Use of the Devices

Justin Champion

Room C208 - Tel: 3273www.staffs.ac.uk/personal/engineering_and_technology/jjc1

Using the data device

ContentsWhy use the methods

WAP I-mode

Benefits of themProblems with them

Using the data device

Internet The ability to display information on the Internet is its most

widely used feature World Wide Web (WWW) pages

Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML) eXtended Mark-up Language (XML) Math Mark-up Language (MathML)

Java Java Applets

Plug ins Extend the capabilities

Assumes A standard monitor (display size) Performance of the machine Audio support Storage Interactions

Using the data device

MoneyTo charge user to receive data a method must

be used to provide information to the userThe methods available for portable devices

are WAP I-Mode Java2Me HTML – New 3 and 2.5 G devices

Using the data device

These protocols are higher level in the OSI network stackTelling us that

They are independent of the technology that transfers and displays them

The receiving device just needs to have the knowledge of how to deal with the data

Newer devices with OS’s that are updatable can just download new technologies as it becomes available

If HTML is upgraded no need to replace the device

Using the data device

Wireless Application Protocol Widely pushed in Europe for use with GSM devices

“Surf the net surf the BT Cellnet” Developed as a standard and controlled by the WAP

forum www.wapforum.org

Intended to bring together developments which several manufacturers were working on.

They all recognised a requirement to present information on mobile devices

Motorola, Nokia, Siemens, Erricson and more Based on thin client technology with the server doing all

of the work WAP is a set of different protocols for communications

Using the data device

WAP Continued A number of parts need adding to the network

to allow WAP WAP aware handsets WAP Gateway

Versions 1.0 - 1998 1.1 - 1999 1.2 – 1999 2.0 - 2001

Using the data device

WAP Requirements Non-proprietary Interoperable Scalable Efficient Reliable Secure

WAP protocol stack was designed to be secure from day one

Using the data device WAP Continued

Infrastructure

BS

Phone Network

BS

WAP Gateway

Internet

WML Server

HTML Server

Filter

Using the data device

WAP Continued A device makes a request for a webpage from the

Internet Request is sent to the WAP Gateway The gateway then makes this request from the Internet server

If the server has content which is WAP enabled then this is returned Obviously as the content has been written for a WAP device

If the webpage is only available in HTML this is converted by the WAP gateway into WML

The WAP gateway compresses the content and this is returned to the requesting device

This allows for less bandwidth and time for the transmission

Using the data device WAP continued

Example of WML WML uses the concept of a deck of cards

The entire deck is loaded into the device at once Each of these cards are then called

This demo is taken from a tutorial on the Internet (http://www.zvon.org/xxl/WMLTutorial/Examples/Example1/index.html, 2004)

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml> <card>  <br/> <p><b><i>Miloslav Nic</i></b></p> <p><strong>Introduction to WML.</strong></p>

<do label='Click to visit other Zvon tutorials (XML,XSL,CSS,Perl,...)' type='accept'><go href='http://www.zvon.org/ZvonHTML/Zvon/zvonTutorials_en'/></do> </card> </wml>

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml> <card>  <br/> <p><b><i>Miloslav Nic</i></b></p> <p><strong>Introduction to WML.</strong></p>

<do label='Click to visit other Zvon tutorials (XML,XSL,CSS,Perl,...)' type='accept'><go href='http://www.zvon.org/ZvonHTML/Zvon/zvonTutorials_en'/></do> </card> </wml>

Using the data device WAP Continued

Stack WAE

Allows the interpretation of WML Allows interaction with any application

WSP Allows the storing of session information, rather than

creating new session for each packet. Allows connection orientated and connectionless services

WTP Allows the messages to be brought together and

presented to the WSP layer Three classes

0 - unreliable 1- reliable with automated acknowledgements 2 – reliable, request response

WTLS This is similar to the SSL used on the internet for

secure communications WDP

This is the transport protocol the data is encapsulated into

Transport Layer (WDP)

Security Layer (WTLS)

Transaction Layer (WTP)

Session Layer (WSP)

Application Layer (WAE)

Using the data device WAP

WAE Application environment

User agents are runs at this level Allowing any software to use WAP

The most common is a user agent which interprets WML and display

Could be just as easy a client server environment, with a front end to the server

Using the data device WAP Continued

Infrastructure WAP Gateway

Acts as a firewall to the network Acts as a proxy to get the web pages Translation can be carried out on pages which are based on

HTML content Data will be compressed if required

Binary encoding

Using the data device WAP Continued

Usage WAP is increasingly used on phones

Not for displaying information but for downloading ring tones 30 Million hits per day in September, 2003 www.text.it/wap/default.asp?intPageId=580

WAP got bad press when it was first launched as a information service Service was slow and unreliable

A lot of the blame for this lay with the service providers not the technology A connection has to be made each time you start a WAP session, this does

take time Expensive to use

The business model used charges you for the time you view a page Original images were sent as Wireless BMP (WBMP)

In version 1.1 these images are black and white only

Using the data device

WAP Continued Will also increase its usage as interfaces improve It was difficult with older phones to select what you

wanted Even harder to type it !

New device use touch screen technology Virtual keyboards onboard

These will allow a better HCI experience

Using the data device

WAP Usage WAP is not WML

WML is just one use of the WAP stack WAP is intended to be a transport protocol for mobile devices Available on all networks

Not specific to GSM Most commonly used to view WML pages

There is a user agent installed on the device to display the WML data

WML data can be compressed into binary XML, to decrease the amount of time required for transmission

Using the data device

i-Mode Developed and owned by a single company

NTT DoCoMo (translated to “Anywhere”) I in i-mode is “information” Launched in Japan in 1999 Only available in the Japanese market

This is changing with European and American companies considering using it now

Based on the premise that you only pay for the data you receive (like GPRS)

Using the data device

i-Mode Was developed to allow extra revenue for NTT

They required the money to update there old telecommunication infrastructure, similar to GPRS

Created by Mari Matsunaga She had no background in computing or telecommunications

She was a magazine editor by training!

Is a service portal and not a protocol Owned and run by NTT and only subscribers can use

these services Gives a monopoly to NTT

It is not a open standard, but devices showing the i-mode symbol are capable of connecting to the portal

Using the data device

i-Mode Based on a packet based service Uses the NTT Personal digital cellular (PDC)

infrastructure This is similar to GSM Based on TDMA

Voice and data are transmitted using packets Operates at 800Mhz and 1500Mhz frequencies Transmission speeds are

5.6 kbps and 9.6 kbps

Using the data device

i-Mode infrastructure packet based

BS

PPM

BS

PGWM-SCP M-PGWi-MODEServer

Internet

Using the data device i-Mode Infrastructure parts explained

Mobile Station (MS) The actual communicating device

Base station (BS) Base station, allow the transmission and receipt of packets over the air

interface Packet Processing Module (PPM)

This part is responsible for the management of the packets sent to and received by the MS

Packet Gateway Module (PGW) Provides the functionality to connect to other packet switched networks

Internet Private LANS Other public packet switched networks

Using the data device i-Mode Infrastructure parts explained

Mobile Message Packet Gateway Module (M-PGW) This device is responsible for the terminating of communications with the

device i-MODE uses a different transport protocol inside the network to reduce the

overhead from the usual TCP. This is Transfer Layer Protocol (TLP) TLP increases the ratio of data to header and reduces the amount of

delivery receipts sent The M-PGW handles the conversion between the packet types for coming

in or and gong to the Internet Mobile Service Control Point (M-SCP)

Authenticates and approves packet communications to the device i-MODE server

Either supplies the data from the local servers or connects to the internet to gain the required pages

Using the data device

i-Mode very successful The use of I-Mode is not only successful but profitable

The end user pays a monthly subscription Services are offered which require additional payment

News services Football results Ticket ordering NTT

Take commission for on-line sales of about 10% The user pays for receiving the data per packet (128 bytes) Slow connection speeds max 9.6 Kbps

Using the data device Logic dictates it should fail

Why does it not The main issue is that the amounts charged are small

Micro Payments This means that the end user does not notice how much they are spending

600 packets of data is £1 Monthly subscription is £1

These little and often charges do not offend users as once they have downloaded a page they view it there leisure

Unlike WAP Japanese language does not have spaces, so not a problem with words

that will not fit onto the line wrapping to the next Usage

60% of worldwide mobile internet users use i-MODE 39% use WAP

marketed from day 1 at the youth market, WAP was initially pushed at the business market

Using the data device

i-Mode technology 9.6 Kbps data rate Always uses Compact HTML (cHTML) as the display format

Supports colour GIF images “cHTML is defined so that all basic operations can be done by a

combination of four buttons: Cursor Forward, Cursor Backward, Select, and Back/Stop (return to the previous page). Any functions that require two- dimensional focus pointing, like image map and table, are excluded from cHTML”

(Extract from the cHTML submission to the W3C. For details of cHTML, access http://w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-compactHTML-19980209.)”

Using the data device

cHTML Is fully complaint with internet HTML

The conversion takes place transparently at the application layer Features will be removed like

Tables, jpg images, fonts and styles Advantage of this is any ‘normal’ web server can provide content for i-

MODE Web page size limit is 5KB, but this may change in the future Mail messages are also limited to 500 bytes

The excess is just thrown away! cHTML is NOT a Internet standard, it has been submitted but not

approved

Using the data device

Link If you wish to try out WAP

http://www.yospace.com/spedemo.html Links to the LIVE WAP Network

Using the data device

SummaryWhy not use HTML

WAP Software Hardware

I-Mode Software Infrastructure