User Guide Supplement – Advanced Videographic Recorder ... · One or more of the following...

Advanced Videographic Recorder

SM2000

User Guide Supplement –Advanced Software OptionsIM/SM2000ADV_5

ABB

The Company

We are an established world force in the design and manufacture of instrumentation forindustrial process control, flow measurement, gas and liquid analysis and environmentalapplications.

As a part of ABB, a world leader in process automation technology, we offer customersapplication expertise, service and support worldwide.

We are committed to teamwork, high quality manufacturing, advanced technology andunrivalled service and support.

The quality, accuracy and performance of the Company’s products result from over 100years experience, combined with a continuous program of innovative design anddevelopment to incorporate the latest technology.

The UKAS Calibration Laboratory No. 0255 is just one of the ten flow calibration plantsoperated by the Company, and is indicative of our dedication to quality and accuracy.

Warning – Refer to the manual for instructions

Caution – Risk of electric shock

Protective earth (ground) terminal

Earth (ground) terminal

Direct current supply only

Alternating current supply only

Both direct and alternating current supply

The equipment is protectedthrough double insulation

Electrical Safety

This equipment complies with the requirements of CEI/IEC 61010-1:2001-2 "Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment forMeasurement, Control and Laboratory Use". If the equipment is used in a manner NOT specified by the Company, the protectionprovided by the equipment may be impaired.

Symbols

One or more of the following symbols may appear on the equipment labelling:

Information in this manual is intended only to assist our customers in the efficient operation of our equipment. Use of this manual forany other purpose is specifically prohibited and its contents are not to be reproduced in full or part without prior approval of theTechnical Publications Department.

Health and SafetyTo ensure that our products are safe and without risk to health, the following points must be noted:

1. The relevant sections of these instructions must be read carefully before proceeding.

2. Warning labels on containers and packages must be observed.

3. Installation, operation, maintenance and servicing must only be carried out by suitably trained personnel and in accordance with theinformation given.

4. Normal safety precautions must be taken to avoid the possibility of an accident occurring when operating in conditions of high pressureand/or temperature.

5. Chemicals must be stored away from heat, protected from temperature extremes and powders kept dry. Normal safe handling proceduresmust be used.

6. When disposing of chemicals ensure that no two chemicals are mixed.

Safety advice concerning the use of the equipment described in this manual or any relevant hazard data sheets (where applicable) may beobtained from the Company address on the back cover, together with servicing and spares information.

EN ISO 9001:2000

Cert. No. Q05907

REGISTERE

D

EN 29001 (ISO 9001)

Lenno, Italy – Cert. No. 9/90A

0255

Stonehouse, U.K.

1

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1

2 MATH CONFIGURATION ............................................... 22.1 Math Block Description .......................................... 22.2 Typical Math Block ................................................. 22.3 Operators ............................................................... 22.4 Constants .............................................................. 22.5 Analog Sources ...................................................... 32.6 Digital Sources ....................................................... 32.7 Functions ............................................................... 32.8 Creating Math Blocks ............................................. 42.9 Standard Functions ................................................ 8

2.9.1 Trigonometric Functions ........................... 82.9.2 Statistical Functions .................................. 82.9.3 Logarithmic Functions .............................. 82.9.4 Relative Humidity ...................................... 82.9.5 Sterilization Fvalue Calculation ................ 102.9.6 Switch Functions .................................... 122.9.7 Absolute Value Function ......................... 12

2.10 Application Examples ........................................... 122.10.1 Liquid Flow ............................................. 122.10.2 Ideal Gas Flow ........................................ 14

3 LOGIC CONFIGURATION ............................................ 153.1 Logic Equation Description ................................... 153.2 Worked Example – Reservoir Level Control .......... 153.3 Creating Logic Equations ..................................... 16

4 DIAGNOSTICS.............................................................. 174.1 Introduction .......................................................... 17

This supplement details the programming and operation of themath and logic equations option on the Videographic ChartRecorder.

The instructions contained herein should be read in conjunctionwith the instrument User Guide (IM/SM2000 issue 2 or later).

Instruments with the optional math and logic equationsfunctionality are identified by the appearance of the respectiveicons in the main Configuration window – see Fig. 1.1.

For information on accessing Configuration mode, refer toSection 4 of the User Guide.

Fig. 1.1 Math and Logic Icons

2

Source (Analog)– see Table 2.2

m1 = a1 + 52.4 * Log(a2) – md2

Constant (Any numerical value, up to 3 d.p.)

Function – see Table 2.4

Source (Digital) – see Table 2.3

Math result (Assigned to recordingchannels, retransmission outputs)

Operators– see Table 2.1

19 characters total (Max 40)

rotarepO noitpircseD rotarepO noitpircseD+ ddA – tcartbuS

* ylpitluM / ediviD

2 MATH CONFIGURATION

2.1 Math Block Description

Notes.• Up to twelve Math Blocks, configured individually

using the 'Math Pad' – see Fig. 2.2.

• Each Math result has its own Long and Short Tagsand Engineering Range

• Up to 18 different preset functions – Table 2.4

• Constants up to three decimal places

• Maximum equation length – 40 characters

• Up to three digital signals per equation

Individual recording channel signals, analog and digital sourcescan be combined in a Math Block to produce a customizedrecording channel or retransmission source.

Typical examples include adding/subtracting the values of anumber of analog sources together to form one recordingchannel.

More complex blocks can also be implemented that determinerelative humidity, mass flow or zirconia oxygen concentration.

Digital signals can be used in Math Blocks to enable/disable theoutput when certain conditions are true.

2.2 Typical Math Block – Fig. 2.1Each math block comprises any number of sources, constants,operators and functions, to a maximum length of 40 characters,as indicated in Fig. 2.1.

Possible operators, sources and functions are listed inTables 2.1 to 2.4

2.3 Operators – Table 2.1

Fig. 2.1 Typical Math Block

Table 2.1 Operators

Notes.• Operators are evaluated from left to right.

The above equation is evaluated as:[(a1 + 52.4)* Log(a2)] – md2 and NOT as a1 + (52.4* Log(a2)) – md2.

• Functions cannot be nested within other functions.To enter an equation requiring nested functions it is necessary to use another math block,e.g. to evaluate the equation:

a1 + a252.4 – a3

proceed as follows:

• Enter math block 1 as m1 = a1 + a2/m2• Enter math block 2 as m2 = 52.4 – a3

• Digital signals (md1 to md3) are evaluated as 0 (inactive) and 1 (active).Thus in the following example:

m1 = a1 + a2*md1

the sum of (a1+ a2) is set to zero if the digital input md1 is also zero.

2.4 ConstantsMath blocks may contain any number of constants, each with alimit of three decimal places, up to the maximum of 40characters for the whole block. The maximum range of eachconstant is 9999 to – 999

3

emaNecruoS cinomenM noitpircseD

lanretxerolanretniynAehtnielbaliavalatigid

tnemurtsni

1dm2dm3dm

,0002MS/MIeeS.1xidneppA

eruliaF1kcolBhtaM:

eruliaF21kcolBhtaM

kcolbhtamnehwevitcAehtedistuosllaftluser

± noitcetedtluaf%01.level

1noitauqEcigoL:

21noitauqEcigoL

.stlusernoitauqecigoL

emaNecruoS cinomenM noitpircseD

golanAtupniseulav

1AP/IgolanA:

6AP/IgolanA

1BP/IgolanA:

6BP/IgolanA

1a:6a

1b:6b

.)eludomP/IgolanAmorf(

smmoCgolanA

tupniseulav

smmoC42ot1NIA

42cot1c subdoMehtaivdevieceRsnoitacinummoclaires

fo2xidneppAees–knil.0002MS/MI

mumixaMscitsitatS

tupnIseulaV

xam1.1statS:

xam6.1statS

xam1.2statS:

xam6.2statS

11hs:

61hs

12hs:

62hs

rezilatotehtecniseulaVtsallennahcneviganoelbaliavA.teserroparwslennahcgolananoylno

tnavelerehtfidnaehtnidelbanesirezilatot

.levelnoitarugifnoc

muminiMscitsitatS

tupnIseulaV

nim1.1statS:

nim6.1statS

nim1.2statS:

nim6.2statS

11ls:61ls

12ls:62ls



.levelnoitarugifnoc

egarevAscitsitatS

tupnIseulaV

gva1.1statS:

gva6.1statS

gva1.2statS:

gva6.2statS

11as:

61as

12as:

62as



.levelnoitarugifnoc

htaMskcolB

1kcolBhtaM:

21kcolBhtaM

1m:21m

htaMehtfoeulavtnerruChtaMdelbanE.tluseR

.ylnoskcolb

noitcnuF noitcnuF noitcnuF noitcnuF noitcnuF noitpircseD noitpircseD noitpircseD noitpircseD noitpircseD:snoitcnuFcirtemonogirT :snoitcnuFcirtemonogirT :snoitcnuFcirtemonogirT :snoitcnuFcirtemonogirT :snoitcnuFcirtemonogirT 1.9.2noitceSees–

)x(niS =daR,snaidarnideificepsx(xfoenisehT π )º081/

)x(soC =daR,snaidarnideificepsx(xfoenisocehT π )º081/

)x(naT =daR,snaidarnideificepsx(xfotnegnatehT π )º081/

:snoitcnuFlacitsitatS :snoitcnuFlacitsitatS :snoitcnuFlacitsitatS :snoitcnuFlacitsitatS :snoitcnuFlacitsitatS 2.9.2noitceSees–

)t,n,x(gvA elpmasataselpmasnrevo,xelbairavfoegarevaehT9999ot1=t,selpmas9999ot1=n.sdnocestfoetar

.selpmasnretfasteseregarevaehT.sdnoces

)t,n,x(vaR ataselpmasnrevo,xelbairavfoegarevagnillorehThcaenielpmastsedloehT.sdnocestfoetarelpmasdetaluclacsitluserwenehtdnatsolsinoitaluclacvaR

9999ot1=N.elpmastnerrucehttnuoccaotnignikatyb.sdnoces9999ot1=T,selpmas

)t,n,x(dS ataselpmasnrevo,xelbairavfonoitaiveDdradnatS1=t;selpmas002ot1=N.sdnocestfoetarelpmas

.sdnoces9999ot

:snoitcnuFcimhtiragoL :snoitcnuFcimhtiragoL :snoitcnuFcimhtiragoL :snoitcnuFcimhtiragoL :snoitcnuFcimhtiragoL 3.9.2noitceSees–

)x(goL Xees,golitnAroF.xfo01esabgoL a )a,x(

)x(nL xfogollarutaN

)x(pxE xrewopehtote

:snoitcnuFlaicepS :snoitcnuFlaicepS :snoitcnuFlaicepS :snoitcnuFlaicepS :snoitcnuFlaicepS 4.9.2noitceSees–

)y,x(HR blub)y(yrd&)x(tewgnisunoitaluclacytidimuhevitaleRsgnidaer

)z,y,x(0F noitaluclac0FgnisusemitnoitaziliretsfonoitazimitpOdna)y(erutarepmettegrat,)x(erutarepmetderusaemdna

)z(rotcafZ

)x(sbA xelbairavfoeulavetulosbaehT

:snoitcnuFhctiwS :snoitcnuFhctiwS :snoitcnuFhctiwS :snoitcnuFhctiwS :snoitcnuFhctiwS 6.9.2noitceSees–

)z,y,x(sH edutingamtsetaergehthtiwelbairavehtsnruteR

)z,y,x(sM ehtneewtebsiedutingamesohwelbairavehtsnruteRselbairaveerhtehtfostimilrewol&reppu

)z,y,x(sL edutingamtsellamsehthtiwelbairavehtsnruteR

)s,y,x(xuM yesiwrehto,eslafsisfixstceleS

:snoitcnuFrewoP :snoitcnuFrewoP :snoitcnuFrewoP :snoitcnuFrewoP :snoitcnuFrewoPXa )a,x( arewopehtotxelbairavehtsesiaR

)x(rqS xelbairavfotoorerauqsehtsnruteR

2 MATH CONFIGURATION…

2.5 Analog Sources – Table 2.2Sources can be either analog or digital.

Analog sources are identified within a math block by the presetmnemonic shown in Table 2.2.

2.6 Digital Sources – Table 2.3Up to three digital signals, identified within the Math Pad as md1,md2 and md3, can be used within each math block. Thesesignals must be assigned to a digital source from Table 2.3 priorto selection within the math pad.

2.7 Functions – Table 2.4All functions begin with an uppercase character to distinguishthem from sources.

Table 2.2 Analog Sources

Table 2.3 Digital Sources

Table 2.4 Functions

4

Return to Main Math Block screen

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�� !" ��#!

$��%�� &��

�� '(�� # ) �#�# �

*�� # �� #### +��

�,�� - .,��

+�� # .,��

�� /

see Section 4.6.2 of the User Guide

Deletes the function, operator orsource to left of cursor

Clears the whole equation

Functions– see

Table 2.4

Operators

Analog Sources Digital Sources

Constants

Source Configuration

see Note 2.

CommonConfiguration

ProcessGroup 1

Group 1Channels

ProcessGroup 2

Group 2Channels

I/OModules

Functions

System Configuration Math Blocks

Engineering range -90.0 - 999.9

Equation a1+52.4*Log(a2)-md2

Short tag InltHd

Rst Src/Dgtl Src 1 Digital i/p D6, None

Digital Source 2/3 Digital i/p D1, None

Math 1 Math2 Math3 Math4 Math5 Math6 --->

Long tag Inlet Head Calculation

Select math blocks7 to 12

LogicEquations

Math Blocks

Launches MathPad – see Fig 2.3

…2 MATH CONFIGURATION

2.8 Creating Math Blocks – Figs. 2.2 and 2.3

Note. For information on accessing the configuration level, refer to Section 4.1 of the User Guide.

Fig. 2.2 Launching the Math Block Editor (Math Pad)

Note 1. Digital sourcesmust first be assigned toa digital input – see Table2.3.

Note 2. Use the button to change theconfiguration of theselected channelsource, without theneed to exit the mathsblock sequence.

Fig. 2.3 Math Pad

5

��

��

��

��

��

�� !��"��#�$%�

& ��'�� '(��)��

�� '(��)��


…2.8 Creating Math Blocks

Select the Math Block to configure – M1 to M12

Set the equation using the math pad – see Fig. 2.4

Note. Digital sources must first be assigned to a valid digitalsignal – see below.

Reset Source / Digital Source 1

Set the digital source (e.g. alarm signal, real-time event)used to reset the equation.

Select the digital signal (e.g. alarm signal, real-time event)used as Digital Source 1 (md1) within the math block.

Note. When used in a Math Block, an active digital signal hasa numerical value of 1 and an inactive digital signal has avalue of 0.

Select the digital sources (e.g. alarm signal, real-time event)used as Digital Source 2 and 3 (md2 and md3) within theequation.

6

Enter constant (—999 to 9999)

Source Id

None

Analog i/p A1

Analog i/p A2

Analog i/p A3

Analog i/p A4

Analog i/p A5

Analog i/p A6

Source Id

None

Digital Source 1

Digital Source 2

Digital Source 3

a1+52.4*Log(a2)–md1

a1

a1+52.4

Maths Equations

Filter time constant In seconds

Fault detect level (%) 110%

Broken sensor detection Upscale

Input Type 4.0 - 20.0 mA

Engineering range 0 to 20000 Litres/sec

Short tag 8 Character

Long tag 20 Characters

Analog I/P

a1+

5 2 . 4

* a1+52.4*

Log a1+52.4*Log(

Source Id

Analog i/p A1

Analog i/p A2

Analog i/p A3

Analog i/p A4

Analog i/p A5

Analog i/p A6

a1+52.4*Log(a2)

– a1+52.4*Log(a2)—



Note. A digital signal must be assignedto a digital source before it can beselected as a Math block source – seeReset Source/Digital Source 1.

Fig. 2.4 Worked Example

7



Specify the display range and units of the engineering valuecorresponding to the electrical high and low values, withinthe limits defined below:Example – Maximum and minimum calculated valuesfunction.a1 + a2, where a1 ≡ 0 to 150 l/s, a2 ≡ –50 to 100 l/s,Engineering High = 250.0, Engineering Low = –50.0.

Note. For the best resolution enter engineering ranges to themaximum permissable number of decimal places.

Enter the tag name to be displayed on channel indicators andused to identify the channel in archive files. (8 characters max.).

Note. Tags with a high percentage of capital letters and widecharacters such as 'W' or 'M' may appear truncated in someOperator Views. In such cases, use lower case letters orfewer characters.

Enter the tag name to be displayed on the process view and usedin the archive files (20 characters max.).

Engineering range -90 to 999.9



Engineering range

OK

Units l/sec

Low 0

High 2000

8

Sample number

°C

1

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Average andRolling averageSamples 1 to 5

Rollingaverage –Samples

2 to 6

Rollingaverage –Samples

3 to 7

Average androlling average

Samples 6 to 10

StandardDevation –samples 6

to 10

suoenatnatsnIselpmaS

)(gvAegarevA

)(vARgnilloRegarevA

)(DSdradnatSnoitaiveD

.oN eulaV eulaV selpmaS eulaV selpmaS

1 04 – – – – –

2 08 – – – – –

3 07 – – – – –

4 05 – – – – –

5 06 06 5ot1 06 5ot1 8.02

6 03 85 6ot2 3.81

7 04 05 7ot3 9.21

8 001 65 8ot4 1.71

9 021 07 9ot5 9.21

01 011 08 01ot6 08 01ot6 0.13


2.9 Standard FunctionsThe following examples, using preset functions available on theMath Pad, are included for easier reference.

2.9.1 Trigonometric FunctionsThree trigonometric functions, Sin(x), Cos(x) and Tan(x) returnthe Sine, Cosine and tangent of the variable x.

Note. The variable x must be specified in Radians,where 1° = π/180 Radians.For example, to find the Sine of 90°, first convert

degrees to radians:

90° = (90 x π) / 180 = π/2 ≈ 1.571Radians

The equation is entered as Sin(1.571)

2.9.2 Statistical Functions – Table 2.5 & Fig. 2.5Statistical functions can be used to calculate the average, rollingaverage and standard deviation of an analog variable.

2.9.3 Logarithmic FunctionsThe logarithmic functions Log(x), Ln(x) and ex can be used toscale process inputs.

Example – the output of vacuum gauges follow a logarithmiccurve and this must be linearized, therefore the antilog of theinput must be derived :

Linear Vacuum = k.10(Vacuum Gauge Output)

2.9.4 Relative Humidity – Fig. 2.6Relative humidity is calculated using the following formula:

VPSd

(VPSw – AP(Td – Tw)RH = 100

Where

VPSw = Saturation Vapour Pressure at Wet BulbTemperature

VPSd = Saturation Vapour Pressure at Dry BulbTemperature

Td = Dry Bulb TemperatureTc = Wet Bulb TemperatureP = Total Atmospheric Pressure (1000 mbar)A = Psychometric Constant (6.66 x 10–4)RH = % of Relative Humidity

A relative humidity calculation requires two inputs, one from awet bulb sensor and one from a dry bulb sensor. Both of theseinputs are incorporated into the equation as analog.

RH tables are based on the use of an aspirated psychrometerhaving an air velocity of at least 11.5 feet per second or 3.5meters per second across the bulb sensors.

Inputs used for wet and dry bulb measurement must be in theranges 0 to 100ºC or 32 to 212ºF. The result must be set to 0 to100.0% RH.Table 2.5 Sample Statistical Calculations

Fig. 2.5 Samples Included

9

CommonConfiguration

ProcessGroup 1

Group 1Channels

ProcessGroup 2

Group 2Channels

I/OModules

Functions

System Configuration

LogicEquations

Math Blocks

Math1 Math2 Math3 Math4 Math5 Math6 --->

Equation

Source Id

None

Analog i/p A1

Analog i/p A2

Analog i/p A3

Analog i/p A4

Analog i/p A5

Analog i/p A6

Maths Equations








Analog I/P

RH(a1,

Source Id

None

Analog i/p A1

Analog i/p A2

Analog i/p A3

Analog i/p A4

Analog i/p A5

Analog i/p A6

Maths Equations








Analog I/P

RH(a1,a2)

Engineering range 0 to 100.0%

Engineering range

High 100

OK

Units % RH

Low 0

Select the RH fuction

Select the wet bulb source

Select the dry bulb source

Set the engineering range0 –100.0% RH

RH(

2 MATH CONFIGURATION...

...2.9.4 Relative Humidity – Fig. 2.6

Fig. 2.6 Relative Humidity Example

10

Time (minutes)

°C

A B C E F

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

D

)Cº(rorrEerutarepmeT )oF(rorrEeulavF

1.01.0–5.05.0–0.1

%3.2%3.2–%0.21%0.11–%0.62

...2 MATH CONFIGURATION

2.9.5 Sterilization Fvalue Calculation – Fig. 2.8The ability of heat to kill micro-organisms varies with the type oforganism and increases exponentially with rising temperature.

Therefore, the time taken in sterilization is reduced if the targettemperature is increased and the time spent approaching andreceding from the target temperature can be taken into account.

Example – an increase of 10ºC from 121.1 to 131.1ºC in thesteam sterilizing temperature of the Bacillius Stearo-thermphilusorganism increases the death rate by a factor of ten.

The change in sterilization temperature which causes a factor of10 change in the death rate is unique to each organism and iscalled the Z value.

Although 121.1ºC is universally accepted as a reference forsteam sterilization processes, the actual sterilizing temperaturevaries, depending on the products involved and on eachsterilization process.

The Fvalue is calculated using the general formula:

60Fval(t) = Fval(t–1) +

(10 )(x – y)

Z

Where

Fval(t) = Current FvalueFval(t–1) = Fvalue at last samplex = Actual temperaturey = Target temperaturez = Z-factor (ie. the temperature interval

representing a factor of 10 reduction in killingefficiency

Example – A typical steam sterilizing cycle – refer to Fig. 2.7below.

The period AB is the chamber evacuation part of the cycle, whenthe chamber is alternatively evacuated and purged with steamto remove air. The ramp up to final sterilizing temperature startsat B. The thermal conductivity of the load determines the timetaken to achive point D, but is typically 30% of the total cycletime. It is in the area, C D, and E F, that Fvalues make theircontribution to shortening sterilization time, by accumulatingcredit for the time spent approaching and receding from thesterilizing temperature.

Fig. 2.7 Typical Steam Sterilization Cycle

It is important to note the large change in equivalent sterilizingtime which results from a small increase in the sterilizingtemperature. Going from 121ºC to 122ºC, an increase of only1ºC, reduces the time needed to kill an eaqual number oforganisms by a factor of 26%. Likewise, a measurement errorwhich results in the set point being 1ºC too low could result in aproduct not being sterilized properly.

As the Fvalue calculation is essentially a logarithmic function, theeffect of measurement errors is significant on the resultantFvalue.

The table below shows the resultant error in the Fvalue resultingfrom various measurement errors with a Z value of 10ºC.

The ScreenMaster can measure TC and RTD inputs with anaccuracy of better than 0.1%. This results in superior Fvaluecalculation accuracy.

To improve the accuracy even further the Scale Adjust facilitycan be used to adjust the individual channel readings to becorrect at the sterilizing temperature.

As Fvalue calculation is an integrating function, the sample ratehas a direct effect on the accuracy when the temperature ischanging. With a steady state signal the sample rate does notaffect accuracy.

Table 2.6 Fvalue Accuracy

11

CommonConfiguration

ProcessGroup 1

Group 1Channels

ProcessGroup 2

Group 2Channels

I/OModules

Functions


LogicEquations

Math Blocks


Equation

Source Id

None

Analog i/p A1

Analog i/p A2

Analog i/p A3

Analog i/p A4

Analog i/p A5

Analog i/p A6

Maths Equations








Analog I/P

F0(a1,

F0(a1,121

F0(a1,121,7.5)

Reset Src/Digital Src1

Reset source None

´Rst src/Dgtl src 1 Digital i/p D6, None

Select the F0 function

Select the temperature source

Enter the target temperature

Enter the Z factor

Select a digital source such as an alarm toreset the previous calculation and start the next

F0(


...2.9.5 Sterilization Fvalue Calculation – Fig 2.8

Fig. 2.8 Sterilization Fvalue Calculation

12


Equation

*

999.9*Sqr(a1)

999.9*Sqr(

999.9*

999.9

Output for Mux(x, y, s) when s is true

°C

80

60

40

20

x

s

y

True

False

°C

80

60

40

20

x

z

y

x

y

z

Output for Hs(x, y, z)

Output for Ms(x, y, z)

Output for Ls(x, y, z)

1

0F

abs(x)

1

0

-1

t

x


2.9.6 Switch Functions – Figs. 2.9 and 2.10Switch functions are used to select between the highest, lowestand median of three analog values.

2.9.7 Absolute Value Function – Fig. 2.11The Absolute Value Function converts any negative value to it'spositive equivalent – see Fig. 2.12.

Fig. 2.11 Absolute Value Function

Therefore, if the Absolute Value Function is used to monitor thedifference between two flows A and B, where Flow A could begreater than or less than Flow B, the function will always return apositive value, which represents the unsigned magnitude of thedifference between the flow rates.

2.10 Application Examples2.10.1 Liquid Flow – Fig. 2.12Liquid Flow is measured in two ways:

a. Using a linear flow device such as Vortex, Swirl, Ultrasonic,Turbine and Magnetic Flowmeters

b. Using a differential pressure transmitter across an orificeplate or wedge.

Corrections can be applied to compensate for variations intemperature and density – see Fig. 2.12.

Square Root Extraction and ScalingNormally, square root extraction and scaling ( Q = K h ) isachieved in the DP transmitter or using an input linearizer withinthe instrument.

If this is not possible, a math block can be used as follows:

Temperature CompensationAssuming linearization and scaling has been achieved on eitherthe DP transmitter or linearizer input, temperature compensationcan be calculated as follows:

Q1+(tr – tb)a

Qc =

This is implemented in the instrument (assuming the linearizedflow is on input a1) as follows:

Qc =a1

tr – tb x a+1

This requires two math blocks:

m2 = tr – tb x a+1, and m3=a1/m2, created as follows:

Fig. 2.9 High, Median and Low Select

Fig. 2.10 Multiplexer Operation

13

Math2 Math3 Math4 Math5 Math6 --->

Equation

Math3Math1

Linearizedvolume flow

AverageDensityConstant

TemperatureCompensation

a1*1.99/m2

a1*1.99/

a1*1.99

a1*

a1


Equation

Math2Math1

ReferenceTemperature, tr

ActualTemperature, tb(Input a2)

Coefficientof expansion

Equation

Math3

Linearizedvolume flowa1

Math1

a1/

a1/m2


29.9–a2*1.01+1

29.9–a2*1.01+

29.9–a2*1.01

29.9–a2*

29.9–a2

29.9—

29.9

hV

Q1+(tr–tb)a

Qma =Qc x Da

Qmm =Qc x Dm

Qmd =Qc x Dd

Qc

Derived densitycorrection

Where

V = Linear volume flow

h = Differential pressure head

Q = Uncorrected volume flow

Qc = Corrected volume flow

Qm* = Mass flowK = Scaling constant

tr = Reference temperaturetb = Base or actual temperaturea = Coefficient of expansion for a given

liquid (a constant).

Da = Average density over operatingtemperature range

Dd = Density derived from presettemperature vs density curve

Dm = Density meter input

Q = k√h

Raw measured variables

Square root linearization(Sometimes implementedin the transmitter)

Temperature Compensation

Mass Flow Correction

Average densitycorrection

Measureddensity correction

Qm

Mass Flow


…2.10.1 Liquid Flow – Fig. 2.12 Mass Flow Calculation – Average density correctionThe average density over a given temperature range is usd tocalculate the mass flow as follows:

Qma = Qc x Da,

where Qc is the temperature compensated flow and Da(a constant) is the average density.

This is implemented as follows:

m3 = a1xDam2

where a1 and m2 are the linearized flow and temperaturecompensation from the previous example:

Fig. 2.12 Temperature and Density Compensation

14

Q

Pref x TA x QTref x PA

Qc = Corrected Volumetric Flow

Ideal Gas Flow

PATA

Q = Volumetric uncorrected flowTref = Reference temperature in K or ºRTA = Actual temperature in K or ºRPref = Reference pressure in AbsolutePA = Actual pressure in Absolute


…2.10.1 Liquid Flow – Fig. 2.12Mass Flow – Derived density correctionThis method uses a preset table of temperature and densityvalues to define the correction, which is calculated as follows:

Qmd = Qc x density correction

m3 = a1 x a3 x scaling factorm2

Note. Input a3 is the actual product temperature input(as a2 in previous examples) but with the densitycorrection applied using a custom linearizer – seeSection 4.8.1 of the User Guide.

Mass Flow – Measured Density Correction

Qmm = Qc x input from density meter.

m3 = a1 x a3 / m2m2

Where a3 is the input from an external density meter.

Note. With all of the above calculations the engineeringrange should allow for the extremes of all the inputvariables.

2.10.2 Ideal Gas FlowGas flow is usually measured using a differential pressure deviceacross orifice plates and wedges.

Corrections can be applied to compensate for variations intemperature and pressure – see Fig. 2.13.

Where Q = K h the square root extraction and scaling canbe achieved on the DP device or on the input set up of theinstrument.

Let m1 = constant 1 x a3

Qc = m2 = a1 x constant2 x a2/m1

Note. The engineering range should allow for theextremes of all the input variables.

Fig. 2.13 Temperature and Pressure Compensation

15

3 LOGIC CONFIGURATION

3.1 Logic Equation Description

Note.• 12 logic equations

• Up to 6 operands and 5 operators per equation

• OR/AND/NOR/XOR/NAND/NOT operators – seeTable 3.1 overleaf

• Can combine internal and external digital signals– i.e. alarms, digital inputs, other logic equationresults and real time events (timer option).

Note. Elements on each equation are calculated sequentially.

3.2 Worked Example – Reservoir Level Control– Fig. 3.1

Note. This example uses an optional Hybrid I/O Modulein position C – see Appendix 5.• Channel 1.1 records the reservoir level, with an

engineering range 0 to 100 feet.

• Alarms 1.1A, 1.1B and 1.2A monitor the reservoirlevel.

• Digital output C6 to drive the control valve fromLogic Equation 1

• Digital input C1 to operate the manual override.

Fig. 3.1 Logic Equation Example

• Alarm 1.1A – set to high process trip at 50 ft

• Alarm 1.1B – set to high process trip at 80 ft

• Alarm 1.2A – set to fast rate trip at 10% of range per hour(10 ft/hr)

• Manual override switch:Connected to (optional) digital input B1

Flow Conditions Input Elements

Close reservoir control valve if:

• Reservoir level >50 feet AND rate of change >10 ft/hr

OR

• Reservoir level >80 ft

OR

• Manual override switch operated

50feet

80feet

ControlValve

Level Sensor

Relay Output

Alarm 1.1B

Alarm 1.1A

Time

Level

Alarm 1.2A

Rate ofchange> 3m/h

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�(��%'�(�� '(��)��

�(��%'�(�� '(�,�)��%

��

-��.��/��0�� 1��2��%�,��

*��$�+�� 3��

�(��%'�(�� '(��)��*��$�+�� *��

Alarm 1.1AAlarm 1.2A

Alarm 1.1B

Digital i/p C1

And

Or

OrEquation

1result

Manual Overide

16

Group 1 Configuration

Operand/Operator 1 Alarm State 1.1A and

Operand/Operator 3 Digital i/p D6, None

Operand/Operator 4 Digital i/p C1, End

Eqn 1 Eqn2 Eqn3 Eqn4 Eqn5 Eqn6 --->

Log Enable & Eqn Tag Inlet Head Calculation, off

Alarm State 1.1B or

Operand/Operator 2 Digital i/p D6, NoneAlarm State 1.2A or

CommonConfiguration

ProcessGroup 1

Group 1Channels

ProcessGroup 2

Group 2Channels

I/OModules

Functions


Select LogicEquations 7 to 12

LogicEquations

Math Blocks

stupnI stupnI stupnI stupnI stupnIAAAAA 0 0 1 1

BBBBB 0 1 0 1

srotarepO srotarepO srotarepO srotarepO srotarepO stuptuO stuptuO stuptuO stuptuO stuptuO

hgihstupnillA DNA 0 0 0 1

wol)s(tupni)llAro(ynA DNAN 1 1 1 0

hgih)s(tupni)llAro(ynA RO 0 1 1 1

hgihstupnioN RON 1 0 0 0

hgih)s(tupni,llAtontub,ynA ROX 0 1 1 0

…3 LOGIC CONFIGURATION

3.3 Creating Logic Equations – Fig. 3.2

Select the logic equation to create or modify

Specify the first operand – can be any digital signal.

Invert the signal, if required.

Select an operator for the next input

Repeat these steps until the equation is complete.

Set the equation tag (20 characters maximum) displayed inalarm/event logs.

Allow changes in the equation's state to be recorded in theAlarm event log.

Fig. 3.2 Launching the Equation Editor

Table 3.1 Logic Operators

Operand / Operator 1 End

Eqn1 Eqn2 Eqn3 Eqn4 Eqn5 Eqn6 --->

Operator/Operand Conditions

Operand Digital i/p A1

OK

Operator and

Eqn Tag & Log Enable 20 Characters

Equation Tag/Log Enable

Equation Tag Reservoir Pump On

OK

Log enable Yes

Invert Condition Non-inverted

17

Recording Control

On-line

Off-line

Update

File Viewer

Diagnostics

MathsLogic

Math Block 1Math Block 2Math Block 3Math Block 4Math Block 5Math Block 6Math Block 7Math Block 8Math Block 9Math Block 10Math Block 11Math Block 12

a1 + a2 + 20.8 = 120.6

Update Exit

Src Pos Mnemonic Source Value

1 a1 Analog i/p A1 33.12 a2 Analog i/p A2 66.5

Value whenkey last pressed.

Press to display values and resultbased on most recent calculations.

Only configured math blocks can bedisplayed. Others are shown 'greyed out'

Math block equation and resultwhen the key was lastpresssed

Recording Control

On-line

Off-line

Update

File Viewer

Diagnostics

MathsLogic

Equation 1Equation 2Equation 3Equation 4Equation 5Equation 6Equation 7Equation 8Equation 9Equation 10Equation 11Equation 12

D1 xor D2 = 1

Update Exit

Src Pos Mnemonic Source Value

1 D1 Comms i/p C1 12 D2 Digital i/p B2 0

Value whenkey last pressed.

Press to display values and resultbased on most recent calculations.

Only configured math blocks can bedisplayed. Others are shown 'greyed out'

Math block equation and resultwhen the key was lastpresssed

4 DIAGNOSTICS

4.1 Introduction

Note.Math blocks and logic equations can be tested for correct operation and monitored using the diagnostics facility in the SetUp level. For information on accessing the Set Up level, see Section 3 of the User Guide.

Fig. 4.1 Math Block Diagnostics

Fig. 4.2 Logic Equation Diagnostics

18

NOTES

19

NOTES…

20

…NOTES

PRODUCTS & CUSTOMER SUPPORT

ProductsAutomation Systems

• for the following industries:– Chemical & Pharmaceutical– Food & Beverage– Manufacturing– Metals and Minerals– Oil, Gas & Petrochemical– Pulp and Paper

Drives and Motors• AC and DC Drives, AC and DC Machines, AC Motors to 1kV• Drive Systems• Force Measurement• Servo Drives

Controllers & Recorders• Single and Multi-loop Controllers• Circular Chart , Strip Chart and Paperless Recorders• Paperless Recorders• Process Indicators

Flexible Automation• Industrial Robots and Robot Systems

Flow Measurement• Electromagnetic Magnetic Flowmeters• Mass Flow Meters• Turbine Flowmeters• Wedge Flow Elements

Marine Systems & Turbochargers• Electrical Systems• Marine Equipment• Offshore Retrofit and Refurbishment

Process Analytics• Process Gas Analysis• Systems Integration

Transmitters• Pressure• Temperature• Level• Interface Modules

Valves, Actuators and Positioners• Control Valves• Actuators• Positioners

Water, Gas & Industrial Analytics Instrumentation• pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen transmitters and

sensors• ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, silica, sodium, chloride,

fluoride, dissolved oxygen and hydrazine analyzers.• Zirconia oxygen analyzers, katharometers, hydrogen purity

and purge-gas monitors, thermal conductivity.

Customer Support

We provide a comprehensive after sales service via a WorldwideService Organization. Contact one of the following offices fordetails on your nearest Service and Repair Centre.

United KingdomABB LimitedTel: +44 (0)1480 475321Fax: +44 (0)1480 217948

United States of AmericaABB Inc.Tel: +1 (0) 755 883 4366Fax: +1 (0) 755 883 4373

Client Warranty

Prior to installation, the equipment referred to in this manual mustbe stored in a clean, dry environment, in accordance with theCompany's published specification.

Periodic checks must be made on the equipment's condition. Inthe event of a failure under warranty, the followingdocumentation must be provided as substantiation:

1. A listing evidencing process operation and alarm logs at timeof failure.

2. Copies of all storage, installation, operating and maintenancerecords relating to the alleged faulty unit.

IM/S

M20

00A

DV

Issu

e 5

ABB LimitedHoward Road, St NeotsCambridgeshirePE19 8EUUKTel: +44 (0)1480 475321Fax: +44 (0)1480 217948

ABB Inc.125 E. County Line RoadWarminsterPA 18974USATel: +1 215 674 6000Fax: +1 215 674 7183

ABB has Sales & Customer Supportexpertise in over 100 countries worldwide

www.abb.com

The Company’s policy is one of continuous productimprovement and the right is reserved to modify the

information contained herein without notice.

Printed in UK (07.05)

© ABB 2005

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