Use Reason-Detail-Fact Outlines...Adding the Blues I,.. ~en1ences that give interesting extra...

Use I, 2, and 3Use Stars, Dashes, and Dots

Topic = Bicycle Safety RulesTopic =Favorite Foods

2 every time you ride2 fasten correctly chocolate chip

oatmealGrandma's·fresh

· taste good

2 at every corner2 near alleys and

driveways

2 on bike path3 away from cars

2 in the park3 with a friend

3 during the day

vanilla· with strawberries

bubble gum flavor· for parties

Use Reason-Detail-Fact Outlines

Use Reason Outline Use Fact Outline

Topic =Learn to Swim Topic =Mountain Ranges

e partiese vacationse summer time

e help yourselfe save others

Use Detail Outline

Topic=TheWedding

e simple and elegant

e cages with birds

e ethnic

Copyright @ 1999 by Sopris West. All rights reserved..

e 4,500 milese in South Americae longest mountain chain

e average height 10,000 feete 20 million years old

e 3,000 milese Mexico to Alaska

e about 130 million years olde made by volcanic activity

e less than 6,000 feet high I - It--e formed 280 million years ago

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Practice Guide for7 -Sentence Accordion

Paragraph

Title

(Topic Sentence)

(Reason/Detail/Fact with transition)

(Explain)

(Reason/Detail/Fact with transition)

(Explain)

(Explain)

(Conclusion)

Copyright @ 1999 by Sopris West. All rights reserved.

.....

Practice Outlinefor an Accordion

Essay

Title

Introduction: THE S I SAN 0 PRO JE CTED P LAN

(TRANSITION)* TOPIC SENTENCE

(TRANSITION)* TOPIC SENTENCE

Conclusion:I

L-

Occasion/Position Statementsoccasion introduces your reason for writing

position states what you plan to prove or explainAn occasion/position statement (complex sentence)begins with one of these words or phrases.

In order that Before As

If So that Even thoughAfter Whenever AlthoughSince As long as Unless

Example sentences:

1. Although my family and I have taken manywonderful vacations, nonewasmorefun andexcitingthanour camping trip to the Grand Canyon.

WhetherUntilWhere

Though

Even ifBecauseWhereverAs soon as

WhileWhenEvenAs if

2. Even though bike helmets are sometimesunfashionable and uncomfortable, all cyclistsshould wear them.

Power (Number) StatementsHelpful number words:

two manythree somefour a fewseveral numerous

I a sentence that contains a number word

a couple ofa number of

a myriadvarious

Example sentences:

1. Tourists traveling to Rome will want to visitthree spectacular sights.

2. The architect presented several options to thecommittee.

However Statements

There are many other conjunctive lone of several conju~ctive adv~rbs that will help you organizeadverbs. Try one of these as you your thoughts mto a tOpICsentence or a thesis statementthink about your topic. The list of conjunctive adverbs includes:

in fact next . instead

nevertheless meanwhile consequentlyas a result still therefore

likewisefurthermoreotherwise

Example sentences:

1. Our class enjoyed everything at thezoo; however, the monkeys were themost entertaining.

2. The new Little League coaches were not happy withthe old practice schedule; instead, they presented a planthat gave each team equal access to the practice field.

And, But, and Or Statementscreate a compound sentence

With the coordinating conjunctions-and, but, or, nor, so, yet,and for-you can easily write a topic sentence.

Always place a comma before the conjunction.Use the words BOY FANS to help you remember these conjunctions.

Example sentences:

1. Some people find it difficult to program a VCR, but most willsucceed if they just remember to follow these guidelines.

2. My grandmother likes to help others, so she volunteers atchurch, at the hospital, and at my school.

b = but f = fora = andn = nors = so

o=or

y = yet

........

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. .A Few Good Prepositions

These words can jog your thinking and push you into a good topic sentence.

According to Before For Instead of OutsideAlong with Besides From Inside OverAfter Beyond In Like SinceAmong Due to In addition to Near ThroughBecause of Despite In case of Of ThroughoutBy During In spite of On Under

UntilWithWithinWithoutWith the

exception of

Example sentences:

1. Throughout the campaign the senator made promises to improve health care.

2. With determination and skill, the Blue Jays won the state championship.

To, Plus a VerbTry using an infinitive to start your paper. An infinitive is the main verb preceded by the wordto. Some examples of infinitives are to succeed, to accomplish, tofinish, to win, and to teach.

Example sentences:

1. To win at chess, players need to master three skills.

2. To succeed in business a person must establish clearbut realistic goals.

The List Statement

A common method for writing a topic sentence or thesis statement is to list the categories you willaddress in your paper. Two of the ways you can accomplish this are:A list of words:

When I set out to buy my new car, I looked for a vehicle that was reliable, safe, and economical.

A list of phrases:Problems with the new school include: poor ventilation, small classrooms, inadequate lighting,limited parking.

Get Their Attention

A declarative statement uses a strong verb (action word).

Example sentences:1. Children will love the new flavored cereals.

2. Aunt Susan's foolproof holiday recipes saved me and impressed my family.

3. Clay's gas station offers the best service.

Side by Side Statements

LSometimes using two simple sentences - one for the occasion and one for the position - is theright way to go. It is especially powerful if your goal is to put emphasis on your position.

Example sentences:

1. A little wine may be good. Too much is dangerous.

2. Young children belong in car seats. The car seat belongs in the back, not in the front.


Semicolon Topic SentenceUse this method when you want to emphasize the relationship between the occasion (your reason forwriting) and the position (what you plan toyrove or explain).

Example sentences:

1. The football team deserves the state championship; the players and the coach are talented anddedicated.

2. Buying a new car is exciting; it's also stressful.

Two Nouns and Two Commas

When we set off a noun or a noun phrase with commas, we call this an appositive. An appositivedoes not have a verb; it is simply a noun followed by a description that tells more about the firstnoun.

Example sentences:

1. Deckers, a small town nestled in the Colorado Rockies, is a fishing haven for many seriousanglers.

2. My uncle's unusual pets, a tarantula and a snake, need special care.

Using a QuotationUsing a quotation in the topic sentence is an easy yet powerful way to start your paper.

Example sentence:

1£you are tempted. to give your best friend advice, at least be aware of the Arab proverb that says,"Never give advice in a crowd."

Compare/Contrast Words for a Topic Sentence

Writing a topic sentence using one of these compare! contrast words or phrases makes this kind ofparagraph writing easy.

similarities

similaritycompare

differdifferentvaried

unlikeresembledifferences

the samevariationstwins

contrastalikelike

in common

varyopposite

Example sentence:

My cousins are the same age and live in the same small town, but their lives are very different.

Adding the Blues

I,..

~en1ences that give interesting extra informationExample:

tI

Child Labor

During the Industrial Revolution some children wereforced to work in order to help their families pay for foodand lodging. Children worked long hours in factories wherethey did work that was dangerous. The conditions in thefactories sometimes caused diseases. Fortunately, from 1830until the early 1900s many laws were passed in England andthe United States to protect child workers.

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First In addition Equally important

First Second Third

First of all Also

First of all Besides In addition

First of all Also Last

To begin Next A final

First of all The next Another

First of all In addition Finally

Initially Then After that

One Also

One example Another example

One way Another way A final method

The first The second

To begin At the same time Finally


'.

Transitions

· Introduce key ideas.

· Connect reasons,details, or facts.

· Help the writer andthe reader.

These transitional

expressions are just afew of the many wordswe can use to helpreaders follow our

thoughts as we write.

· Look for other

transitions as youread.

· Remember, thetransition does nothave to be the firstword in thesentence.

Example:

Water safety was thefirst skill I learned at

camp.

· Read your paperaloud and ask

yourself if thetransition soundsnatural. Does it fit?

Abad A worse The worst

A good A better The best

First Another Next

One Another Finally

One Equally important

One One other Along with Last

One Then Another

Information to back up your reasons, details, or facts (R-D-F)

Examples

Explanations

Evidence

Events

Experiences

Expert opinion

Everyday life

Effective illustrations

Elaboration

Remember, the E's are the REDS. Always ask yourself if you have enough red.Check to see if you have included specific examples or presented enough evidence.

In the following paragraph the key ideas are and the E's are in red.

Keeping Clean

Creatures of all sizes find ways to keep themselves clean.After

bathing in the cool water the elephant powders itself. Elephants use

dust as powder to keep the bugs from biting.

They often lick their ears and scrub them to ~eep themclean.

When they finish, theycomb their feathers. This is called

preening. Bathtime, it seems, isn't

just for you and me.

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"'0 When you write your conclusion, thIDk about the following:

1. Restate your position; remind your readers of your topic.

2. Use synonyms.

3. If it fits, try using one of these words or phrases in the final sentence to start theconclusion or to be "buried" inside the conclusion.

in fact

clearlydefinitelyto sum up

certainlyobviously

trulysurely

clearlyin conclusion

Examples:

a. The drivers of the Indianapolis 500 certainly take many risks, but they alsoplan ahead for their own safety and the safety of other drivers.

b. To sum up, it is important to buy, install, and maintain the proper equipmentto prevent a home fire.

c. Raymond, in fact, graduated from college with honors and surprised everyoneexcept Mr. Armstrong who never gave up on any of his students.

4. Try using one of the topic sentence methods included in this booklet as a way towrite the conclusion. For example, if you started your paper with an occasion/position statement (page 4), you may want to conclude by using a powerstatement (page 4). Experiment with a quotation (page 6), start with aprepositional phrase (page 5), or use an infinitive (page 5).

5. The conclusion/clincher/closing statement is your last opportunity to reach thereader. Dare to be different without introducing or moving to a new topic.

Safe at Home

If you look carefully around the house, you may discover some

unsafe conditions; however, you can take precautions to make your

home safer for your family and for yourself.

Get rid of any piles of old rags, papers, or trash that have

accumulated. People can fall on these or they can cause fires.

Are the hallways well lit?

Do you remember to leave lights on at night?

Are they firm and securely attached? If they

are broken, be sure to have them repaired.

Serious injuries are caused by falls

that occur in the home. With just a little effort your familycan live in a safer environment.


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Six-Sentence Paragraph Examples

Title ) Reading Textbooks

Topic sentence ) Reading history and science textbooks can be

challenging, but the task becomes easier and more

rewarding when students use two basic comprehension-7 strategies.

Explanation ) Study guides are simple to make and help readers-7 identify and remember key ideas from the text.

Students who take

Explanation ) Itime to read definitions and break down complicated

glossary or dictionary explanations will read the textConclusion ) I more quickly and efficiently. Using common sense

comprehension strategies like these takes time and effort;

it also brings results.

Eight-Sentence Paragraph Examples.t5I

Title ) IReading Textbooks

Topic sentence ) I Reading history and science textbooks can be

challenging, but the task becomes easier and more

rewarding when students use two basic comprehension-71 strategies.

Study guides are simple to make and help readers

Explanation ) I

identify and remember key ideas from the text. Paper

folded into three columns lengthwise can be used to

organize information provided at the end of a chapter-71 and for taking notes while reading.

Students who take time to read

definitions and break down complicated glossary or

Explanation ) I

dictionary explanations will read the text more quickly I

and efficiently. Breaking down a definition means listing..- .....

the term on the left side of a page divided into two

columns and listing only words and phrases from theConclusion ) I definition on the right side. Using common sense ,

comprehension strategies like these takes time and effort;

it also brings results.o:;

Copyright@ 1999 bySoprisWest.Allrightsreserved.<.

.

~-

Reading TextbooksTextbooks packed with information are the backbone of

many high school and college classes. Students understand thenecessity for this kind of reading but often feel frustrated bytheir inability to read and remember. Reading history andscience textbooks cap be especially challenging. This task canbecome easier and more rewarding when students use twobasic comprehension strategies.

Study guides are simple to make and help readers identifyand remember key ideas from the text. Paper folded intothree columns lengthwise and labeled "main ideas," "notes,"and" questions/ comments" can be used to organizeinformation provided at the end of a chapter and for takingnotes while reading. A good place to start the study guide is atthe end of the chapter. The summary, list of facts, andquestions at the end of a chapter identify key ideas from thechapter and establish the purpose for reading the chapter.Taking notes of the summary introduces the reader toimportant concepts presented in the chapter. Copying thequestions or abbreviating the questions helps the readeranticipate what needs to be learned. Students should use thesame three column paper while reading the text itself. In thefirst column labeled "main ideas," copy bold face headings;use the second column for notes; save the third column forquestions, comments, or lecture notes.

~ Title

~ Background

~ Thesis and plan

Explanation

Students who take time to read definitions and break down

complicated glossary or dictionary explanations will read thetext more quickly and efficiently. Breaking down a definitionmeans listing the term on the left side of a page divided intotwo columns and listing only words and phrases from thedefinition on the right side. The first word listed on the rightshould be a synonym or a category. The synonym or categoryhelps the reader make a connection and learn the new term.Other words or phrases on the right list important information.Definitions that are broken into small manageable phrases areeasier to read and remember.

Reading, remembering, and using textboo~ information I ~ Conclusionis a challenge. Using common sense comprehension strategieslike those listed above takes time and effort. The results,however, are worth it.


Explanation

,......

Step 1 Write a topic sentence using the three part topic sentence method(the burrito fold).

Identify the item. Select a verb. Finish your thought.

Step 2 Copy this sentence to look like a real sentence. Fix spelling,punctuatioI), and c~pitalization errors.

Step 3 Create a fact outline.

Step 4 Use your fact outline to write the summary paragraph.

Verb Reference List for Summaries


acknowledges considers evaluates offers

adds contrasts explains praises

advises critiques explores predicts

answers defends expresses presentsasks defines features proposes

asserts demonstrates furnishes providesassures denounces gIves recommends

blames depicts identifies shows

captures describes illustrates simplifies I

clarifies discourages invites solves

Lclassifies encourages judges suggests

compares endorses lists supports..---

confirms entertains mentions teaches

confronts entices names tellsI I)confuses enumerates offends traces

~~

. Include the title and the date.,-. List main ideas, topics, and key words on the left.

. List information and/ or subtopi/cs on the right.

. Indent subtopics and leave plenty of empty space.

. Remember that each paragraph has a main idea.

. Use only words and phrases.

. Use abbreviations when it is appropriate.

. Make notes neat and complete.

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