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PRESENTATION TITLEPRESENTATION TITLE

THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING ATHE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING A

FOUDATION FOR USER FOUDATION FOR USER INVOLVEMENT IN INFORMATIONINVOLVEMENT IN INFORMATIONSYSTEM PROJECTSSYSTEM PROJECTS

By ESENTATION TITLEBy ESENTATION TITLE

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Introduction

Lack of User Support

Importance of User Support

Various User Support Risk Control

System Development

Preproject ² What?, Advantages?

Study/Research

Results/Findings

Conclusion

CONTENT/SCOPECONTENT/SCOPE

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What is a Project needs? A Project·s needs begin a series of events that ultimately result

in the production of a deliverable design to satisfy the user·swants.

Traditional project approaches focus on the followings:

Identifying Needs.

Specifying Requirements.

These approaches provide excellent information on thefollowings:

Understanding functions of current system.

Determining available inputs and desired outputs.

Locating interested parties.

Determining nature of stakeholders interests.

These approaches however are not able to prevent a lack of user support during the entire development process of theprojects.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low usersupport. In other words it is to improve user involvementand participation in IS Project.

Various User Support Control proposed by researchersfrom late 1970s· to late 1990s· were as follows: Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.

Providing System Development training and education to IS users.

Defining System Requirements.

Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.

Providing feedback and status report to IS users.

Getting top management support

Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont«

USER SUPPORT RISK CONTROLUSER SUPPORT RISK CONTROL

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User involvement in the process of developingInformation System (IS) is a critical component of eventual success.

In the 1960s·, IS practitioner and researchcommunities considered user support as one of the most critical IS Project success factors.

cont«

IMPORTANCE OF USER SUPPORTIMPORTANCE OF USER SUPPORT

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Numerous studies from mid 1980s· to mid 1990s·have demonstrated the negative effects a lack of user support has on project performance.

Lack of User Support on Project Performance give

rise to the following negative effect: Resistance to change.

Unwilling involvement.

cont«

LACK OF USER SUPPORTLACK OF USER SUPPORT

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User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low usersupport. In other words it is to improve user involvementand participation in IS Project.

Various User Support Control proposed by researchersfrom late 1970s· to late 1990s· were as follows: Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.

Providing System Development training and education to IS users.

Defining System Requirements.

Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.

Providing feedback and status report to IS users.

Getting top management support

Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont«

LACK OF USER SUPPORTLACK OF USER SUPPORT

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User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low usersupport. In other words it is to improve user involvementand participation in IS Project.

Various User Support Control proposed by researchersfrom late 1970s· to late 1990s· were as follows: Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.

Providing System Development training and education to IS users.

Defining System Requirements.

Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.

Providing feedback and status report to IS users.

Getting top management support

Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont«

VARIOUS USER SUPPORT RISK CONTROLVARIOUS USER SUPPORT RISK CONTROL

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The scope of aforementioned proposed approaches ishowever, a response to the lack of user support during thesystem development stage.

Project Managers must therefore involve users throughoutthe entire project development stage.

Many recent experts argue that prevention of lack of usersupport before and during an IS project requires thefollowings: Good effective communication.

A positive relationship between IS users and IS staff.

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System Development involved numerous stakeholdersnamely as follows:

IS Staffs.

IS Users.

Financial Sponsors.

Top Management.

Functional Managers.

Customers.

Public.

Discrepancies will occur and must be expected both prior to

the start of the project and during the evaluation stages. If the goals, objectives or expectations of the stakeholders

are not aligned, thus the system success is doomed.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

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User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low usersupport. In other words it is to improve user involvementand participation in IS Project.

Various User Support Control proposed by researchersfrom late 1970s· to late 1990s· were as follows: Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.

Providing System Development training and education to IS users.

Defining System Requirements.

Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.

Providing feedback and status report to IS users.

Getting top management support

Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont«

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

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User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low usersupport. In other words it is to improve user involvementand participation in IS Project.

Various User Support Control proposed by researchersfrom late 1970s· to late 1990s· were as follows: Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.

Providing System Development training and education to IS users.

Defining System Requirements.

Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.

Providing feedback and status report to IS users.

Getting top management support

Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont«

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Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of fungi, bacteria and othermicroorganisms, as well as retarding theoxidation of fats which cause rancidity. It alsoincludes processes to inhibit natural ageing anddiscolouration that can occur during food

preparation such as the enzymatic browningreaction in apples which causes browning whenapples are cut.

Thus food could be preserved by:

Keeping it dry. Keeping it hot or frozen.

Keeping it air-tight.

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WAYS TO PRESERVE FOODWAYS TO PRESERVE FOOD

Drying.

Boiling.

Cooling.

Vacuum-packing.

Pickling. Freezing.

Bottling/Canning.

Pasteurising.

Salting. Smoking.

Waxing.

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SUMMARY OF WAYS TOSUMMARY OF WAYS TOPRESERVE FOODPRESERVE FOOD

Drying. Involves removal of water from food substances.

Drying of food by: Leaving it in the sun.

Heating it in the oven.

Heating it in a flame.

Boiling. Involves heating food in boiling water.

Cooling.

Involves keeping the food in a low temperature (0°C - 5 °C).

Vacuum-packing. Involves keeping the food in an air-tight package after air has been

removed.

Pickling . Involves reducing water content from food substances.

Is done by soaking food in vinegar, salt solution or sugar solution.

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Freezing . Involves cooling the food in a very low temperature (below 0°C) until

the food freezes.

Bottling/Canning.

Involves food being canned or bottled in air-tight cans or bottles.

Pasteurising . Involves food being heated quickly for a few seconds (eg 72°C for

fifteen seconds) and followed by a rapid cooling to below 0°C.

Salting .

Involves adding a large amount of salt to the food.

Smoking .

Involves food by hung over a fire where the smoke from the firewould dried the food.

Waxing .

Involves covering the food with wax.

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Involves reducing water content from food substances.

Is done by soaking food in vinegar, salt solution or sugarsolution.

This prevents the growth of fungi and bacteria.

Food preserved by pickling will last longer.

Its taste, colour and nutrient would changed.

Food that can be preserved by pickling are fruits andvegetables.

PICKLING AS A WAY TOPICKLING AS A WAY TOPRESERVE FOODPRESERVE FOOD

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Cut some green mangoes.

Wash and drain the mango slices.

PICKLING PROCESS OR PICKLING PROCESS OR METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY 

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Mix the mango slices with salt and leave themovernight.

Wash and drain the mango slices again.

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Soak the mango slices in the concentrated sugarsolution for several days and add some vinegar.

Seal the bottle tightly.

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