Use your knowledge acquired by watching “Swing Kids” and the information on Pgs. 436-437 to answer the following:

1. Why did totalitarian governments try to win the loyalty of their nation’s young people?

2. In Italy, women who had fourteen or more children were given a medal by Mussolini himself. Why were women honored for having many children?

Unit 6 Notes #1:The Post WWI World

1919-1939

Copy Slides with ***

*** WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES?– WHAT THEY GOT

France:• Reparations from

Germany• Land rich in natural

resourcesBritain:• Control of German

colonies• Reparations from

Germany• Control of German boats

United States:• League of Nations• New nations in EuropeGermany:• Lost 10% of land &

colonies• Accept responsibility for

war• Pay $5 Billion in

reparations• Military disbanded

*** THE UNITED STATES:OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION

Factories:• U.S. factories producing

large amounts of goods• Most people in U.S. too

poor to purchase these goods

• Store owners cut back orders from factories

• Factories reduce production; workers fired

Farms:• Large amount of crops• Competition from foreign

crops• Surplus food drives prices

down• Farmers don’t make profit;

cannot make loan payments• Farmers lose land to banks

DECLINE IN

PRODUCTIONOF GOODS

DECLINE IN DEMAND FOR

GOODS

DECLINE INOVERALL FACTORY

PRODUCTION

INCREASEIN

UNEMPLOYMENT

UNEMPLOYMENT, 1928-1938

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1928 1929 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938

% W

OR

K F

OR

CE

GREATBRITAIN

GERMANY

U.S.A.

HITLER FDR & NEW DEAL

STOCK MARKET CRASHES

*** What problems existed for post-war democracies?

• Little experience with representative governments• Too many political parties• Coalition Governments didn’t work:

too many disagreements• Weak gov’ts in difficult times changed

for totalitarian rulers

*THE DAWES PLAN1924-1930

$2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid; U.S. goods imported to rebuild economies

U.S. lends

$2.6 bill to Germany; spent on building up German economy

Germany uses increased tax revenues to pay $2.0 bill reparations to France

***WHAT WAS THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC of GERMANY?

• Established in 1919• No democratic tradition in Germany• Post-WWI Germany had many political parties• Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t for

the problems Treaty of Versailles

***HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY

• Wartime taxes not increased• German gov’t printed money to pay for war• German gov’t printed money to pay for war

reparations forced by the Treaty of Versailles• Prices increased while the value of the

currency (Mark) fell• People unable to afford basic necessities

Unit 6 Notes #2The Rise of Totalitarianism

Copy slides with ***

*** CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISMUSSR, FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANY

All shared the following…

• Dictatorship and one-party rule• Blind obedience to leader• State (country) more important than individual• State control of economy• Use of police spies and terror to enforce gov’t

rules• Gov’t control of media: indoctrination and

mobilization of citizens; spread ideology to kids• Strict censorship of artists and intellectuals

***DIFFERENCES Communism: (USSR)• Want international

change• Classless society• Support from urban

factory workers and farmers

• Ideas based on Karl Marx

Fascism: Italy/SpainNazism:Germany• Enemies of socialists &

communists!• Highly nationalist- war

is good!• Class divisions• Support from business

leaders, land owners, middle class

• Ideas differed somewhat by country

***The Political SpectrumLine or Horseshoe?

Unit 6: Notes #3:The

Characteristicsof Fascism

Unit 6: Notes #3:The

Characteristicsof Fascism

***What is Fascism?

“Fascism is the complete opposite of [Communism]…it combats the whole system of democracy…it denies that the majority [of the people] can direct society…For Fascism the growth of the empire and war is essential…” Benito Mussolini 1932

(you don’t need to copy this quote)

***BELIEFS OF FASCISM:• Loyalty to the state• Extreme nationalism• Peaceful states would be

conquered• Uniforms and special

salutes• Mass rallies• Each class has a place &

function

***Other Ideologies of Fascism• A form of extreme right-wing

ideology.• Celebrates the nation or the race over

individual happiness • Powerful and continuing nationalism.–Constant use of patriotic mottos,

slogans, symbols, songs, etc.–Flags are seen everywhere.

Benito Mussolini“Il Duce”

***ITALIAN FASCISM• Wanted to rescue Italy from

poor economy, rebuild military after WWI

• “Black shirts” terrorized Communists

• 1922 Italian Prime Minister• Abolished democracy and

all opposition; won support of middle class, aristocracy, industry leaders

• Italy became the model for fascism in Spain and Germany

***Subordination to the State

• Nothing is more important than the State (country)

• Use of organized violence to suppress opposition.–Glorification of force.–Anti-democratic.

***Cult of State Worship

• The individual had no significance except as a member of the state.

• The fascists were taught:– Credere! [to believe]– Obbedire! [to obey]– Combattere! [to fight]

***What was the Myth of Rebirth?

• Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth after a period of decline or destruction (such as the Great Depression and WWI)

• Seeks to purge “alien” forces and groups that threaten the “pure” community.

Militarism

Identification of Enemies or Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause

• The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe.

• This foe could be racial, ethnic, a religious minority, liberals, communists, etc.

Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights

• Because of the fear of enemies and the need for security, the people are persuaded that human rights can be ignored out of “need.”

• People look the other way or even approve of torture, executions, long incarcerations of prisoners, assassinations, etc.

The Fascist Family

The Fascists encouraged the development of large families.

Religion & Government

Are Intertwined

• Fascist governments tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion.

• They meld religious rhetoric, symbolism, mythology, etc., into their policies [appears to give a religious approval for government policies!]

Disdain for Intellectuals & for the Arts

• Open hostility to higher education and academia is promoted.

• Professors and other academics are censored or arrested.

• Free expression in the arts and letters is openly attacked.

Controlled Mass Media

Emphasis on Physical Fitness

***Fascism in Spain

• Civil war in Spain: Italy and Germany supported General Francisco Franco- Spanish Fascist

• 1939 Franco became dictator until 1970s

• Guernica: Spanish village bombed by German planes

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

Francisco Franco

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

Italian troops in Madrid

“Guernica”Pablo Picasso

Do Now: Kid in a Candy Store A mother took her 5-year old son into a crowded candy

store. The boy asked his mother if he could have some candy, and she said he couldn’t. So the boy cried and threw a tantrum and demanded he get some candy. Wanting to avoid a public scene, his mother bought him some candy. He ate the candy and asked his mother for more. His mother said no and he again started crying and throwing a tantrum.

1. What should the mother do?2. Why?

***Unit VI #4 The World Drifts Towards War

***Adolf Hitler“The Fuhrer”

• Joined National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NAZI) in 1920

• Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s beliefs as later policy for Nazi party

• Great Depression gave him followers; Nazis became largest political party

• Nazi Party comes to power in 1933

NAZI PROPAGANDA1920-1945

“The greater the mass of men to be reached, the lower its intellectual level must be.”--Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

Techniques

To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few points driven home through:

• Simple slogans• Repeat them endlessly• Use of mass meetings to get people to feed

off of one another; new members of the movement will feel a sense of belonging

“I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.” – Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda

“It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting propaganda to make people believe that heaven is hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler

“The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings, commemorations, marches and congresses: his words on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl

“Europe’s victory is your prosperity”

One People,One Nation,Our Fuhrer!

Japan Invades Manchuria

Japan challenged the League of Nations

• 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria• Set up puppet gov’t in Manchuria (controlled

by Japan)• Japan withdrew from League of Nations• War between China and Japan 1937• Rape of Nanking: Japanese army executed

200,000 men, women and children as a show of force

***Mussolini meets Haile Selassie

• Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to expand Italian empire

• Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, appeals to League of Nations for help

• “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.”

***Hitler takes the RhinelandAnd joins with Mussolini and Japan-

1936• Occupied the former buffer zone between France and Germany

• Oct. 1936: Germany and Italy alliance called Rome-Berlin Axis

• Nov. 1936: Germany, Italy and Japan– Axis Powers

Munich Conference- Sept. 1938

• ***1937: Hitler declares the need for Lebensraum: living space

• Took Austria, 1938• Majority of

Austrians supported unity w/ Germany

The Sudetenland

***Aggression and Appeasement

I. Czechoslovakia Crisis A. After WWI Czech. was created and 3.5 million ethnic

Germans lived within it borders in Sudetenland B. 1938-Hitler demands the return of the Sudetenland to

Germany (claimed they were being mistreated)

C. Czech. turned to France and Britain for help1. They were not willing to go to war

D. Hitler demanded complete annexation and military occupation of the Sudetenland.

II. Munich Conference A. In Sept. 1938, Britain, France, Germany and Italy met in

Munich, Germany B. France and Britain followed a policy of appeasement-

making concessions to an aggressor to preserve peace C. Munich Pact- Hitler agreed to the proposal that he

exchanged the right to occupy Sudetenland for a promise that this would be the last territorial demand in Europe. Everyone signed

***

***

III. Violation of the Munich Pact A. Hitler started pressuring Czech leaders to create a new

Czech government sympathetic to Germany. B. The Czechs refused

1. Germany broke the Munich Pact and occupied Czechoslovakia, annexing it the following day.

***THE TWO SIDES

AXIS POWERS• Germany• Italy• JapanBulgaria, Romania,

Hungary joined in 1941

ALLIED FORCES• U.S.• Britain• Soviet Union• Australia• Canada• China• France