Use the imaginary unit i to write complex numbers.

Add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

Use complex conjugates to write the quotient of two complex numbers in standard form.

Perform operations with square roots of negative numbers

Solve quadratic equations with complex imaginary solutions

COMPLEX NUMBERSObjectives

R

Real Numbers R

Rational Numbers Q

Integers Z

Whole numbers W

Natural Numbers N

IrrationalNumbers

Q -bar

Complex Numbers C

Imaginary Numbers i

What is an imaginary number?

It is a tool to solve an equation and was invented to solve quadratic equations of the form .

. It has been used to solve

equations for the last 200 years or so.

“Imaginary” is just a name, imaginary do indeed exist; they are numbers.

Previously, when we encountered square roots of negative numbers in solving equations, we would say “no real solution” or “not a real number”.

The Imaginary Unit i

Complex Numbers & Imaginary Numbers

a + bi represents the set of complex numbers, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary part.

a + bi is the standard form of a complex number. The real number a is written first, followed by a real number b multiplied by i. The imaginary unit i always follows the real number b, unless b is a radical. Example:

If b is a radical, then write i before the radical.

Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers

(5 − 11i) + (7 + 4i)

Simplify and treat the i like a variable.

= 5 − 11i + 7 + 4i

= (5 + 7) + (− 11i + 4i)

= 12 − 7i Standard form

Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers

(− 5 + i) − (− 11 − 6i)

= − 5 + i + 11 + 6i

= − 5 + 11 + i + 6i

= 6 + 7i

(5 – 2i) + (3 + 3i)

5+3 −2 𝑖+3 𝑖

𝟖+𝒊

(2 + 6i) − (12 − i)

2+6 𝑖− 12+𝑖

2 −12+6 𝑖+𝑖

−𝟏𝟎+𝟕 𝒊

Multiplying Complex Numbers

4i (3 − 5i)

4 𝑖 (3 ) − 4 𝑖(5 𝑖)

12 𝑖− 20 𝑖2 𝒊𝟐=−𝟏12 𝑖− 20(− 1)

12 𝑖+20

𝟐𝟎+𝟏𝟐 𝒊 Standard form

Multiplying Complex Numbers

(7 − 3i )( − 2 − 5i) use FOIL

−14 −35 𝑖+6 𝑖+15 𝑖2

−14 −29 𝑖+15 (−1)

𝒊𝟐=−𝟏

−14 −29 𝑖−15

−𝟐𝟗−𝟐𝟗 𝒊 Standard form

7i (2 − 9i)

7 𝑖 (2 )+7 𝑖(−9 𝑖)

14 𝑖−63 𝑖2 𝒊𝟐=−𝟏

14 𝑖−63 (−1)

14 𝑖+63

𝟔𝟑+𝟏𝟒 𝒊 Standard form

(5 + 4i)(6 − 7i)

30 − 35 𝑖+24 𝑖−28 𝑖2 𝒊𝟐=−𝟏

30 −11 𝑖− 28(−1)

30 −11 𝑖+28

30+28 −11 𝑖

𝟓𝟖−𝟏𝟏 𝒊 Standard form

Complex ConjugatesThe complex conjugate of the number a + bi is a − bi.

Example: the complex conjugate of is

The complex conjugate of the number a − bi is a + bi.

Example: the complex conjugate of is

Complex ConjugatesWhen we multiply the complex conjugates together, we get a real number.

(a + bi) (a − bi) = a² + b²

Example:

Complex ConjugatesWhen we multiply the complex conjugates together, we get a real number.

(a − bi) (a + bi) = a² + b²

Example:

Using Complex Conjugates to Divide Complex Numbers

Divide and express the result in standard form:

7 + 4i2 − 5i

The complex conjugate of the denominator is 2 + 5i.Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the complex conjugate.

Using Complex Conjugates to Divide Complex Numbers

x (14+35 𝑖+8 𝑖+20 𝑖2 )4 −25 𝑖2¿

14+43 𝑖+20 (− 1 )4 − 25 (−1 )

14+43 𝑖−204+25¿

−6+43 𝑖29 ¿− 𝟔

𝟐𝟗 +𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒊

Divide and express the result in standard form:

5 + 4i4 − i

Roots of Negative Numbers

= • i =

= 4 • i

Operations Involving Square Roots of Negative Numbers

See examples on page 282.

The complex-number system is used to find zeros of functions that are not real numbers.

When looking at a graph of a function, if the graph does not cross the x-axis, it has no real-number zeros.

A Quadratic Equation with Imaginary Solutions

See example on page 283.