Use Fax Oobs e Cro PlUse Fax Oobs e Cro Plautusautus

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' .

1 ~ 1 ~. ~

%.THE USE OF l XQ ND OBSECRO

IN PL UTUS

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%. UNIVERSITY o f SSOURI

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' \\ '\ : . /;::? ~ ; : ':


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THE USE OF E XQ AND OBSECRO1M PL UTUS

*In the reading of Plautu8 one not ices many words used

:para tac t ioa l ly whioh in c l a s s i ca l Lat in subordinate the

following olause. Prominent among these words are taxo and

obsecro, and i t i s the purpose of t h i s paper to d iscuss

the use of these two words in the plays of Plautus . Refer

enoe has been made to Holtze 's Syntaxis Priscorum Sor ip torum Latinorum usque ad Tarentum, Ziemer 's Jung grarnmatische

Streifzftge, Hale and Buck's Lat in Grammar, Becker 's De

Syntaxi Interrogatlonum Obliquarum in Studell t1nd ' ·s Studien,

Giles ' Manual of Compa.rative Philology, Roby's Latin Gram-

mar, Br ix ' s edi t ion of PlautU8 and Kfthnnr's Grammatik der

Lateinischen Spraohe. The l i t t l e Teubner t ex t ha.s been used

in the following ' 8xamples.

The development of parataxis and subordination has

given r i s e to a gradual ohange in the construotion of the

language. At f i r s t i t was a l toge ther dependent upon the

fee l ing of the speaker and the heare r. There was 8 semi

dependenoe or parataxis in the . mind of the speaker or ra ther

in the thought oonveyed, but th e re was s t l l 1 independenoe

in form. Thus 1n English even now we Bay, He did i t : I am

glad So in Lat in i t was t e o i t : gaudeo . Both He did i 1

and f eo i t are dependent in thought upon the other verbs

of the sentence, but there i s nothing in the sentence s t ruo t -

ure which shows t h i s . So almost a l l dependent clauses haveI} )Q ·~ ~J .

, . /


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had to pass through th i s middle stage of parataxis . For

example, dicss neoesse est must have been a t one period

in i t s development -dioss : necesse e s t . Prom these examples

i t i s also possible to see that not only the form ohan8fs,

but when the dependent oonstruotion i s taken, the di ffe ren t

par ts frequently sh i f t t he i r meaning to f i t in to the oloser

re la t ionship in whioh they stand in the new sentenoe. When

two sentenoes are used para tac t ioa l ly, whioh are in time

regular ly associated with one another 1n ce r t a in re1atiDnsto eaoh Bother and as par t s o ~ one logioal idea, one sen

tenoe 1s f ina l ly f e l t to be dependent upon the other. The

numerous ways of development depend upon the growth of our

habi tual method of thought. Oorresponding with t h i s idea,

the two simple sentences - I fear. Let tha t not happen· have

developed in to the oomplex - I t e a r ( l e s t ) tha t may happen .

Note here the ohange in meaning s well as in form. Oon-

oess ive , oausa.l, and f ina l olause were probably or lg ina l ly

expr s d by oo-ordin a t ion . There was no grammatioal ex

press ion for dependenoe although logioal ly i t ex is ted . The

logioal oonnection was in the fee l ing of th speaker, who

gave no thought to the grammatioal means employed. In the

time t PlautUB a n ~ e the oonstruotion with sub

ordination had beoome well establ ished and a t t e r t h e i r

time i t teadi ly gained ground so tha t in 01assioa1 Lat in

the or aCOU8ative and i n f in i t i ve olauses are 1n oon-

s tan t use. The ear ly language was espeoia l ly lax in r e ~ r

to the use of in subordinate olauses . In olauses depend-


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ing on and obseoro i t i s very ra re ly used.

s to the or ig in of the ord faxQ there i s some contro

versy. From a l l evid ence on the matter and from the use of

the ord i t s e l f the most sa t i s fao tory conclusion i s tha t

t w s in e a r l i e s t t imes subjunct ive probably perfeot

subjunct ive . The - a o r i s t and the per fec t ere so confused

tha t no 01 ar l ines of d i s t i n c t i o n can be dra • Then the

subjunct ive and ap t a t ive are 8 0 confused tha t the or igin

o f suoh orms i s a l toge th e r uncer ta in . l 2 i s by no means

the only fo the or ig in of h ich i s so unse t t l ed ; ~ ~ ~

0 and some other forma are equally

uno r a i n From the context in the case t these orda t

8 ems olea r tha t in the t im of Plautus the s /o as f e l t

to b an indioat ion of ru tu r t ime. As i n Poen.888- n i s i

ero unimeo

indicasso . Here the ind icas s o pla in ly has afu tu re idea . The ohan ge in meaning must have been gradual

as the ohange in fo r m var ied Befor e i t s ign i f ied the

s imple ~ t u r ei t must have had the fee l ing of the ~ u

pe r f ec t Pe r haps the ch nge s not ho l lyc eo mp l i sh ed

even in th e time of Plautus but the form appears s a

te reotyped e press ion fo r fu tu re time

The orm faxQ appe rs in Terenoe Verg i l and OVid

r i t e r ho l ived b t e e n 201 C and 17 A.D. I t i f requent

ly ~ o u n in Terenc and in h i s r i t i n g s has perh a ps the

same meaning t h a t i t had in the time of Plautu • Below are

some examples from th e r i t e r s mentioned.

Terence - - Andrea 4 .


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Amph 972. faxo haud quioquam s i t morae.

i d e ~ 8 9 QUOiUB ego hodie in tergum taxo i a t a expetant

mendaoia.

Truo.643. Ego faxo dioat me in d i bus panoulis

Crudum virum e ~ s e

Pseud. 949. IDimo a1 e r f i c i e s , tum raxo magis id d1oas.

Men. 644. Et quid t r i s t i s slm e t quid hie mihi d ixe r l t , f axo soias.

i d . ~ 4 0 .Et pa l la e t sp in te r taxa re fe ran tur simul.

Haooh. 864. Tum I l lam quae oorpus publ ioa t volgo BuomFaxo se haud d10at naotam qu m 4er idea t .

Tr1.62. Ne tu herc1e faxo haud nesc ias quem rem eger i s .

i d e 9 2.Et m urn nomen e t mea fas ta e t i t i n e r a ego faxo sCias.

Mo-a t .1133. Non enim ib l s : ego t e r a r a raxo, u t meruist1) in crucem.

i d . e ·B. Ervom , t i b i a1iquis oras taxo ad vl11am ad fe r a t .

In n r l ~ a l l of the e case tu,g. seems to have the e ~ n g

I ' l l see to i t - , a re ten t ion or tho 01 e r s ign i f i c a t i on

o ~ tha t 1 , thes l np le fu ture , And with the idea of

the ac t there 1s SOIl' logical dependence on th t u g o t ha t

- hl0h 1'0110 s . Br1x,in his dIsCUssion o 11 60 and 62

in his edi t ion or the Trlnummus (p.40), says t ha t the verbs

dederi. , obrepser ls and . a a _ _ do not depend upon at

811, but are poten t ia l subjunot ives . I f t ha t explabation

i s aooepted almost a l l of the cases of subordination with

W 2 oan be thus expla.ined, making _ _ _ _ have an ( 1ndepen4ent

posI t ion and exerc l s1ngno influenoe over the word tha t

fol lows. Everywhere t would be a word showing ~ h e r n c e i w ~ t

fee l ing , or excitement of the speaker and emphasizing his


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be l i e f tha t a cer ta in thing wil l happen or has already

happened. Br ix s idea seems worthy t aooeptanoe. The oc

currenoe of with parataxis i s so frequent and with

the so-oal led subordination so r a r e , t ha t the meaning of

the subjunotive i s to be looked for in some reason other

than tha.t o,t dependenoe on

The in tanoes where does not subordinate are muoh

more numerous. The indicat ive i s most f requent in the comic

poets , who use the speeoh or the populao , whose dialoguesare not oareful ly worded, u t are spoken to convey the thought

ra ther than fo r b auty a n d e l ~ g a n e eor ut te ranoe . Theirspeeohes are prompted di reo t ly by t he i r fee l ing . -Holtze says

t ha t some of these indicat1ves oan be explained as exolama

t i ons , some by doubt as to whether the pronoun 1s to be con

sidered in terrogatIve or r e l a t i ve , and some as d i r ec t quest ions .

There are a great m ny words which are t o l l owed by the in

d ioa t ive V ere w o u l d expeot the ~ u b j u n o t i v eas in Cato

R.R. c6,--Vineam quo in agro oonseri opor t e t , s i o observato , - -

hioh we explain as r e l a t i ve . The fo l Io ing l i s t i s made

up of the instance s o f uS d in parataxisJ, l

Perea 161. lam faxo hla aderunt.

ld .1ge. Ergo laudabi8 taxo.

i d . 439. lam faxo hio e r l t .

i d . 446. lam hio xo ade r i t .

Poenulu 162. m eundem me date; Utrumque taxo habebi t ; e t

nequam a t malum.

id .346. Deferto ad met faxo actutum oons t i t e r i t lymphatioum.


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id .371 . Ego faxo, s i non i r a to s vinnium pro t e dab i t .

At que te f ac i e t u t s i s c iv i s Att ica a tque l i be r a .

id .4 60. Eg o faxo posthac dei deaeque ce t e r iCont en t io r e s mage erunt atque vid i minus,

Quom scibunt Veneri u t a d i e r i t ~ manum.

id .908. Quin pr ·us desper ib i t f xo, quam unam calce m c i v e r i t .

id .910. Quin herc l e con l ibe r tus meus faxo tu e r i se i dei volent

id 1154. Eg o faxo hospit ium hoc l e n i t e r l audab i t i s .

i d.1191. Omnia f ao i e t J u p l t e r faxo: nam mihi e s t obnoxi s

e t me metui t .

id .1227 . lam faxo sCibis , Nunc pol ego t e u l o i s ca r probe;

Nam faxo e r i s mea sponsa.

Cis . 7. In t r i t i o o facl11ume, Vel quingentos ourculiones

pro uno faxo reper ias .

Ep . l · 6 . lam taxo hie e r i t .

id .469. Si sex glnta ih denumerantur mi nae,

Tu s poss ideb i t mulier faxo f e r i a s .

i d .S S. Cetera haec poster ius XO c i b i s u t i e r i t otium.

id .712 . Viss i ~ t r o ego faxo se ies oo i t e s e .

P seud.49. Reci ta modo : ex t a b e l l i s iam faxo sCies ,

Qua subi to ,argento roi usus invento s i e t .

id .3 7 . Tempe r i egofaxo se ies .id .393. lam hie faxo ade r i t .

id .766. lam ego hoc ipsum oppidum expugn tum faxo e r i t

id.1039. Ne plors : nesc i s u t res S i t Phoenicum,

Verum haud multo post faxo sc ib i s oou ans .

id.1043. Ca l id orum haud mult o post xo amplexabere .

Rudens . 365 . Sc ib i s f axo .

nonium.


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i d 1 3 ~ 7 n hie opperire: lam ego faxo ex ib i t senex.

en.113. Praet ,e r hao 8 i mih1 t a l e post huno diem

F a x i s ~ f a x ofo r i s vldua visas patrem.id .326. lam ergo haeo madebunt · taxo; n i l moraBitur.

i d ~ 6 2 Manif eat o taxo iam opprimss: sequere hac modo.

id .66 l . Ego taxo re te re tur.

1d.791. Sane sap i t ,

tque ob i tane - industriam etialll taxo amabl t amplius.

I d ~ 2 l Fax o haud inu l tu prandlum oom de r l s .

id.9t5S. lam ego i11io taxo r i t e

Miles 0.463. lam taxo hI0 e r i t

Id.1367. S01es Immo hodie verum faotum taxo post d ioes magis.

Baco ~ 0 8 Ego taxo hau die t naotam quem der ldea t .

i d .7 l5 . lam taxa hie erunt .

Capt.10lO. At nuno l i be r in d iv l t1as taxo ven1es.

1d ·.801.Qui m 1n our u opst l t e r i t taxo vi tae 1s extemplo

o p a t i t e r i t suae.

Oa8.484. l I l a hIe oubabi , ( 1) v i r ader1t taxo domo.

rr i .SO. axe haud tantl11um ded r i . . verborwn m1h1.

Truo.IIS. Paxo arunt t r spioe hue modo.

id . 1Sl . lam h ro le apud nOV08 (omni ) magls t r a tu s taxa

e r l t nomen tuom.A m p h 3 ~ t 5n i s i aotutum nino abis

Pamil1aris aoolpiere taxo haud t a m i l i a r l t e r

Id .997. taxa probe

lam hie deludetur, speeta tores , vobis in speotantibus.

i d . l I07 . Magis iam faxo mira dioes .

Asin.130. Ibo ego ad t r esv i ros vostraque ib i nomina


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P a x ~erun-t.

Of the t h i r d o l a s s , fAIQ used abso lu te ly, t ha t i s with

out an accompanying verb, the ro l l o ing are examples,-

Rudans 00. Ego te hodie taxo rec te aoceptum, u t dignus e s .

I t ,i probable tha t i s to be supplied wi t h acqoptUJll.

but i t oan not be s a id with oe r t a in ty.

Men .15 • 0 oulum 801 odi o per solum .

M h i MenaeolJlne, i ullum verbum 1 axo, n i s i quod iUBsoris .

B a ~ o h 48. Ni ullum xanlmalem t axo , 1 convenero - - - - - - -

Excepting i t s e l f t h i s verb i s found few t imes

in Plautu • Where other forms do a ppear they take the

ordinary con t ruc t ion fo l lowin g t h i s verb, fo r e ~a m p l e

Persa 73 . 5 i Id t l - t ne i s t i taxlm nu quam appareant ,

Q u ~ hie albo r e t e a l i ena oppugnant bona.

The uses t obsggro in Plautu may be divided in the

same ay 8 S the u 0 ,1 i n to th ree olasses , namely withsubordlnat i • with parataxis and abso lu te ly. There are com

p a r ~ t i v e l yte xampl 8 belonging to the f i r s t c l a s s .

os t .209 . ur ob ecro non curem

id .744. gentta obs8cro,N indicium ero t a c i 8 meo.

Id .1036. Nuno te ob eero , u t me bene iuves operamque des.

iO. l097. No OCOU 8s1 ,obseoro , a ram.

Id. l l f56. nunc to obs o r o S t u l t i t l a e adu1esoentiaeque eius

ignosoaa.

C u r c u 1 6 0 ~Obseoro, parentes ne meOB mlhi prohibeas.

ld .630. Per tua genua te obseero, u t nos fac ias oe r t i o r e s .

id .696. Obseoro,Planesium, a t t e Phaedrome, auxi1ium u t f e r a s .

Budens 1135. 8 i erunt vera , tum opsecro te u t mea m h redd a ntur.


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id .876. eo me obsecr s u t te sequar?

ld .1090. Unum t e obsecro, u t te(d) h huius commiseresca.t mul ie r i s .

M e n ~ 1 3 2. sed ,pa t rone , t e obsecro, e minus imperes mihi .

merc .170. Obseoro hercle oroque u t i s t u c quid s i t actutum ind ices .

id .179. Obseoro herole te , i s t u o u t tu roihi malum r a c i a s pala m.

ld . lOOl . O b s ~ c r o, S a t i s iam u t habea t i s .

Mi l e s G.862. Ne d i x e r i t i s obsecro huic v o s t r am fidem.

id .1 3 30. Ob eero tene mulierem, Ne a d f l i g a t u r.

id .140 • Opseoro erc le t e u t mea · verba audias pr iu .s quam seea t .

Poen 672. Opsecro herc la , hor amini ,

Ut devor ta tu r ad me i n hospit ium optumum.

id.1342. Opsecro t e ,Agoras toc les ,Suspendere u t me I i c e a t .

id .1362. Verum obsecro te u t 11ceat simplum so lve re ,

Trecentos P h i l l i p p o s~

id . 1392-5. Ops ero h e r c l ~t e voluptas huius atque odium meum - H ~ *

Ut u binc i r a a n s i s .

01s.767 Sed i s t ane c i s t e l l a m t e opseoro u t . reddas roihi .

en 1007. O p s c r o t e ,quisquiS e:s operam mihi u t des

eu s inas in me ins ign i te f i e r i tantam inuriam.

True .826 . Adsum CB.II lcles:p r tUB obseoro

Genua,ut tu i s t ue ins ip ien te r factum s a p i e n t e r t e r a s

M ihique ignosoas.

s the subjunct ives found i t h W2. may i t h probab i l i ty

be explained as l nde endent , so perhaps · a l l the subjunot i ves

i n the bove examples may be t r e a t e d 8S a r t tory, and

not as taking t h e i r mood f ~ o mt h e ~dependence on Qbsacro.

The e ~ a m p l e s obsecro in p a r ~ t a x i sare numerous.

Cas . l 8 . Die id em hoc - naro pol hau s a t i s m


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Corda accep1 quere l l a s tuas opsecro.

id .620. Quid 111uc clamor1s, opsecro, in nos t r a s t domo

id .627 . ~ a v e t i b l , Cleost ra ta , apscede, ab l s t a , opseoro,Nequid in t e mali f ax i t i r a pe rc l t a .

id .923. Nootuque e t diu u t vivo subdola sls ,Opseero memento.

id .894. Opseero, ubi tua nova nup ta s t '

Rudens 1 ~ 6 Ubi sunt h i homines, obseero '

id .231. Spes bona, obseero, subventa mihi

id .235. Nun Ampelisca obseoros t '

id .243. Dic vivisne? obseoro.

id .248. obseoro, ampleetere, Spes mea.

i d . 2 ~ 3 a .Sed quid hoe obsecrost?

id .264 . sed unde Vos i r e oum uvida veste dieam,obsecro,

Tam maest i ter ves t i t a s ?

id .272. Quaene eieotae e mari simus ambae,obseero,

Unde nos hos t i as agere vo lu i s t i hue '

id .333. Obsecro, quia hio loqu i tu r?

id .284. Veneris fanum, obsecro, hoc e s t

id 3 ~ 1 u hie palae 's t r a s t , obsecro, a r i mel ameioa?

id .571. Opseero,hoapes,da mihi a l iqu id ubi condormiscam l o c i .

id .559. Quid 111ue opsecro n ~ g o t i 8 tquod duae muliereulae

Hie in fano Veneris .id .563. Opseoro herc le , aduleseens , ubi i s t a e c sunt quas

mernoras mulieres.

id .742. Opseoro, defende e iv1 . tUBS, senex.

id . l032 . Te opseoro h e r o l e ~au te r modo.

id.1162. Perg i te , opseoro, continao.

id .641. Obsecro, hoc praevortere ergo.


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i d 6 ~ 7 I , obseoro in t ro , subVeni I l l i s .

id.S7 It Obsecro,-- quis a.a t qui voes t '

id .S 7 . Nam obs8cro unde animus mihi l nven i tu r '

ld.740. ea populs.rls ob ecro ha 0

id .867. Ob oro t e , subveni , mel Ch rm1d s .

i d . 7 ~ . Sequere, obseoro, ,.

Mo s t 3 6 6 Ubi 1s e s t , obseoro 'T

id .4S0. Pug obsecro atque ab c d ab aedibu •

Most.469. Obs ero h re le , quln loquere.ide 06. Quid ob oro h ro l ~ ctumstt

i d ~ 1 3 Fug , obs oro h ro l •

id . 30. Pr o 'dl1mmorta les , obs '- oro v,os ·t

Quid ego hodi . n got l conteel mali .

i d . ~ 4 9 0and : . 7. Oa ob eoro h ro le r'O

r i d e m ~

o una ludicem.

ld .610. Quod 111uc t fa nus, ope ero, quod 11110 p e t i t

l d ~ G l• Obs8oro hero l ' , ( tu ) tub

Obi (cere) argent ob a inpura be l

ld .623. A u d l ~ ?v1d ' t I obseoro, h ro l , idoneu J

Doniata qui s i t , g nus quod inprobl sumum t

i d . 7 , . Quid 11110, ope e r a , te.m.dlu de . t i t i t l t

id •.1037. I mecum obseoro, una s imul .

ld.10 3 . Eho an n gavi t s ib l datum argentum, obseoro'

Pars 48. O'bseoro t e , r e ~ e c r o'operam d8 , no m1hl f ldelem.

id.427. Tace, ob . cro herelsa ne tua vox v a l ~ d iva.let.

'Ols. , • quid, 0 do, te ob oro tam abhorre t hl1ar i tudo '

l d . ~ 7 . Noli , ob ero, laorumls t u l mlhl exercl tum lmpersT' e .

id .65 . Quid? id undest t i b i cor comrnemora, obsecro?

id .6 8 . Eho an amare oecipare amarumst, obsecro?


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ide • Opsecro ,Quo i s homo ins inuav i t pa eto se ad te?

id .113. Cura te amabo : s ieeine irnmunda, obsecro, i Qis.?

id .295. Dixin ego is taec , obseero?

i d 3 6~ Sed obseero) t e n u l l u s n ~ s tt1b i amator aliruLs u i squa m?

ide 73. 8ervate di me, obseero.

i d . 5 • Lampad10, obseero, Cura.

id.6S3. D1,obseoro vost ra ' ~ i d e

La.) Quid daoe 0 seer , Pha.) Servate nos .

i d .7 l9 . i homolob ecro ,a l las r s ger i s : ego t i b l mea s mando .

i d . ? • Ceterum x ipsa , obsecro, Exquaer t o t •

Cureul . • 'Grandlorem gradum ergo fae ad me, obseoro.

id .312. 81 f ru t u l en t a s t , da, obsecro h ro le , Obsorbeam.

id .314. Obs oro h r e l e , f ac i t e vent u t gaud •e

id .62 • Phae srom , ob eero, srv me •

1d.634. Fac m e c r t i o r m obseero.id .697 . Fra te r, obsecro t e , no l i hunc indemnatum perdere.

E p ~ 2 4 3 Quam aci1 e t quam or t te eve i t 11I i ,obseoro,

u l i e r quam l i be ra r vol t am t o r .

ide 99. Quid *1 servo i t e r visumst , non poteras novlsse,obsecro.

Pseud .1 32 • 8 i i s aut di mi dium au t plu a t i m faxo h1no ' f e r es .

St iehus 326a. Quisna bseoro has f r ang i t f o r i s

e n 1 O. Jane , mane , obseero h ro l e .

1d.197. sed obsecro herc le , s a l t a s io cum p a l l p o s t e .

ld .n3 3 . on m ~ m i n it i obse roY

i d . 9 4 6 . Obsecro herc le , medice, proper e quicquid fac turus face .

id.IOOI. Pro di immo t a , obseero, quid ego ocul i sp ie io


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14i

\

id .997. quid 1-11i90e homines ad me currunt , opseoro?

opseero V09tram fidem, Epidammenses subvenite eives .

i d .1093 . Perge operam dare, opseoro hero le .id . lOlO. Eripe ooulum i s t i ab umero qui t ene t , e r e , t e obsecro.

Mere .166. Ob,seoro, dissolv iam me.

id .474. Mane, mane opsecro, Charine.

id .173. Obseoro, num novis p e r i i t t

id .892. Obeeoro t e loquere ubi s i t ubi eam v i d e r i s .

id .988. lam obs.ero herole habete vobis cum porois .

Mi l e s G.1219. Obsecro, tu te ipswn oonvenist i?

id.1259. Tene me, obsecro.

i d .1266 . Mea Ml1phldippa, a d i obsecro, e t congredere.

id .1329 . Obsecro, l i o e t complectl priusquam prof io isoo?

i d .1344 . Obsecro quem amplexa sum Hominem?

i d . 1 4 0 6 . Oni, sa.tts sum verbera tus ; o b e c r o

Baoch.143. An hoc ad eae res opsonatwnst, opseoro

i d . 2 0 3 . Die ubi 8a nunc e s t op oro.

i d 5 ~ 3 Opseoro h _X ole, loqu r e q u i a i s ,at?

id .A40 . Quis i g i t u r opsecros t t

i d g ~ 2 Nuptast 111a, opsecro

i d . 8 6 6 . P ac i s ca ergo, o p s e c r Q, quid t i b i lube t .

id .870.parge

opsecro.id .90 5. Sine me, p r t e e r e opseero.

id .909. lmmo oro u t fac ias , Ohrysale, e t t ed opsecro,

Cave pars i s in eum dioere .

id .1026. Da mihi ducentos nummo Phl11pPoB, t e opsecro.

id .1114. Quid t i b i ex f i l i o nam, opsecro, segres t?

i d . 7 4 9 . Obsecro, quid i s t i s ad i s t u n c u s u s t c o n s c r i p t i s ~ t ~ : .


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Capt.6S0. An obseoro herole t e , id nunc uoeensis mih1'

id.977. Ph11ocrates, per tuom t e genium obsecro, a t i .

C a B i ~ a196 . Obs8oro, taoe .

id ;232. Ob eoro, aanun a s

i d . 7 0 4 . Verum, obseoro te,DI0 m uxorem orare ,u t axoret 111am.

Truo.17 5. Our, ob eoro, ergo ante 0 tlum pro ignoto a l i e n o -

que s s t a ,

i d . 1 8 8 . Ham obseoro oupieQat t e r videre .

id.195. Oh, obseero, taoe Dlnarch •Id.296. Quld 1d ob eorost Quod s o l a

1d.329. Sed ob oro h ro le , Ataphlum, 1 i n t ro 8 0 nuntia

Me adesss.

i d ~ 1 3 Ubi l11a, ob oro, es t quae me hle re11qul t '

I d ~ 1 8Ubi 1 e s t , obs8oro'

Id.602. Hum obs8oro, nam h r i o l u s t , qu1 Ipsus se verberat?

i 'd.722. S d ob oro, da m1 op ra J u t n r m quae volo.

i d . e 9 . Quid e ro '

id.949. perge Qb oro.

Amph.299 , Obs oro herole , quan tuse t quam val1du e t .

id .6 2 . Ob eoro aoa to r, quid tu m derld10ull gra t ia

Sio salutes atqu apel laa .

Id.760. Ob eoro, etiamne hoO n gabis , te uream pot r m l1 ihi

Dedlsse dono hodte

Id.7Se. lane, mane, obseoro tee

id.923. Per dexteram tuam t e , Aloumena, o r o ~ o bero,

Da mihl hano veniam, 19nosoe i r r a t a ne so ies .

Asin 2 • Die obseero herole ser io quod te rogem.


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i d .473 . Flag i t ium hominis , da ob'Secro argentum huia ,.optas?i d .60 • Cur tu obsecro immeri to meo me mort1 deder •

10..672 • Age, mi Leonida, obseoro , f ·e r am,ant le t 'o sa lu tem.i d 6 8 . Ego obsecro t e utrumque nostrum serve.. ,

ld .740. Leonida, curre obsecro.

id 4 51. ~ n tu , meum virum hie po ta re obseoro cum r i l i o .

Aulular ·. 5S. d i immortales , obseoro , aurum qu id v a l e t .

i d .,691. Ob ec ro te . uterum dol t .

i d .715 . Ob - eoro o ~ ego, mi a u x i l i s Oro o b t e s t o r s i t i s

id .733 ,. Quo obsacro pac to ss possum?

Poen • . 3 . Obsecro hercle o p e ~ moe Qcem hane mih , e oor-

bi te . da te .

id .1194. a n t u e o pulera videre , obsecro ,

51 t 1b i i11i non os Obll tumst fu l1g ine '

id .325 Opse cro herc ,l e u t mula loqui tur.

1d. 17 - 421. une opsecro t e 11 · 1 o pe r dex te ra mFad quod f ao tu te pro i s i s t i mihi.

id .47 An cps 'ecro usquam sunt hO ' i ncs v o l a t i o e

i d .1243 • i 1 tecum ago: ' a ps .cede, opseoro .

id .124 • Ubisun t sa aut quas, opsecro

(Ag.) S a t l s i a m s u n t macer a t ae .

1d.1322. Qui t i b i l ub idos t , ops r o , Antmoenldes,Loqui inclementer nos t ro cognato e t pat r i?

Rude s 2 . Oro, obsecro , P a l a e s t r a .

P .seud .29 . An psecro hero ' e . abent quae ga l l inae manus ?

id 35. Ubi e a s t opsecro?

id .116. Roga, opsecro herc le .

id .1 28 . 8 i tace , opsecro herc le .


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17

id .254. Lioet me opsecro, b i t e r e an non l i o e t

id .340. Dic mihi,obseoro herc1e,verum ser io ,hoo quod te rogo.

id .1073. Roga opseoro herc le .

id.1191. Responde opseoro herole hoc vero e r io quod te I'ogo.

f the th i rd c lass there are few examples. Aulularia 684.

nunc te obsecro Resacroque, mater, quod dudum obseoraverem.

Most.2.tl3. Non m i s tuo ourare opor te t . Quem obseoro i g i t u r ?

Poen.3A7. Sic enlm d l ce r e s , s c e l a s t e : huiuB voluptas , te ppsecro .

i d . 3 lS . Qua de r e , obseoro '

0 1 s . 6 6 8 . Nam obsecro, unde haeo gentium?

Rudens 342. Quod prandium, obsecro t a t

Men.B23. Quem in locum aut quam) ob rem, ob ec ro '

Merc.SS8. Tunc, obsecro

Capt .241. Nunc obseoro te hoc unum.

Amph.373. Tuam fidem obseoro.

Baoch.10l . Quid i t a , opsecrot

id .254. Quid i t a , opseoro hero le t

Casina ~ 3 0 Opseoro te

OlympiBoe mi mi pa t e r, mi patrone .

In a very ~ e oases, as l s shown by the above examples,

~ B e Q r Ohas kept the foroe of a verb of asking or beseeching.

For example,-- Aul.684. NunO te obsecro

Reseoroque, mater, quod dudum obse oraveram; and Oapt. 241 •

Nunc obs ·ecro te hOD cunum.

But in the major i ty of cases obseoro 1s used paren the t i ca l ly

and has no governiog power in the sentence. Our Engl ish

nlease or i s used in much the same way. Thus in Engl ish


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we are more apt to say · p lease s tand up than I beg you to

stand up . But while in English p l e a s sof tens the comm nd

given, and put t in pol i t e form, obsegrg m y be considered

sometimes as a stereoiyped form used without purpose, saae

t imes as the involuntary express ion of exoitement and saae-

t imes used with the def in i t e purpose o f emphasis. In the

l a t t e r oase i t i s frequently conneoted with herolQ.

I t seems almost impossible to se t off para tax i s by d i s

t i n c t and c lea r l i ne s . The s imples t case i s in the use of

a verb of th inking, as sen1cl,g, Audig, videQ, gos i to , .1.n..t§.llego,

opinor, credo, §perQ, ~ I n § e o30ined with a pr inc ipa l c l a ~ s e

ins tead of an acousat ive and i n f i n i t i v e . At the time of ' h e

change ~ r o mco-ordina t ion to subordinat ion , when both con

s t ruc t ions were to be found with the same verb , i t has been

shown by Ziemer tha t the verbs 4 ~ Q g n d igave up co-ordinat ion

much e a r l i e r than the verbs s8ntieDd1. In older Lat in , co

ordinat ion oocur eleven t imes with verbs of saying where

subordinat ion oocurs eighty t imes . But with verbs of th inking

the r a t i o i s as ohe hundred s i x ty - r i ve to eighty-seven. In

anothe r ool lec t ion the verbs or t h i king stand with co-ordina-

t iOD four hundred ~ i ~ t t im a and in subordinat ion two

hundred ninteen.

The fol lowing l i s t was made by Ziemer in h i s discuss ion

of the use of verbs dioondi and l n t i e n a ~ 1

wtth co-ordinat ion 7, subordinat ion 1947, 7

gredo 43 , 647, : ( fac io)


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19

In Plautus there are a number of ~ o r d sused more of ten

i t h co-ordinat ion than i t h s u o r d i n t i n

eighty-four t imes uses co-ordinat i s ix ty-nine t imes;

credo does not subordinate in n i n t - en cases ; in t enty

seven; a abo subordinates t 0 t imes out of t h i r t y .

This conata t use of co-ordinat ion -here in 1 t e r times

subordinat ion as t e regular const ruct ion seems to indic a t e

a looseness in speech. s as a l ready been sho s u c h usage

occurs t f requent ly in the r i t i n g s of those ho m u t

employ the speech of the peo p l e tha t was spo en as soon

as thought and had no the r 0 j eo t t a the conveying of

a def in i t e meaning f ro spee e r to hea re r. Such r i t made

use of the dialogue form a d no attempt 8S ade to obta n

pure ly grammatical pol i s ed s ntences . These men dea l t i t h

the s lave c lasses the cour tesans l§nones rud so d1ers andyouth of f r e b i r t but usua l l 0 10 i n s t i n c t s . Such people

waul not be c eru in the choice 0 language n in the

use of i t . They ere accustomed to giving express ion to

t h e i r emotions. T e fo r ex m Ie the ver and ee b

am i t i s used nd hOl i t 1s used. I t pp are independently

once each in the conversat ion of ~ s i t u s ;

and in co-ordinat ion i t Os used t ice by a muloer ad lescens

ervos senex and once by a miles . rom th i s i t

ould seem t t faxo had place in th voc bulary the

b e t t e r class of pea Ie e l l as in tha t the i n f r i o r

. c lass . But i t i s i t h di f l cu l t y th t one charac te r can be

found in the pIe s of Pl autus hich can e t r u th fu l l y said


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21 I

laws, hich are as yet undiscovered . I t i s novn , ho eve r,

t h a t the second clause as of ten consid red as important

as the f i r s t and in conversa t io s so t r ea ted . Since t h i s

cons t ruc t ion as a dialogue orm and the plays o ~ Plautus

por t r ay the co on c asses i t seems a a i r conclus ion t h a t

~ a A ; Q in para taxis a.t l e a s t was employ d oh ie f ly by the

commo people.

The circumst nces under hioh f a - i s used may be ofsome value in determining the meaning hioh the spee e r

meant to ' convey and a l so the place of the word in r e l a t i n n

t the r e s t of the sentenc ,e . Amabo i s another ord 0 t h i s

c l a s s occuring requent ly i n Plautus . I t simply e phasizes

what the speaker i s g ing to say_ At f i r s t i t may hay b - en

spoken from some r e a l fee l ing or emotion , perhaps nXiety .

Then i t must have l o s t some o f i t s arnes tness . beooming

nothing more than I beg of you or pray • I t as u d en

something unusual hap e ed o r hen co and , 0 t e r , ow

t r i f l i n g i t might b e as given . For ex m I e Rudens 44 -

Propere a a bo e ff e r r e ; St ichus . - S lvene , a abo?

Poenulus 2 0 . - Soror, co i t a mabo . Pers s 24 . - Dio amebo.

mabo does nothOng ore than s l i g h t l i n t e n s i - y h a t has

been intended in the verb a l r e a d y s p o en o r sho some con-

cern on the p a r t 0 the spes e r e I t o t of ten us d i t h

an imperat ive and tha t imper t i v e i s ueu l l y a com snd to

t e l l so eth1ng or grant some r eques t .

Quaeso i s by f a r the mos co on 0 t h i s c l s 0 ords ,

and h as almost the sa e ~ o r e hich has been a t t r i b u t e d ~ o


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Amabo I t has beoome 8 stereotyped form with almost every

kind of question, no matter whether needed or not .

Poenulus 4e8. ·Sed, qua.eso, ubinam 11110 r e s t i t i t m1les,modo n

id.743. Adeste quaeso.

Rudens 12S9. Cansen hodie despondeb1t e8m mihi, quaeso?

id .5 l0 . contine quaeso caput.

Most .1 87 . Quin mone quaeso, s iquid er ro .

Persa l IS . Quaeso animum advorte hoo.

~ e d oi s found used para tac t lca l ly and with subordinationalthough there are not so man1 instances o the former con

s t ruc t ion as in the case o guaeso or ;mabo.

Men.SOO. I r a t a s t credo nunc mihi.

Persa ~ 3 0 lam hie credo, ade r i t .

Stichus 144. Probiores, credo, arb l t rabunt .

id.180. Propte r. , credo, nuno essur io acr1us .

Credg,in these examples,is used almost independently wi th

the meaning I t rust- or I hope-. The sentence i s complete

without i t but the habit of using unnecessary words seems

to have been aoquired and had as f irm a hold on these wri te rs

as cer ta in mannerisms ~ a v e on us.of

Of a l l these verbs Qbsecro i s the oneAwhich Plautus i s

e s p e c i a l l ~ fond, and i t i s used almost s ix times as of ten

with parataxis as with subordinat10n. I t i s only a form of

entreaty, sometimes containing a cer ta in deiree o in tens i ty,

usual ly having l i t t l e force . y going through the l i s t of

examples i t wil l be found tha t when obseorQ i s used by an

adulescens or a mulier i t i s almost always a t a time of con-


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fusion and e x c i t ~ m e n tThe s laves and Ienones and paras i t es

use i t a t any and a l l t imes without a t t ach ing an¥ pa r t i cu l a r

feel ing to i t . s an i l l u s t r a t i o n of the f i r s t pmint, the

scene in the Rudens between the women Palaest ra and Ampelisca,

jus t a f t e r the shipwreck, can be c i t ed . There obsecro i s

used eight times in a comparatively few l ines and the frequent

occurrence i s due to the excitement of the speakers.

So when i s used by any-one of f ree b i r t h , tha t person

i s roused by some unusual circumstance. The adulescens, as

has been noted, used i t more often than any other of the

be t t e r c lass . He i s nearly always in t rouble and when ~ e

new measure i s proposed he makes his reply more emphatic by

the use of tAIQ or obsecro. Suoh words seem to indioate some-

t imes a genuine fee l ing or determination to gain somethiBg

fo r his side of the ease . But t lQ i s no longer used as the

future of faoig . I t has passed in to another stage where , axoi s a form standing alone in i t s use, with the meaning I ' l l

be t you or I ' l l warrant you .

However the be t t e r c lass of people do seem to use

more ser iously and not so indiscr iminate ly as the slave c l a s s .

The slave uses generally when he i s del ighted with some-

thing in h i s sk i l l fu l ly worked-out p lo t s , which i s going to

be o service to himself or to his master. He uses i t when he

i s t e l l i n g something which he knows pos i t ive ly to be untrue ,

thinking perhaps tha t the wi l l give a semblence o t r u th

to the t a l e . Since s laves and the common people were by nature

t l k t i v e ~ l ti s natural to suppose t ha t they would make more

use of by-words and stereotyped phrases than any other c lass of

pe ,oPle a.nd a t the snme time e ~ p r e ~ s ~ e ~ ~ t h r J l ~ h_ hese expre .s s ions


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