e a
l o w - c o s t
a l t e r n a t i v e t o
s a t e l l i t e s f o r many c o m m e r c i a l w i r e l e s s a p p l i c a t i o n s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e s m a l l UAVs ( U n
manned A e r i a l V e h i c l e s ) t h a t c o u l d b e p o w e r e d b y beamed
e n e r g y . See F I G .
3 . A s
t h e
s i Z e of
a UAV s r e d u c e d , t h e
amount
o f w e i g h t t h a t
i t
c a n
c a r r y l i m i t s i t s
l i f e s p a n s i g n i ?
c a n t l y . F o r e x a m p l e , 1 0 0 - g r a m a i r p l a n e s h a v e b e e n
u i l t ,
b u t
t h e i r l i f e t i m e
i s
l i m i t e d
t o
s i x m i n u t e s w i t h
c u r r e n t l y
a v a i l
a b l e b a t t e r i e s . By
beaming power t o
a
micro-UAV
2 0 , i t
c o u l d s t a y a l o f t m u c h l o n g e r . T h i s
would
b e u s e f u l
f o r
s u c h
a p p l i c a t i o n s a s l a w
e n f o r c e m e n t ,
s u r v e i l l a n c e , h a z a r d o u s
s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
e t c . , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e o b v i o u s m i l i t a r y
a p p l i c a t i o n s .
T h e
emb odiments of FIGS. 143 assume
t h a t
t h e
s o u r c e
of
power i s from a ground
s t a t i o n
1 0 .
However,
t h e s o u r c e
of
power need
n o t n e c e s s a r i l y
be t e r r e s t r i a l . T h e
s o u r c e
of
p owe r
could be a i r b o r n e o r e v e n i n
s p a c e .
Any
beamed power
s y s t e m must
c o n f r o n t
t h e
fundamen
t a l l i m i t s
s u m m a r i z e d
b y
t h e
F r i i s
t r a n s m i s s i o n e q u a t i o n ,
which
e l a t e s
t h e t o t a l
power
t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e g a i n , G , o f
t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g a n d
r e c e i v i n g
a n t e n n a s , t h e d i s t a n c e
b e t w e e n
t h e m , R , a n d
t h e
w a v e l e n g t h 7 o f t h e
r a d i a t i o n
u s e d .
A 2 [ 1 ]
P R ; =
GTXGRX(m)
P T ;
Assuming f o r s i m p l i c i t y t h a t b o t h a n t e n n a s a r e
c i r c u l a r ,
t h e
g a i n
o f
e a c h
i s
r e l a t e d
t o i t s d i a m e t e r , D .
I f one assumes f o r t h e moment h a t
very
l i t t l e power w i l l
b e l o s t t o s p i l l o v e r ( t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t c a n b e
r e l a x e d )
t h e s e
e q u a t i o n s c a n be combined t o y i e l d a n e x p r e s s i o n
f o r t h e
r e q u i r e d s i Z e s o f
t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g
a n d r e c e i v i n g a n t e n n a s , a s
a
f u n c t i o n
o f
t h e i r s e p a r a t i o n , a n d
t h e
w a v e l e n g t h
o f
t h e
r a d i a t i o n
u s e d .
S e e F I G . 4 ,
w h i c h d e p i c t s t h e
g e o m e t r y
i n v o l v e d i n
e q u a t i o n
3 , t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e q u i r e d d i a m e t e r s
f o r
t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g
a n d
r e c e i v i n g a n t e n n a s .
F o r a
g i v e n
s e p a r a t i o n ,
r e d u c i n g
t h e w a v e l e n g t h
r e d u c e s
t h e s i Z e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e t r a n s m i t t e r
a n d / o r
r e c e i v e r . O n e
t e m p t i n g s o l u t i o n i s t o
u s e
o p t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h s ,
a n d
b e a m
power t o s p a c e w i t h a l a r g e e a r t h - b a s e d l a s e r .
T h i s
h a s
s e v e r a l
d r a w b a c k s ,
i n c l u d i n g
s c a t t e r i n g
b y
a t m o s p h e r i c
t u r
b u l e n c e a n d
a i r b o r n e
p a r t i c l e s , t h e t y p i c a l l y l o w w a l l - p l u g
e ? i c i e n c i e s o f l a s e r s compared t o microwave s o u r c e s , and
t h e
l o s s e s
i n c o n v e r s i o n
b a c k
t o
DC
y p h o t o v o l t a i c c e l l s .
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U S
7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1 B1
3
L a s e r s
m ay b e v i a b l e a l t e r n a t iv e s f o r
s t a t i o n a r y ,
n e a r - e a r t h
a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s Z e p p e l i n s , b u t n o t
f o r
moving a p p l i c a
t i o n s , s u c h a s micro-UAVs.
T h e i r
u t i l i t y f o r s a t e l l i t e s
i s
q u e s t i o n a b l e .
T h e
n e x t c a n d i d a t e
W a v e l e n g t h
r a n g e a f t e r o p t i c a l ( s k i p
p i n g
t e r a h e r t Z
f r e q u e n c i e s ,
W h i c h a r e
c u r r e n t l y n o t f e a s i b l e )
i s m i l l i m e t e r
Waves.
I n
t h e
904100 GHZ
a n g e , t h e a t t e n u
a t i o n
f o r
a
one-Way
t r i p
t h r o u g h
t h e
a t m o s p h e r e c a n be a s
l i t t l e
a s 1
dB ( S e e
K o e r t , 1 9 9 2 , i n f r a ) .
F u r t h e r m o r e ,
e f ? c i e n t
high-poWer
s o u r c e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , such
a s
t h e g y r o t r o n ,
Which can produce a s much s
200 kW
f continuous poWer
a t m i l l i m e t e r Wave f r e q u e n c i e s , a t
a n
e f ? c i e n c y
o f
50% ( S e e
G o l d ,
19 9 7, i n f r a ) .
F o r
h i g h e r p o W e r a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
a r r a y s
o f
k l y s t r o n s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d t h a t c o u l d p r o d u c e
t e n s
o f
m e g a W a t t s
o f
p o W e r . T h e s e e x i s t i n g h i g h - p o W e r
s o u r c e s
s u g g e s t t h a t
i t
c o u l d b e
p o s s i b l e
t o t e m p o r a r i l y s u p p l y a
s a t e l l i t e W i t h m u c h h i g h e r poWer from
t h e
g r o u n d t h a n c a n
c u r r e n t l y
b e p r o d u c e d i n
o r b i t .
F o r c o m p a r i s o n , t h e
m o s t
p o W e r f u l
c o m m e r c i a l
s a t e l l i t e t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e ,
t h e
B o e i n g
7 0 2 , o p e r a t e s
a t
2 5
kW r o m o n - b o a r d s o l a r p a n e l s . T h e s e
poWer
s o u r c e s
Would
be
more
t h a n a d e q u a t e
f o r a i r s h i p
a p p l i c a t i o n s , a n d t h e poWer r e q u i r e d f o r micro-UA Vs Would
o n l y be o n
t h e
o r d e r
of
W a t t s .
T h e m o s t
s i g n i ? c a n t
e n g i n e e r i ng c h a l l e n g e f o r e f ? c i e n t
e a r t h
t o s p a c e poWer t r a n s m i s s i o n i s t h e d e s i g n o f t h e
t r a n s m i t t i n g a n d r e c e i v i n g
a n t e n n a s .
F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e
r e c e i v e r
d e s i g n
i s g r e a t l y s i m p l i ? e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
o f
t h e r e c t e n n a ,
( S e e
B r o W n , 1 9 8 4 ,
i n f r a ) W h i c h c o n s i s t s o f a n
a r r a y h a v i n g a r e c t i ? e r
d i o d e
a t e a c h e l e m e n t .
C o n v e r t i n g
t o
DC i r e c t l y
a t e a c h
a n t e n n a e l i m i n a t e s
t h e
r e q u i r e m e n t f o r
a
p e r f e c t l y
? a t p h a s e f r o n t , a n d p e r m i t s t h e r e c e i v i n g
a p e r
t u r e t o t a k e any s h a p e .
The t r a n s m i t t e r
must
s t i l l
produce a
c o h e r e n t beam, s o a p a r a b o l i c d i s h o r o t h e r
method
o f p h a s e
c o n t r o l
i s
n e c e s s a r y . T h i s i s one r e a s o n
Why
s p a c e
t o e a r t h
t r a n s m i s s i o n
i s
i m p r a c t i c a l .
T o
i l l u s t r a t e
t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y
o f
h i g h - e f f i c i e n c y e a r t h
t o
s p a c e t r a n s m i s s i o n , c o n s i d e r t h e
f o l l o W i n g e x a m p l e .
Assume t h a t 100
GHZ
r a d i a t i o n
i s t o
be u s e d .
Th e
m a x i m um t r a n s m i t t e r
g a i n i s d e t e r m i n e d
b y
t h e
a b i l i t y t o
a c c u r a t e l y b u i l d
a
l a r g e d i s h W i t h
t h e
n e c e s s a r y s m o o t h n e s s .
The A r e c i b o
d i s h , Which o p e r a t e s a t
1 0 GHZ, i s
300
m e t e r s
i n d i a m e t e r .
F i r s t ,
assume
t h a t
a 100 GHZ d i s h
c o u l d
be
s i m i l a r l y b u i l t W i t h a d i a m e t e r
of
30 m e t e r s .
N e x t ,
assume t h a t
a
l o W - e a r t h - o r b i t
(LEO)
s a t e l l i t e i s
u t i l i Z e d , a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 5 0 0 km.
U s i n g
e q u a t i o n
3 ,
t h e
r e q u i r e d r e c e i v e r d i a m e t e r
f o r
h i g h
t r a n s m i s s i o n
e f ? c i e n c y i s
a b o u t 60 m e t e r s .
T h i s
c a n be compared t o
t h e Boeing 702
s o l a r
p a n e l W i n g s p a n o f 4 7 m e t e r s . T h u s ,
s t r u c t u r e s
o f t h e
r e q u i r e d
s i Z e s can
b e b u i l t ,
b o t h o n
e a r t h
and i n s p a c e .
H o W e v e r , e x i s t i n g
r e c t e n n a d e s i g n s a r e n o t
p r a c t i c a l f o r
s p a c e poWer
a p p l i c a t i o n s
b e c a u s e t h e y
r e q u i r e
a n
enormous
nu m b er of i o d e s t o
cover
such a l a r g e a r e a . For t h e example
j u s t d e s c r i b e d ,
o n e d i o d e p e r
h a l f - W a v e l e n g t h a t
1 0 0
GHZ
e q u a t e s
t o 6 b i l l i o n d i o d e s . U s i n g 1 2 - i n c h W a f e r s , a n d
assuming an a r e a
of 1 mm q u a r e p e r d i o d e , t h i s r e p r e s e n t s
t h e y i e l d
o f 2 0 , 0 0 0
W a f e r s ; t h e
W e i g h t
a n d c o s t
o f
t h e d i o d e s
a l o n e
W o u l d
b e p r o h i b i t i v e .
A n o t h e r p r o b l e m W i t h
s p a c e
p o W e r a p p l i c a t i o n s
u s i n g
t r a d i t i o n a l
r e c t e n n a d e s i g n s i s
t h a t t h e
poWer d e n s i t y i s t o o
l o W t o a c h i e v e
s i g n i ? c a n t
e f ? c i e n c y . The e f ? c i e n c y , h , o f a
r e c t e n n a i s r e l a t e d t o
t h e
v o l t a g e a c r o s s
t h e
d i o d e s , VD, and
t h e
b u i l t - i n d i o d e v o l t a g e , V b l - ( S e e M c S p a d d e n , 1 9 9 8 ,
i n f r a ) .
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
6 5
1 [ 4 ]
D e s i g n s
W i t h e f ? c i e n c i e s a s h i g h a s 90 have been
d e m o n s t r a t e d ,
[ S t r a s s n e r ,
2 0 0 2 ]
b u t
t h e
p o W e r
d e n s i t i e s
i n v o l v e d
Were m u c h h i g h e r
t h a n
one could e x p e c t t o
e n c o u n t e r
i n s p a c e . F o r t h e LEO e x a m p l e g i v e n a b o v e , t h e
p o W e r d e n s i t y W o u l d b e 6
mW/cm2,
W h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o
o n l y 0 . 2
v o l t s
g e n e r a t e d
a c r o s s
e a c h d i o d e i o n
t h e
o r d e r o f
t h e
t y p i c a l
b u i l t - i n v o l t a g e
f o r
a S c h o t t k y d i o d e . The p r a c
t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s of a s p a c e poWer system a r e t h u s t h e l a r g e
number o f d i o d e s n e e d e d , a n d t h e l o W
v o l t a g e
g e n e r a t e d
a c r o s s
e a c h d i o d e . The e f ? c i e n c y c o u l d a l s o b e i m p r o v e d b y
p l a c i n g e a c h d i o d e
i n s i d e
a
h i g h
Q
e s o n a n t s t r u c t u r e , o r by
u s i n g d i o d e s W i t h l o W e r b u i l t - i n
v o l t a g e . H o W e v e r ,
e i t h e r o f
t h e s e s o l u t i o n s a l o n e Would n o t s o l v e
t h e
problem o f t h e
l a r g e
n u m b e r
o f r e q u i r e d d i o d e s .
A s such t h e r e i s a
need f o r
l e n s - l i k e s t r u c t u r e s
t h a t
W i l l
a l l o W t h e number
of
d i o d e s
t o be
r e d u c e d .
I n
t e r m s
o f
t h e p r i o r
a r t
and
a
b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f
t h e
b a c k g r o u n d
t o
t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n , t h e
r e a d e r
i s d i r e c t e d
t o
t h e f o l l o W i n g a r t i c l e s :
W.
B r o W n ,
T h e
H i s t o r y
o f PoWer T r a n s m i s s i o n
b y
R a d i o
Waves, IEEE
T r a n s a c t i o n s on Microwave T h e o r y and
T e c h n i q u e s , v o l .
3 2 , n o .
9 ,
p p . 1 2 3 0 4 12 4 2 , S e p t e m b e r
1 9 8 4 .
P . F a y , J . N . S c h u l m a n , S . Thomas I I I , D . H .
ChoW,
Y.
K .
B o e g e m a n ,
a n d K .
S .
H o l a b i r d ,
H i g h - P e r f o r m a n c e
A n t i
monide-Based
H e t e r o s t r u c t u r e
BackWard
Diodes
f o r M i l
l i m e t e r - W a v e D e t e c t i o n ,
IEEE
E l e c t r o n D e v i c e
L e t t . 2 3 ,
5 8 5 4 5 8 7 ( 2 0 0 2 ) .
S . G o l d , G . N u s i n o v i t c h , R e v i e W
o f
H i g h PoWer M i c r o
Wave S o u r c e R e s e a r c h , R e v i e w o f c i e n t i f i c I n s t r u m e n t s ,
v o l .
6 8 , n o .
1 1 ,
p p .
3 9 4 5 4 3 9 7 4 , November 1 9 9 7 .
P .
K o e r t , J .
C h a , M i l l i m e t e r Wave
T e c h n o l o g y
f o r
S p a c e
PoWer Beaming,
IEEE
T r a n s a c t i o n s
on
Microwave
T h e o r y and
T e c h n i q u e s ,
v o l .
4 0 , n o .
6 ,
p p .
1 2 5 1 4 1 2 5 8 ,
June
1 9 9 2 .
H .
J . L e Z e c , A . D e g i r o n ,
E . D e v a u x , R .
A . L i n k e ,
L .
M a r t i n - M o r e n o , F .
J .
G a r c i a - V i d a l ,
a n d T . W. E b b e s e n ,
B e a m i n g L i g h t f r o m a
S u b W a v e l e n g t h A p e r t u r e ,
S c i
e n c e ,
v o l .
2 9 7 , p p .
8 2 0 4 8 2 2 ,
A u g . 2 ,
2 0 0 2 .
J .
M c S p a d d e n ,
L . F a n ,
K .
C h a n g , D e s i g n a n d E x p e r i m e n t s
o f
a
H i g h - C o n v e r s i o n - E ? i c i e n c y
5 . 8
GHZ R e c t e n n a ,
IEEE
T r a n s a c t i o n s
on Microwave Theory
and T e c h
n i q u e s ,
v o l .
4 6 , n o .
1 2 ,
p p .
2 0 5 3 4 2 0 6 0 , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 4 .
J . N . Schulman and
D . H .
ChoW, S b - H e t e r o s t r u c t u r e I n t e r
b a n d BackWard D i o d e s , IEEE E l e c t r o n D e v i c e
L e t t . ,
2 1 ,
3 5 3 4 3 5 5 ( 2 0 0 0 ) .
D . S i e v e n p i p e r , J .
S c h a l f n e r ,
H . S o n g , R . L o o , G .
T a n g o n a n ,
T W o - D i m e n s i o n a l
Be a m
S t e e r i n g
U s i n g a n
E l e c t r i c a l l y
T u n a b l e
Impedance S u r f a c e ,
IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s o n
A n t e n n a s and
P r o p a g a t i o n , s p e c i a l i s s u e
on m e t a m a t e r i
a l s , O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3 .
B . S t r a s s n e r , K . C h a n g , 5 . 8 G H Z C i r c u l a r l y P o l a r i z e d
R e c t i f y i n g
Antenna f o r
W i r e l e s s MicroWave
PoWer
T r a n s m i s s i o n , IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s on Microwave T h e o r y
and T e c h n i q u e s , v o l .
5 0 , n o . 8 , p p .
1 8 7 0 4 1 8 7 6 , A u g u s t
2 0 0 2 .
F .
Y a n g , Y .
Q i a n , T .
I t o h ,
A
U n i p l a n a r
C o m p a c t P h o t o n i c
B a n d g a p
(UCPBG)
S t r u c t u r e a n d i t s
A p p l i c a t i o n s
f o r
MicroWave
C i r c u i t s , IEEE
T r a n s a c t i o n s
on
Microwave
T h e o r y and T e c h n i q u e s , v o l . 4 7 , n o .
8 ,
p p . 1 5 0 9 4 1 5 1 4 ,
A u g u s t
1 9 9 9 .
8/10/2019 US7154451 (1).pdf
12/16
U S
7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1 B1
5
BRIEF
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
B r i e ? y a n d i n g e n e r a l t e r m s , t h e d i s c l o s e d t e c h n o l o g y , i n
one
a s p e c t
comprises a r e c t e n n a s t r u c t u r e c o m p r i s i n g : a
? e x i b l e , d i e l e c t r i c s h e e t o f m a t e r i a l ; a p l u r a l i t y o f m e t a l l i c
l e n s l e t s
d i s p o s e d
on t h e s h e e t
o f
m a t e r i a l ; and a
p l u r a l i t y o f
d i o d e s d i s p o s e d
on t h e
s h e e t o f
m a t e r i a l ,
e a c h d i o d e
i n
s a i d
p l u r a l i t y o f
d i o d e s b e i n g a r r a n g e d
a t
a f o c u s
of
a c o r r e
s p o n d i n g
o n e
o f s a i d p l u r a l i t y o f m e t a l l i c l e n s l e t s .
I n a n o t h e r a s p e c t , t h e d i s c l o s e d
t e c h n o l o g y r e l a t e s t o
a
m e t h o d of g e n e r a t i n g
e l e c t r i c a l
poWer
f o r
use aboard
an
a i r c r a f t o r
a
s a t e l l i t e ,
t h e method c o m p r i s i n g :
d e p l o y i n g
a
s h e e t
o f d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l
i n
an
o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e s h e e t
o f
d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l
b e i n g a s s o c i a t e d W i t h ,
c o u p l e d
t o
a n d / o r
f o r m i n g a p a r t o f s a i d
a i r c r a f t
o r
s a t e l l i t e ,
t h e s h e e t o f
d i e l e c t r i c
m a t e r i a l
h a v i n g
a p l u r a l i t y o f m e t a l l i c
l e n s l e t s
d i s p o s e d on t h e s h e e t o f
d i e l e c t r i c
m a t e r i a l and a p l u r a l i t y o f
d i o d e s
d i s p o s e d on o r a d j a c e n t t h e s h e e t
of
d i e l e c t r i c mate
r i a l , e a c h
d i o d e
i n s a i d
p l u r a l i t y
o f d i o d e s
b e i n g
a r r a n g e d a t
a f o c u s
o f
a
c o r r e s p o n d i n g
one of s a i d p l u r a l i t y of m e t a l l i c
l e n s l e t s , t h e d i o d e s b e i n g
c o u p l e d t o g e t h e r
f o r s u p p l y i n g
e l e c t r i c a l poWer f o r use by
systems
aboard s a i d a i r c r a f t o r a
s a t e l l i t e ,
a n d
d i r e c t i n g t h e o r i e n t a t i o n
o f
t h e s h e e t
o f
d i e l e c
t r i c m a t e r i a l t o r e c e i v e i n c i d e n t r a d i a t io n from a s o u r c e
of
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c r a d i a t i o n .
BRIEF
DESCRIPTION
OF THE
FIGURES
F I G . 1 d e p i c t s beaming microWave
poWer
t o a n
o r b i t i n g
s a t e l l i t e a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o
t h e use
of t r a d i t i o n a l s o l a r
p a n e l s , b a t t e r i e s , and
o t h e r poWer
s o u r c e s
on t h e
s a t e l l i t e .
F I G . 2
d e p i c t s
a n o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r beamed
RF
p o W e r
W h i c h i n c l u d e s
a i r s h i p s t h a t Would
s u p p l y
c i t i e s W i t h W i r e
l e s s s e r v i c e s , f o r e x a m p l e .
F I G .
3
d e p i c t s a n
a p p l i c a t i o n Where
b e a m e d
RF poWer
m ay
a l s o
b e u s e d o
poWer
s l o W - ? i g h t micro-UAVs, Which
could
be used f o r
laW-enforcement
o r s u r v e i l l a n c e , o r i n v e s
t i g a t i o n s
m a d e
a t
a
h a Z a r d o u s
s i t e ,
f o r
e x a m p l e .
F I G . 4 s h o W s t h e g e o m e t r y
i n v o l v e d
i n e q u a t i o n
[ 3 ] ,
Which e q u a t i o n c a n b e
u s e d
t o
d e t e r m i n e
t h e
r e q u i r e d
d i a m e t e r s f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g a n d r e c e i v i n g
a n t e n n a s .
F I G . 5 d e p i c t s
r a d i a t i o n
f r o m a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r b e i n g
c o n c e n t r a t e d
o n t o e a c h
d i o d e , u s i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , a l i g h t
W e i g h t , p l a n a r
r e s o n a n t s t r u c t u r e t h a t m a y be p r i n t e d o n a
t h i n , ? e x i b l e
p l a s t i c ? l m .
F I G .
6
d e p i c t s
a l a r g e
p l a s t i c ? l m ,
p r i n t e d
W i t h
m e t a l l i c
l e n s
s t r u c t u r e s , a n d p o p u l a t e d W i t h
r e c t i ? e r
d i o d e s ,
( n o t
shoWn)
t h a t
Would
s e r v e a s
a
l i g h t W e i g h t c o l l e c t o r f o r
m i c r oW a v e poWer. S u c h
a
s t r u c t u r e could be
b u i l t
t o cover
t e n s o f
m e t e r s W i t h
minimal W e i g h t . The
u s e
o f p r i n t e d
m e t a l l i c l e n s e s
Would
r e d u c e t h e
number o f
d i o d e s ,
and
Would
i n c r e a s e t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s e a c h d i o d e
f o r
improved
e ? i c i e n c y .
F I G . 7
d e p i c t s an
e m b o d i m e n t Where
poWer i s
f o c u s e d
o n t o a
s p a r s e
a r r a y o f d i o d e s
u s i n g
a l i g h t W e i g h t p l a s t i c
?lm
t h a t i s p a t t e r n e d
W i t h
m e t a l l i c l e n s e s .
FIG. 8a d e p i c t s a c o p l a n a r
antenna
o n a
diode-tuned
s u r f a c e and e x p e r i m e n t s
u s i n g s u c h t u n a b l e
t e x t u r e d s u r
f a c e s h a s
l e d t h e
i n v e n t o r n a m e d e r e i n
t o b e l i e v e
t h a t p l a n a r
l e n s
s t r u c t u r e s
can f o c u s
poWer o n t o a c o p l a n a r
a n t e n n a ,
y i e l d i n g a
c o m p l e t e l y
? a t
s t r u c t u r e .
F I G . 8b
i s
a
g r a p h o f
t h e g a i n f o r u n i f o r m s u r f a c e
i m p e d a n c e .
F I G . 8 0
i s
a
g r a p h
o f t h e g a i n f o r an
o p t i m i Z e d ,
non
u n i f o r m s u r f a c e .
F I G .
9 i s a g r a p h
d e p i c t i n g
t h e e f f e c t i v e a p e r t u r e f o r an
antenna m o u n t e d o n an
optimiZed
i m p e d a n c e
s u r f a c e can
be
5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
6 5
6
n e a r l y e q u a l t o t h e e n t i r e s u r f a c e a r e a .
The
e f f e c t i v e a p e r t u r e
s i Z e
a s s u m e s
t h e
e x p e c t e d c o s i n e f u n c t i o n When o p t i m i Z e d
f o r d i f f e r e n t e l e v a t i o n a n g l e s .
The e f f e c t i v e
a p e r t u r e f o r
a
u n i f o r m
s u r f a c e i s
shoWn
f o r c o m p a r i s o n .
By
o p t i m i Z i n g a
t e x t u r e d
s u r f a c e ,
one can m a k e
a
l a r g e - a r e a , p l a n a r c o l l e c t o r
f o r
microWave
r a d i a t i o n .
F I G . 1 0
i s
a
p l a n
vieW
o f
a l i g h t W e i g h t ,
h i g h - e ? i c i e n c y
r e c t e n n a
s y s t e m
based on p r i n t e d m e t a l l i c l e n s l e t s ,
and
a
s p a r s e a r r a y
o f r e c t i ? e r
d i o d e s . The
l e n s l e t s
c o l l e c t poWer
o v e r
m a n y
s q u a r e
Wavelengths
and
r o u t e i t t o t h e d i o d e s .
T h i s p r o v i d e s
g r e a t e r
p o W e r p e r
d i o d e ( t h u s
i m p r o v i n g
e ? i c i e n c y ) and a l s o r e d u c e s t h e
d i o d e
c o u n t
t o
a
p r a c t i c a l
n u m b e r .
FIGS. 1 0 a , 10b and
100
a r e s i d e e l e v a t i o n vieWs t a k e n
t h r o u g h t h e
s t r u c t u r e
d e p i c t e d i n F I G . 1 0 .
FIG.
1 1 i s a s i d e
e l e v a t i o n
vieW
of
an e m b o d i m e n t With
a
g r o u n d
p l a n e s p a c e d
f r o m
t h e l e n s l e t s u s i n g a
honeycomb
l i k e s t r u c t u r e .
F I G . 1 2 d e p i c t s an
a r r a y
o f
m e t a l
p l a t e s W i t h
a
p e r i o d o f
o n e - q u a r t e r
W a v e l e n g t h ,
and f e a t u r e s
t h a t v a r y
on
a
l e n g t h
s c a l e o f
o n e
W a v e l e n g t h ,
W i t h r a d i a l s y m m e t r y .
F I G . 1 3 d e p i c t s a n
a r r a y
o f l e n s e s d e p i c t e d
by
F I G . 1 2 ,
e a c h
l e n s
h a v i n g
a
d i o d e
a t
i t s
c e n t e r ,
W i t h t h o s e d i o d e s
b e i n g
c o n n e c t e d b y DC
i n e s .
F I G . 1 4 i s s i m i l a r t o F I G . 1 0 b , b u t W i t h a DC i n e b e i n g
sh oW n o n a r e v e r s e s i d e
o f
t h e d i e l e c t r i c s h e e t .
DETAILED
DESCRIPTION
A r o b l e m
i n
t r y i n g
t o d e v e l o p a p r a c t i c a l
e a r t h
t o s p a c e
poWer t r a n s m i s s i o n s y s t e m i s t h a t t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s d i o d e s
used
i n a r e c t e n n a
h a s n o t
been s u ? i c i e n t i n a p r i o r
a r t
r e c t e n n a
t o be of p r a c t i c a l
use
t o
such
an a p p l i c a t i o n .
HoWever,
t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s
each
d i o d e 25
can
be
i n c r e a s e d W h i l e
r e d u c i n g
t h e
number
o f d i o d e s b y u s i n g a
l e n s - l i k e s t r u c t u r e o r l e n s l e t 4 0 , shoWn i n
FIG.
5 , t o con
c e n t r a t e p oW e r
fr o m
a
l a r g e
a r e a over a small n u m b e r
o f
d i o d e s
25
i n
an
a r r a y
of
l e n s l e t s
4 0 .
For example,
i f
one
Wanted t o g e n e r a t e 20 v o l t s a c r o s s
e a c h
d i o d e 2 5 , t h e n t h e
i n c i d e n t
poWer
from
40 s q u a r e W a v e l e n g t h s , o r a 2-cm
d i a m e t e r a r e a ,
n e e d s
t o
b e
c o l l e c t e d . T h i s Would
n o t
o n l y
b o o s t t h e
v o l t a g e
a c r o s s e a c h d i o d e i a n d a l s o t h e
d i o d e s
e ? i c i e n c y i i t Would
a l s o r e d u c e t h e
number o f d i o d e s
t o
a b o u t 3 m i l l i o n f o r t h e e x a m p l e d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , W h i c h
e q u a t e s t o a b o u t 1 0 0 W a f e r s
Worth
o f d i o d e s . F u r t h e r
r e d u c t i o n s
i n t h e
number o f d i o d e s r e q u i r e d c o u l d
b e
achieved With
an
e v e n
l a r g e r
c o l l e c t i o n a r e a
per
d i o d e . Each
l e n s l e t 4 0 c o m p r i s e s
a
g e o m e t r i c
a r r a y
o f e l e c t r i c a l l y con
d u c t i v e
p a t c h e s
4 2
d i s p o s e d
on a
s u p p o r t i n g
s u r f a c e .
The
c o n d u c t i v e
p a t c h e s
4 2 a r e p r e f e r a b l y
f o r m e d
b y t h i n , i n d i
v i d u a l
m e t a l l i c
p a t c h e s formed on
a
s u p p o r t i n g s u r f a c e , s u c h
a s , f o r e x a m p l e ,
a
t h i n
s h e e t
o f
a
p l a s t i c m a t e r i a l .
O f
c o u r s e , a
t r a d i t i o n a l d i e l e c t r i c l e n s
Would
be i m p r a c
t i c a l , b u t
a
m e t a l l i c
l e n s
i m p r i n t e d
on a l i g h t W e i g h t p l a s t i c
?l m
5 0 , Which
m ay
be
unfolded over a
l a r g e
a r e a
and
c o u l d
b e u t i l i Z e d i n a
s p a c e
e n v i r o n m e n t , i s p r a c t i c a l .
T h i s
c o n c e p t
f o r b u i l d i n g a p r a c t i c a l microWave s p a c e
poWer
s y s t e m i s
i l l u s t r a t e d i n F I G . 6 Where g r o u n d - b a s e d
r a d i a t i o n
i s
r e p r e
s e n t e d by
a r r o W s
A . The t h i n p l a s t i c ?lm
5 0
Would b e
p a t t e r n e d
W i t h s u b - W a v e l e n g t h r e s o n a n t m e t a l l i c
r e g i o n s
o r
l e n s l e t s 4 0 , Which Would f o c u s t h e incoming poWer t o a
s p a r s e a r r a y
o f
d i o d e s
2 5 . Such
a
?lm 5 0
c o u l d
be
m a d e by
t h e t e n s o f m e t e r s , b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s
Would
have minimal
W e i g h t . Th e m e t a l l i c l e n s e s Would s e r v e t h e d u a l
p u r p o s e s
o f
m i n i m i Z i n g
t h e number
o f
d i o d e s
2 5
r e q u i r e d , W h i l e
a l s o
i m p r o v i n g t h e e ? i c i e n c y b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s
e a c h
d i o d e 2 5 .
8/10/2019 US7154451 (1).pdf
13/16
U S
7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1 B1
7
I n
a c c o r d a n c e W i t h
t h e p r e s e n t l y d i s c l o s e d
t e c h n o l o g y ,
a
s t r u c t u r e
h a v i n g
a
t h i n p l a s t i c ?lm 50 t h a t
i s
c o v e r e d W i t h
a
p l u r a l i t y o f t h i n m e t a l p a t t e r n s , e a c h p a t t e r n c o m p r i s i n g
a
p l u r a l i t y o f
s m a l l
e l e c t r i c a l l y c o n d u c t i v e p a t c h e s 4 2 f o r m i n g
a
l e n s l e t 4 0 , i s d i s c l o s e d . T h i s t e c h n o l o g y
may
b e
u s e d
i n
a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s t h e e a r t h t o
s p a c e
poWer t r a n s m i s s i o n
s y s t e m d i s c u s s e d a b o v e . Each
m e t a l
p a t t e r n o r l e n s l e t
40 i s
m a d e
such t h a t
i t
behaves
a s
a p l a n a r
l e n s ,
With a
f o c a l
l e n g t h o f z e r o . T h a t s ,
i t
f o c u s e s t h e i n c o m i n g poWer i n
s u c h
a
Way t h a t
a
r e l a t i v e l y
high energy
? e l d
i s
c r e a t e d
a t
one
p o i n t on
t h e s u r f a c e
o f
t h e
l e n s
4 0 .
The h i g h - e n e r g y ? e l d h a s
a
h i g h e r
e n e r g y
t h a n
t h e
a v e r a g e
e n e r g y d e n s i t y
o f
t h e
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
W a v e s
i m p i n g i n g t h e p l a s t i c ?lm 5 0 .
The
c r e a t i o n o f
t h e
h i g h - e n e r g y ? e l d s a l l o W s a r e c t i ? e r d i o d e
25
t o
be
p l a c e d
a t
t h e
f o c u s
o r c e n t e r o f t h e h i g h - ? e l d l o c a t i o n ,
s o t h a t a l l
o f
t h e poWer impinging
o n
t h e
l e n s
40 i s
r e c t i ? e d
by t h a t d i o d e 2 5 . T h i s r e s u l t s i n tWo improvements
o v e r
e x i s t i n g
r e c t e n n a
d e s i g n s : ( 1 ) I t
r e q u i r e s
f a r f e W e r
d i o d e s ,
a n d ( 2 ) i t a l l o W s t h e v o l t a g e
p e r d i o d e
t o b e h i g h e r ,
Which
r e s u l t s
i n
m o r e
e ? i c i e n t
o p e r a t i o n . A s W i l l be s e e n , an
embodiment o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
i n c l u d e s t h e combina
t i o n
o f
a
p l a n a r
l e n s
and
a s p a r s e a r r a y of r e c t i ? e r d i o d e s t o
c r e a t e a l i g h t w e i g h t , e f ? c i e n t r e c t e n n a .
The d e s i g n o f t h e p l a n a r
l e n s can be
summarized
a s
f o l l o w s : ( I ) a s s u m e t h a t t h e p l a s t i c ?lm
5 0
i s p r e f e r a b l y
p l a n a r a n d i s p a t t e r n e d W i t h m e t a l l i c o r o t h e r e l e c t r i c a l l y
c o n d u c t i v e p a t c h e s
42
t h a t
can b e
c o n s i d e r e d a s r e s o n a t o r s ,
W i t h
a
c e r t a i n r e s o n a n c e
f r e q u e n c y .
( 2 )
C h a r a c t e r i z e t h e
p a t c h e s
4 2
i n
t e r m s o f
s c a t t e r e d ? e l d ( m a g n i t u d e a n d
p h a s e )
f o r
v a r i o u s f r e q u e n c i e s
W i t h
r e s p e c t
t o
t h e
r e s o n a n c e f r e
q u e n c y . ( 3 ) Choose
t h e
c o n d i t i o n
t h a t t h e
? e l d s f r o m
a l l
o f
t h e
m e t a l
p a t c h e s
4 2 s h o u l d a d d u p i n
p h a s e
a t
a s i n g l e
p o i n t
a t t h e f o c u s of a
l e n s
4 0 , o r a l t e r n a t i v e l y choose s o m e o t h e r
p o i n t on t h e l e n s . ( 4 ) B u i l d a s c a t t e r i n g
m a t r i x
t h a t d e s c r i b e s
t h e
? e l d
a t t h e chosen p o i n t on t h e l e n s , a s a
f u n c t i o n
of t h e
i n c o m i n g ? e l d . T h i s must i n c l u d e
t h e
i n t e r a c t i o n a m o n g
t h e
v a r i o u s m e t a l l i c p a t c h e s . ( 5 ) O p t i m i z e t h e r e s o n a n c e f r e
q u e n c i e s o f t h e m e t a l p a t c h e s
4 2
s o
t h a t
t h e
? e l d
a t
t h e
chosen p o i n t i s a
m aximu m. O f o u r s e ,
d i o d e s
25
Would
be
p l a c e d a t t h e
f o c a l
p o i n t s o f t h e l e n s e s
4 0 .
C o n c e n t r a t i n g
microWave
poWer
from a l a r g e a r e a
( s e v
e r a l
t e n s
o f
s q u a r e
W a v e l e n g t h s ) o nt o a
s i n g l e d e v i c e ,
u s i n g
a
t h i n , p a t t e r n e d
m e t a l
?lm c a n be done
i n
s e v e r a l W a y s ,
i n c l u d i n g by u s i n g a
n o n - u n i f o r m f r e q u e n c y s e l e c t i v e
s u r
f a c e
( F S S ) . T h e s e
s t r u c t u r e s
h a v e been
s t u d i e d
f o r m a ny
y e a r s
f o r ? l t e r i n g r a d o m e s , a n d o t h e r
a p p l i c a t i o n s .
A
on
u n i f o r m FSS c o u l d b e d e s i g n e d t o h a v e l e n s - l i k e b e h a v i o r ,
and
f o c u s
incoming
Waves from a
l a r g e
a r e a o n t o a
s i n g l e
r e c e i v i n g a n t e n n a . T h i s i s s i m i l a r
t o
t h e F r e s n e l z o n e
p l a t e
t h a t
i s
knoWn i n o p t i c s , b u t i t c a n h a v e h i g h e f ? c i e n c y
b e c a u s e t h e
m e t a l p a t t e r n s c a n
b e
d e s i g n e d t o
p r o v i d e o n l y
a p h a s e s h i f t , W i t h
m i n i m a l
a b s o r p t i o n . A
e r i e s
o f m i c r o
Wav e l e n s l e t s 54 could be p a t t e r n e d over
a
l a r g e a r e a of h i n
p l a s t i c ?lm
5 0 ,
a s shoWn i n F I G .
6 ,
t o f o c u s t h e l o W - d e n s i t y
m icroWave
poWer o n t o a s p a r s e a r r a y
of
d i o d e s 2 5 .
O n e
drawback
o f
t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
FSS a p p r o a c h ,
shoWn
i n
F I G . 7 , i s t h a t
t
i s
n o t u n i p l a n a r , b e c a u s e
o f
t h e
need o
f o c u s
o v e r
a d i s t a n c e
t Which
Would
be r o u g h l y
e q u a l
t o
t h e
d i a m e t e r o f
t h e
l e n s l e t s 4 0 . I t
Would
be d i ? i c u l t t o u n f o l d
such
a s t r u c t u r e
o v er a n
area
o f many square meters While
m a i n t a i n i n g
t h e r e q u i r e d s p a c i n g t
W i t h i n
s u i t a b l e
t o l e r
ances
f o r e ? i c i e n t energy c o l l e c t i o n .
An l t e r n a t i v e i s t o
c o n s i d e r
s t r u c t u r e s Where t h e r e c e i v
i n g
a n t e n n a s and t h e d i o d e s a r e a r r a n g e d i n a c o p l a n a r
a l i g n m e n t W i t h t h e
m e t a l l i c l e n s
s t r u c t u r e s . T h i s c o n c e p t h a s
a l r e a d y
b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d a t
HRL a b o r a t o r i e s o f M a l i b u ,
C a l i f . , t h r o u g h
W o r k
W i t h t u n a b l e , t e x t u r e d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
6 5
8
s u r f a c e s .
S e e ,
f o r e x a m p l e ,
t h e
p a t e n t
a p p l i c a t i o n s m e n
t i o n e d a b o v e . A e t a l l i c s u r f a c e t e x t u r e can be m a d e
( t h r o u g h
p r o p e r o p t i m i z a t i o n )
t o
f o c u s poWer
f r o m many
s q u a r e W a v e l e n g t h s , o n t o a n
a n t e n n a t h a t i s
c o p l a n a r
W i t h
t h e t e x t u r e d s u r f a c e , a s i l l u s t r a t e d
i n
F I G .
8 .
Th e m e t a l l i c
s u r f a c e
c a n b e q u i t e t h i n and f o r
most
a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e
t h i n n e r t h e m e t a l
o n
t h e
m e t a l l i c
s u r f a c e t h e b e t t e r ( d u e t o
W e i g h t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ) . T h e
e x p e r i m e n t s
a t H R L
L a b o r a t o
r i e s
i n v o l v e d
a d i o d e - t u n e d i m p e d a n c e s u r f a c e c o n s i s t i n g o f
many
s m a l l
m e t a l l i c p a t c h e s
l i n k e d
b y
v a r a c t o r
d i o d e s .
S e e
t h e p a p e r b y S i e v e n p i p e r , 2 0 0 3 ,
s u p r a ,
a n d t h e p a t e n t
a p p l i
c a t i o n s r e f e r r e d
t o a b o v e .
E x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g
t u n a b l e
t e x
t u r e d s u r f a c e s s u g g e s t t h a t p l a n a r
l e n s
s t r u c t u r e s c a n f o c u s
poWer o n t o a c o p l a n a r a n t e n n a , y i e l d i n g a c o m p l e t e l y o r
e s s e n t i a l l y ) ? a t s t r u c t u r e a s
shoWn
i n
F I G .
8 a . T h e s t r u c t u r e
of
FIG. 8 1 1
can
be
m a d e
s o ? a t t h a t t h e antenna a n d t u n a b l e
t e x t u r e d
s u r f a c e
i s n e a r l y i m p e r c e p t i b l e t o o n e s ? n g e r s . O f
c o u r s e , t h e
s t r u c t u r e s can b e
m o r e
pr o n oun c e d
i n so m e
e m b o d i m e n t s ( s o t h a t t h e y
W o u l d n o t
g e n e r a l l y b e
c a l l e d
? a t ) , b u t , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g ,
? a t o r
n e a r l y
? a t s t r u c t u r e s
W o u l d
b e
p r e f e r r e d i n m o s t a p p l i c a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y W h e r e
t h e
p l a s t i c
?lm
50
i s
t o
b e u n f o l d e d s o m e p l a c e ,
s u c h a s
i n
s p a c e ,
Where
hu man
i n t e r v e n t i o n
( d u e
t o
s n a g s
a n d
t h e
l i k e ) ,
m a y W e l l n o t be p o s s i b l e , c o n v e n i e n t o r
d e s i r a b l e .
F I G .
8b
i s
a
g r a p h o f
t h e
g a i n
f o r u n i f o r m s u r f a c e
impedance W h i l e
F I G . 8 0
i s
a
g r a p h o f
t h e
g a i n f o r a n
o p t i m i z e d , n o n - u n i f o r m s u r f a c e . U s i n g t h i s s u r f a c e
W i t h
a
c o p l a n a r a n t e n n a , i t Was d e t e r m i n e d
t h a t t h e p a t t e r n
o f
c a p a c i t a n c e b e t W e e n t h e m e t a l l i c
p a t c h e s
c o u l d b e o p t i m i z e d
t o
i n c r e a s e t h e
g a i n
of
t h e a n t e n n a m o u n t e d o n t h e
s u r f a c e .
I n t h i s
W a y ,
t h e e f f e c t i v e a p e r t u r e
s i z e
c o u l d
be e x t e n d e d t o
c o v e r
t h e
e n t i r e a r e a
o f
t h e
s u r f a c e ,
a s p l o t t e d i n F I G .
9 ,
Which i n d i c a t e s t h a t by p r o p e r
d e s i g n o f
a n o n - u n i f o r m
impedance s u r f a c e , poWer
can
be
c o l l e c t e d o v e r a
r e l a t i v e l y
l a r g e a r e a
( f o r example
a
r e l a t i v e l y
l a r g e a r e a
may
b e a s
l a r g e a s
p e r h a p s
hundreds
o r
thousands of s q u a r e
o f
Wave
l e n g t h s
o f
t h e
i m p i n g i n g r a d i a t i o n ) ,
a n d r o u t e d
t o
a s i n g l e
d i o d e
on
t h e
n o n - u n i f o r m
impedance
s u r f a c e
f o r
r e c t i ? c a
t i o n .
For
RF s p a c e poWer
a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
t h e s u r f a c e t e x t u r e
Would c o n s i s t
o f
a
l a t t i c e
o f ?xed
c a p a c i t o r s , b u i l t
i n t o
m e t a l l i z e d p l a s t i c . The c a p a c i t o r s a r e formed e d g e t o con
f r o n t i n g
e d g e o f
t h e
p l a t e s
m a k i n g
u p
e a c h l e n s . T h e
a f o r e - m e n t i o n e d c a p a c i t o r s c o m e from t h e
f a c t
t h a t t h e r e a r e
s m a l l m e t a l l i c
p l a t e s
t h a t a r e
v e r y
c l o s e t o g e t h e r .
These
a r e
e d g e - t o - e d g e c a p a c i t o r s ,
r a t h e r
t h a n
c o n v e n t i o n a l p a r a l l e l
p l a t e c a p a c i t o r s .
Any tWo
c o n d u c t o r s t h a t a r e
b r o u g h t
n e a r
e a c h o t h e r W i l l have
some
amount
o f c a p a c i t a n c e .
A round
p l a n e
i s n o t
n e e d e d
h e r e , b u t
i t c o u l d b e
u s e d t o p r o v i d e
i m p r o v e d e f ? c i e n c y , a t t h e e x p e n s e
o f
g r e a t e r
W e i g h t .
T h e
v a l u e s o f t h e
c a p a c i t o r s
a n d t h e
s h a p e
o f t h e m e t a l p a r t i c l e s
Would b e d e t e r m i n e d by e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c s i m u l a t i o n s , a n d
a n
o p t i m i z a t i o n
a l g o r i t h m .
Th e
r e s u l t s
d e s c r i b e d
above W i t h
r e f e r e n c e
t o FIGS.
8a48c a r e f o r a
t W o - l a y e r
s t r u c t u r e
c o n t a i n i n g
v e r t i c a l
m e t a l l i c viasia h i g h - i m p e d a n c e s u r f a c e i t h a t
Was
b u i l t
u s i n g p r i n t e d c i r c u i t b o a r d t e c h n o lo g y a s d e s c r i b e d i n m y
i s s u e d
U . S . p a t e n t s a n d
p u b l i s h e d
U . S . p a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s .
L i g h t e r W e i g h t
s t r u c t u r e s
a r e needed
i n
o r d e r
t o m a k e t h i s
g e n e r a l c o n c e p t
p r a c t i c a l
a n d
s u ? i c i e n t l y
l i g h t W e i g h t f o r
c o n v e n i e n t
use
i n
space
or e v e n f o r use o n a n a i r s h i p such
a s
t h e a i r s h i p shoWn
i n F I G . 2 .
F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p l a n a r
l e n s l e t s
4 0 , t h e c o l l e c t i o n
a n t e n n a s
6 0 ,
a n d
t h e
r e c t i ? e r
d i o d e s
25 s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y be b u i l t
on
a s i n g l e s u r f a c e t h a t
Would
p r e f e r a b l y b e p r i n t e d o n a
s i n g l e - l a y e r
p l a s t i c ,
d i e l e c
t r i c
? l m .
O f
i g n i ? c a n t i m p o r t a n c e Would b e t h e e l i m i n a t i o n
o f t h e
v e r t i c a l v i a s , a n d
p r e f e r a b l y t h e
g r o u n d p l a n e i t s e l f ,
l e a d i n g t o
a n
e n t i r e l y u n i p l a n a r s t r u c t u r e .
S i m p l e
u n i p l a n a r
8/10/2019 US7154451 (1).pdf
14/16
U S
7 , 1 5 4 , 4 5 1 B1
9
s t r u c t u r e s
h a v e
b e e n
s t u d i e d ( S e e
Y a n g , 1 9 9 9 , s u p r a ) ,
b u t
t e c h n i q u e s f o r o p t i m i z i n g c o m p l e x n o n - u n i f o r m s u r f a c e s
n e e d
t o b e
d e v e l o p e d .
F u r t h e r m o r e ,
i f
t h e g r o u n d
p l a n e i s
e l i m i n a t e d ,
m e t h o d s
f o r m i n i m i z i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n t h r o u g h t h e s t r u c t u r e a l s o
Would need t o
be
c o n s i d e r e d .
T h e
s t r u c t u r e
could
be
ana
l y z e d
a s a complex p a r a s i t i c a r r a y , Where t h e
i n d i v i d u a l
p a t c h e s i n t h e p a t t e r n e d m e t a l l i c
s u r f a c e
c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d
a s
p a r a s i t i c
a n t e n n a s .
T h e i r s h a p e
Would be
o p t i m i z e d s o
t h a t t h e s c a t t e r e d
poWer
from e a c h o f them Would
be
maximized
t
one
p o i n t ,
Where t h e r e c t i ? e r
d i o d e s
Would be
p l a c e d .
A
icroWave
s t r u c t u r e
embodiment i s
d e p i c t e d
by F I G .
1 0 . F I G S .
1 0 a , 1 0 b a n d
1 0 0 p r o v i d e
s e c t i o n
v i e W s
t h r o u g h
t h e
embodiment d e p i c t e d
by F I G .
1 0 .
I n t h i s
embodiment
a
l a t t i c e
o f p r i n t e d
m e t a l l i c
l e n s l e t s 4 0 , e a c h
f o r m e d
b y
a r r a y s
o f
t h i n m e t a l p a t c h e s 4 2 , f o c u s poWer o n t o a s p a r s e a r r a y
o f
r e c t i ? e r
d i o d e s
2 5 ,
Which
c o u l d
b e c o p l a n a r W i t h t h e l e n s l e t s
o r
mounted on
t h e a d j a c e n t
p a t c h e s
42
a s
shoWn by F I G .
1 0 0 . DC oWer
l i n e s
6 5 ( W h i c h a r e
p r e f e r a b l y
i n c o r p o r a t e d
i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e ) c o u l d t h e n c a r r y poWer
from d i o d e s 25
t o
t h e
s a t e l l i t e
1 0 , f o r
e x a m p l e ,
f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n
t o
t h e o n b o a r d
e l e c t r o n i c
s y s t e m s .
The
e n t i r e
r e c t e n n a c o u l d
b e
p r i n t e d
on
a t h i n , l i g h t W e i g h t , p l a s t i c ?lm 5 0 ,
W h i c h
c o u l d b e u n f o l d e d
t o
cover
an
a r e a comprising many square m e t e r s . L i k e
a l l
r e c t e n n a s , i t Would
n o t
need t o assume a p a r t i c u l a r s h a p e ,
b e c a u s e r e c t i ? c a t i o n
i s
done
r i g h t a t e a c h a n t e n n a
e l e m e n t .
H o w e v e r , s i n c e e a c h l e n s l e t Would
p r o v i d e
some i r e c t i v i t y ,
t h e s u r f a c e
Would n e e d t o b e r o u g h l y
p o i n t e d
t o W a r d ( i . e . b e
o r t h o g o n a l t o ) t h e s o u r c e o f
e n e r g y ,
s u c h a s
t h e
g r o u n d
s t a t i o n 1 0 s o u r c e . The r e q u i r e d p o i n t i n g a c c u r a c y ,
a m o n g
o t h e r t h i n g s , Would
g o v e r n
t h e
s i z e
o f t h e l e n s l e t s 4 0 .
A r o u n d p l a n e may b e h e l p f u l i n some e m b o d i m e n t .
I t
c o u l d
i n c r e a s e t h e e f ? c i e n c y , by n o t a l l o W i n g
a n y e n e r g y
t o
p a s s t h r o u g h t h e s t r u c t u r e . The m e t a l l i c p a t t e r n
on
t h e
t o p
o f
?lm
5 0
Would
b e q u a l i t a t i v e ly s i m i l a r t o
t h a t W i t h o u t
t h e
g r o u n d p l a n e , b u t i n
d e t a i l
i t Would p r o b a b l y b e a
d i f f e r e n t
p a t t e r n
t o
c o m p e n s a t e
f o r t h e
p r e s e n c e
o f
t h e
g r o u n d
p l a n e .
The g r o u n d p l a n e Would h a v e
t o
b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e t o p
m e t a l p a t t e r n s by some
d i s t a n c e ,
t y p i c a l l y 1 / 1 0 0
t o 1 / 1 0
Wave
l e n g t h , depending on t h e t o l e r a n c e s
a l l o W e d
i n t h e m a n u
f a c t u r i n g o f t h e m e t a l l i c p a t t e r n s . ( T h i s i s n o t d u e t o t h e
t o l e r a n c e
o f
t h e
?lm t h i c k n e s s . I t i s due t o
t h e
f a c t t h a t
t h e
o v e r a l l t h i c k n e s s
w i l l a f f e c t
t h e
b a n d W i d t h . I f
t h e bandWidth
i s
v e r y
n a r r o W , t h e n
t h e
m e t a l l i c
p a t t e r n s
W i l l
have t o be
d e ? n e d v e r y a c c u r a t e l y
t o
g e t t h e
c a p a c i t a n c e
r i g h t . ) I n
o r d e r
t o a l l o W s o m e s p a c i n g , b u t n o t t o have a
very
heavy
s t r u c t u r e ,
a n embodiment
W i t h
a
ground
p l a n e 4 4 m a y
be
r i b b e d ,
a i r - ? l l e d s t r u c t u r e 4 6 ,
s u c h
a s t h a t
s e e n
i n
F I G .
1 1 .
T h i s might be s i m i l a r
t o
? e x i b l e
b u b b l e W r a p ,
o r a r i g i d
h o n e y c o m b - l i k e
d i e l e c t r i c
t h a t i s
commonly
u s e d i n
a i r
f r a m e s a n d
o t h e r
s u c h t h i n g s .
I n
summary,
t h e
r e c t e n n a c o n s i s t s o f
a
r e c t i f y i n g d i o d e 25
and
a g e n e r a l l y
p l a n a r
l e n s s t r u c t u r e 4 0 . Th e l e n s s t r u c t u r e
c o m p r i s e s a t h i n d i e l e c t r i c ( s u c h a s p l a s t i c ) s h e e t 5 0
t h a t i s
p a t t e r n e d W i t h m e t a l l i c r e g i o n s
4 2 . T h e
m e t a l l i c
r e g i o n s 4 2
s c a t t e r e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
e n e r g y ,
and
t h e y
a r e
a r r a n g e d s o t h a t
t h e
c o l l e c t i v e
s c a t t e r e d
e n e r g y
from a l l
o f
them
i s f o c u s e d
i n t o t h e
d i o d e 2 5 . Each r e c t i f y i n g
d i o d e
2 5 i s a t t a c h e d
betWeen tWo a d j a c e n t
o n e s o f
t h e
m e t a l
r e g i o n s 4 2 .
The
d i o d e s 25 a r e a l s o a t t a c h e d
t o l o n g c o n d u c t i v e
p a t h s 46
( W i r e s ) t h a t t r a v e r s e t h e e n t i r e Width of t h e
s t r u c t u r e ,
o r a r e
o t h e r W i s e r o u t e d s o t h a t t h e y supply c u r r e n t t o a common
l o c a t i o n ( s u c h a s
a n
e d g e ) Where i t may
b e
c o l l e c t e d and
used t o
s u p p l y
e l e c t r i c a l poWer t o a s a t e l l i t e o r o t h e r d e v i c e .
The
W i r e s 4 6 a r e
p r e f e r a b l y c o p l a n a r
W i t h
t h e m e t a l
p a t c h e s
4 2 t h a t mak e up t h e
l e n s
4 0 , a n d
t h e y
a r e
p r e f e r a b l y o r i e n t e d
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
6 5
1 0
t r a n s v e r s e
t o
t h e
e x p e c t e d p o l a r i z a t i o n
o f
t h e
e n e r g i z i n g RF
? e l d , s o
t h a t t h e y
h a v e a
m i n i m u m
s c a t t e r i n g e f f e c t .
The
m e t a l p a t t e r n
of
h e l e n s 40
can
a l s o be o p t i m i z e d
t o
a c c o u n t
f o r t h e s c a t t e r i n g o f t h e
W i r e s
4 6 .
The
l e n s 4 0 and i n d e e d t h e
t h i n d i e l e c t r i c s h e e t 5 0 p r e f e r a b l y h a v e a p l a n a r c o n ? g u r a
t i o n a n d i n d e e d t h e r e c t e n n a , When e s i g n e d , W i l l v e r y
l i k e l y
be assumed t o have a
p l a n a r
c o n ? g u r a t i o n
i n o r d e r
t o
s i m p l i f y i t s d e s i g n ( s e e
t h e
f o r e g o i n g d i s c u s s i o n ) . B u t t h o s e
s k i l l e d i n
t h e a r t
s h o u l d
a p p r e c i a t e t h e
f a c t t h a t
t h e
s h e e t 5 0
m a y W e l l assume a
n o n - p a r a l l e l
c o n ? g u r a t i o n i n u s e ,
e i t h e r
b y d e s i g n o r b y
a c c i d e n t .
I f d e s i g n e d
f o r
a p l a n a r c o n ? g u
r a t i o n , t h e
e x t e n t
by Which
t h e i n - u s e s h e e t 5 0 d e v i a t e s
from
a
p l a n a r c o n ? g u r a t i o n W i l l a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
B u t i f t h e i n - u s e
d e s i g n i s
c l o s e t o b e i n g p l a n a r , t h e
l o s s i n
e f ? c i e n c y i s l i k e l y
t o b e v e r y s m a l l .
O f o u r s e ,
t h e
r e c t e n n a
c a n
b e d e s i g n e d i n i t i a l l y W i t h
a
n o n - p l a n ar c o n ? g u r a t i o n
i n
m i n d , b u t
a n o n - p l a n a r
c o n ? g u r a t i o n
W i l l d o u b t l e s s l y
c o m
p l i c a t e ? n d i n g
a d e s i r a b l e
a r r a n g e m e n t o f
t h e
p a t c h e s 4 2 f o r
t h e
v a r i o u s l e n s l e t s 4 0 .
M a k i n g
a n a s s u m p t i o n
t h a t
t h e
s h e e t
5 0 a n d
t h e l e n s l e t s
4 0 W i l l
a l l b e
p l a n a r
s h o u l d s i m p l i f y t h e
d e s i g n o f t h e r e c t e n n a s i g n i ? c a n t l y .
The
l e n s e s ( o r
l e n s l e t s ) 4 0 a r e
i d e a l l y d e s i g n e d
a n d
o p t i m i z e d
u s i n g a c o m p u t e r .
A
andom
c o l l e c t i o n
o f
s c a t
t e r e r s i s s i m u l a t e d , and t h e c o l l e c t e d poWer i s c a l c u l a t e d
u s i n g
a n
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c s o l v e r . T h e
s i z e s , s h a p e s , a n d
l o c a t i o n s
o f
t h e s c a t t e r e r s a r e v a r i e d
a c c o r d i n g
t o an o p t i
mization
method. Such
methods a r e
k n o W n
t o
t h o s e
s k i l l e d
i n t h e a r t , a n d
i n c l u d e
t h e method o f
s t e e p e s t
d e s c e n t ,
g e n e t i c a l g o r i t h m s ,
a n d
many o t h
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