USER ’S GUIDE Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, 5 th Edition was created and developed to help you master the language of medicine. The tools and features in the text will help you work through the material presented. Please take a few moments to look through this User’s Guide, which will introduce you to the features that will enhance your learning experience. Chapter Contents, Objectives, and Pretests Chapter Contents & Objectives help you identify learning goals and familiarize yourself with the mate- rial covered in the chapter. Chapter Pretests are a great way to identify your strengths and weaknesses, so you know what to focus on as you work through the chapter content 6 Chapter Six Chapter Contents Objectives Pretest DISEASE Pretest Types of Diseases Infectious Diseases Responses to Disease Neoplasia Word Parts Pertaining to Disease Chapter Review Case Studies 1. List the major categories of diseases. 2. Compare the common types of infectious organisms, and list some diseases caused by each. 3. Describe some common responses to disease. 4. Define and give examples of neoplasia. 5. Identify and use word parts pertaining to diseases. 6. Define the major terms describing types of diseases. 7. List and define the major manifestations of diseases. 8. Analyze the disease terminology in several case studies. 1. Any organism so small that it can only be seen with a microscope is a(n) . 2. A disease that has a sudden and severe onset is described as . 3. Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue is termed . 4. Round bacteria are called . 5. Single-celled animals, as a group, are called . 6. Heat, pain, redness, and swelling are the characteristics signs of . After study of this chapter you should be able to: xi
Transcript
USER’S GUIDE
Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, 5th Edition was created and developed to helpyou master the language of medicine. The tools and features in the text will help you workthrough the material presented. Please take a few moments to look through this User’sGuide, which will introduce you to the features that will enhance your learningexperience.
Chapter Contents,Objectives,and Pretests
Chapter Contents & Objectives
help you identify learning goals andfamiliarize yourself with the mate-rial covered in the chapter. ChapterPretests are a great way to identifyyour strengths and weaknesses, soyou know what to focus on as youwork through the chapter content
6
Chapter S ix
Chapter Contents
Objectives
Pretest
DISEASE
PretestTypes of DiseasesInfectious DiseasesResponses to Disease
NeoplasiaWord Parts Pertaining to Disease
Chapter ReviewCase Studies
1. List the major categories of diseases.
2. Compare the common types of infectious organisms,
and list some diseases caused by each.
3. Describe some common responses to disease.
4. Define and give examples of neoplasia.
5. Identify and use word parts pertaining to diseases.
6. Define the major terms describing types of diseases.
7. List and define the major manifestations of diseases.
8. Analyze the disease terminology in several case
studies.1. Any organism so small that it can only be seen
with a microscope is a(n)
.
2. A disease that has a sudden and severe onset is
described as
.3. Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue is
termed .
4. Round bacteria are called
.
5. Single-celled animals, as a group, are called.6. Heat, pain, redness, and swelling are thecharacteristics signs of
.
After study of this chapter you should be able to:
xi
Detailed Illustrations
Illustrations visually emphasize important terms and concepts
CHAPTER ELEVEN / Th
Upper Respiratory P
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
EpiglottisRight lung
Rightbronchus
From pulmonaryarteryAlveolar duct
Alveoli
CapillariesSection of lung
enlarged Pleural space
Right lungSternum
Left lung
Wall ofthorax
Parietalpleura
Visceralpleura
Thoracicvertebra
To pulmonaryvein
Diaphragm
Terminalbronchiole
Mediastinum
Horizontalcross-sectionof lungs
Sphenoidal sinusNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngeal pharynxLarynx and vocal cordsEsophagus
Trachea
Left lung
Pharynx
A
BC
Figure 11-2 The respiratory system. (A) Overview. (B) Enlarged section of lung tissue showing
the relationship between the alveoli (air sacs) and the blood capillaries. (C) A transverse section
through the lungs.
Figure 9-3 The heart’s conduction system. Impulses travel from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the
atrioventricular (AV) node, then to the atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
Internodal pathways carry impulses throughout the atria.
Centriole
Golgi apparatus
Nucleolus
Nuclearmembrane
Roughendoplasmicreticulum (ER)
Cytosol
Microvilli
Cilia
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Ribosomes
Vesicle
Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum (ER) Plasmamembrane
Figure 4-2 Generalized animal cell, sectional view. The main organelles are
Figure 18-9 The eye. The three layers of the eyeball are shown along with other structures
involved in vision.
CHAPTER TW
es from the intestine itself and products from accessory
ins are absorbed into
alled
Villus
Mucosa
Villi
Mucous cells
Connective
tissue
Digestive glands
Mucous glands
in submucosa
A
B
Epithelium
Lacteal
Lumen
Vein
Artery
Capillary
Figure 12-4 Intestinal villi. (A) Microscopic view of the small intestine’s lining showing villi
and glands that secrete mucus and digestive juices. The lumen is the central opening. (B) A villus
of the small intestine. Each villus has blood vessels and a lacteal (lymphatic capillary) for nutrient
absorption.
xii ♦ USER’S GUIDE
Feature Boxes
Feature boxes call out
important information:
Focus on Words provide historical orother interesting information on selectterms within a chapter
Clinical Perspectives focus onbody processes as well as tech-niques used in clinical settings
Health Professions focus on a variety of health careers, showinghow the knowledge of medical terminology is applied in real-worldjobs
For Your Reference provide sup-plemental information for termswithin a chapter
y ited by either their generic or their trade names. (Box 8-1 has informa-
tion on drug naming.) The generic name is usually a simple version of the chemicalFocus on Words Where Do Drugs Get Their Names?
Drug names are derived in a variety of ways. Some arenamed for their origin. Adrenaline, for example, is
named for its source, the adrenal gland. Even its genericname, epinephrine, informs us that it comes from the glandthat is above (epi-) the kidney (nephr/o). Pitocin, a drugused to induce labor, is named for its source, the pituitarygland, combined with the chemical name of the hormone,oxytocin. Botox, currently injected into the skin for cosmeticremoval of wrinkles, is the toxin from the organism thatcauses botulism, a type of food poisoning. Aspirin (an anti-inflammatory agent), Taxol (an antitumor agent), digitalis(used to treat heart failure), and atropine (a smooth-muscle
relaxant) are all named for the plants they come from. Forexample, aspirin is named for the blossoms of Spiraea, fromwhich it is derived. Taxol comes from a yew (evergreen) ofthe genus Taxus. Digitalis is from purple foxglove, genusDigitalis. Atropine comes from the plant Atropa belladonna.
Some names tell about the drug or its actions. The namefor Humulin, a form of insulin made by genetic engineering,points out that this is human insulin and not a hormonefrom animal sources. Lomotil reduces intestinal motility andis used to treat diarrhea. The name belladonna is from Italianand means “fair lady,” because this drug dilates the pupils ofthe eyes, making women appear more beautiful.
Box 8•1
206 PART THREE / Body Systems
h iitis Obstruction of lymphatic vessels because of surgical excision or
( ee Box 9-3). Any neoplastic disease
h hite
9
Clinical Perspectives
Fluid balance in the body requires appropriate distribu-
tion of fluid among the cardiovascular system, lym-
phatic system, and the tissues. Edema occurs when the
balance is tipped toward excess fluid in the tissues. Often,
edema is due to heart failure. However, blockage of lym-
phatic vessels (with resulting fluid accumulation in the
tissues) can cause another form of edema, called lym-
phedema. The clinical hallmark of lymphedema is chronic
swelling of an arm or leg, whereas heart failure usually
causes swelling of both legs.
Lymphedema may be either primary or secondary. Pri-
mary lymphedema is a rare congenital condition caused by
abnormal development of lymphatic vessels. Secondary
lymphedema, or acquired lymphedema, can develop as a
result of trauma to a limb, surgery, radiation therapy, or
infection of the lymphatic vessels (lymphangitis). One of
the most common causes of lymphedema is the removal of
axillary lymph nodes during mastectomy, which disrupts
lymph flow from the adjacent arm. Lymphedema may also
occur following prostate surgery.
Therapies that encourage the flow of fluid through the
lymphatic vessels are useful in treating lymphedema.
These therapies may include elevation of the affected limb,
manual lymphatic drainage through massage, light exer-
cise, and firm wrapping of the limb to apply compression.
In addition, changes in daily habits can lessen the effects
of lymphedema. For example, further blockage of lymph
drainage can be prevented by wearing loose clothing and
jewelry, carrying a purse or handbag on the unaffected
arm, and not crossing the legs when sitting. Lymphangitis
requires the use of appropriate antibiotics. Prompt treat-
ment is necessary because, in addition to swelling, other
complications include poor wound healing, skin ulcers,
and increased risk of infection.
Box 9•3Lymphedema: When Lymph Stops Flowing
PART THREE / Body Systems
10
The general symptoms of anemia include fatigue sho
tions, pallor, and irritability. There are ma
caused by faulty producti
Health Professions Careers in HematologyHematologists are physicians and other scientists who
specialize in the study of blood and blood diseases. In
medical practice, hematology is often combined with the
study and treatment of blood cancers as the specialty
hematology–oncology.A hematology technician is usually a medical laboratory
technician who specializes in blood studies. He or she may
work in a clinical laboratory, blood banking, industry, or
academic research. The job requires a BS or MS in biologi-
cal science plus training in laboratory procedures, blood
pathology, and testing methods. Hematology technicians
perform a full range of blood studies for diagnosis of infec-
tions, allergies, anemia, leukemia, and other blood dis-
eases. They also run tests to monitor anticoagulant therapy.
They must be able to operate and maintain automated
equipment used to analyze blood. In some cases, they may
also draw blood or administer blood transfusions.
A phlebotomist draws blood for testing, transfusions, or
research. The blood is often drawn from a vein (venipunc-
ture), but may also be drawn from arteries and by skin
puncture. Phlebotomists must be trained in sterile tech-
niques and safety precautions to prevent the spread of
infectious diseases. They must take specimens without
harming the patient or interfering with medical care and
must transport specimens to the proper laboratory. Educa-
tional requirements vary among states. Often, in-house
training with certification by the National Phlebotomy
Association is acceptable. Phlebotomists work in hospitals,
laboratories, private physicians’ offices, clinics, and blood
banks.
Box 10•5
For Your Reference
Box 11•2
Organisms That Infect the Respiratory SystemOrganismDisease
BACTERIAStreptococcus pneumoniae
Most common cause of pneumonia; streptococcal pneumonia
strep-to--KOK-us nu--MO- -ne--e-
Haemophilus influenzaePneumonia, especially in debilitated patients
he--MOF-i-lus in-flu--EN-ze-
Klebsiella pneumoniaePneumonia in elderly and debilitated patients
kleb-se--EL-a nu--MO- -ne--aMycoplasma pneumoniae
Mild pneumonia, usually in young adults and children; “walking pneumonia”
mı--ko--PLAZ-ma nu--MO--ne--e-
Legionella pneumophilaLegionellosis (Legionnaire disease); respiratory disease spread through water
le--ju-NEL-la nu--MO-fi-lasources, such as air conditioners, pools, humidifiers
Chlamydia psittaciPsittacosis (ornithosis); carried by birds
Fill in the blanks:5. Hemorrhage is a profuse flow (-rhage) of
.
6. Erythroclasis (er-i-THROK-la-sis) is the breaking (-clasis) of
.
7. The term thrombocythemia (throm-bo--sı--THE--me--a) refers to an increase in the number of
in the blood.8. Leukopoiesis (lu--ko--poy-E--sis) refers to the production of
.
9. An immunocyte (im-u--no--SI-T) is a cell active in
.
10. A hemocytometer (he--mo--sı--TOM-e-ter) is a device for counting
.
11. Myelofibrosis (mi-e-lo--fı--BRO-sis) is formation of fibrous tissue in
.
12. Lymphokines (LIM-fo--kı-nz) are chemicals active in immunity that are produced by .
Word building. Write a word for the following definitions:13. Immature lymphocyte 14. Tumor of bone marrow 15. Decrease in red blood cells 16. Dissolving (-lysis) of a blood clot 17. Formation (-poiesis) of bone marrow The suffix -osis added to a root for a type of cell means an increase in that type of cell in the blood. Use this suffix to
write a word that means the same as the following:18. Increase in granulocytes in the blood 19. Increase in lymphocytes in the blood
E xerc ise 10-2
myel/obone marrow
granulocytosis
xiv ♦ USER’S GUIDE
Key Terms include the most commonlyused words
Supplementary Terms list morespecialized words
Key Clinical Terms list medical terms pertinent to the body systemunder discussion
Abbreviations for common terms
CHAPTER TWELVE / The Digestive System 307
12
T E R M I N O L O G Y Key Terms
anus
The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)
A--nus
appendix
An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached
a-PEN-diks
to the cecum, the vermiform (wormlike) appendix
bile
The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsified fats and aids in their
bı-l
absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)
cecum
A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)
SE--kum
colon
The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the
KO--lon
rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions
(root: col/o, colon/o)
common bile duct
The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the
cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)
duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)
du--o--DE--numesophagus
The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
e--SOF-a-gusfeces
The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool
FE--se-z
gallbladder
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o)
hepatic portal system
A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the
abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal
system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal
vein).ileum
The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)
IL-e--um
intestine
The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It
in-TES-tin
consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion,
absorption, and elimination of waste (root enter/o). The bowel (BOW-el)
jejunum
The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)
je-JU--num
lacteal
A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb
lak-TE-L
digested fats into the lymph.
large intestine
The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon,
in-TES-tin
rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces).
liver
The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to
LIV-er
many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of
fats (root: hepat/o).
Normal Structure and Function
324 PART THREE / Body Systems
2
T E R M I N O L O G Y Supplementary Terms
Continued
duodenal papilla The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the
duodenum (see Fig. 12-14); papilla of Vater (FA-ter)
greater omentumA fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the abdominal
o--MEN-tum
organs
hepatic flexure
The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending
colon and the transverse colon (see Fig. 12-1)
ileocecal valve
A valvelike structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the
il-e--o--SE--kal
cecum of the large intestine
mesentery
The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the intestine
MES-en-ter-e-
mesocolon
The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon
mes-o--KO- -lon
papilla of Vater See duodenal papilla
peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the
per-i-to--NE--um
abdominal organs
rugae
The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach is
Ru--je-empty
sphincter of OddiThe ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile duct into the
OD-e-duodenum
splenic flexure
The left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the transverse
colon and the descending colon (see Fig. 12-1)
DISORDERS
achalasia
Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal
ak-a-LA--ze--a
sphincter, so that food is retained in the esophagus
achlorhydria
Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria
a--klor-H I--dre--a
anorexia
Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal or
an-o--REK-se--ainability to eat (adjectives: anorectic, anorexic).
aphagia
Refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing
a-FA--je--a
aphthous ulcer
A small ulcer in the mucous membrane of the mouth
AF-thus
Barrett syndromeLower esophageal ulcer resulting from chronic esophagitis, often with
constriction caused by mucosal changes; may be premalignant. Also called
Barrett esophagus.
T E R M I N O L O G Y Key Clinical Terms
lymphadenitis Inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of lim-fad-e-NI-tis infection
lymphangiitis Inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection. Appears lim-fan-je--I
--tis as painful red streaks under the skin. (Also spelled lymphangitis.)
lymphedema Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lim-fe-DE
--ma lymphatic vessels (see Box 9-3)
lymphoma Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissuelim-FO
--ma
Lymphatic Disorders
T E R M I N O L O G Y Abbreviations
BEBarium enema (for radiographic study of
the colon)
BMBowel movement
CBD Common bile duct
ERCP Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
FAP Familial adenomatous polyposis
GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI Gastrointestinal
HAV Hepatitis A virus
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HDV Hepatitis D virus
HEV Hepatitis E virus
HCl Hydrochloric acid
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
LES Lower esophageal sphincter
NG Nasogastric (tube)
N & V Nausea and vomiting
N/V/D Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
PONV Postoperative nausea and vomiting
PPI Proton-pump inhibitor
TPN Total parenteral nutrition
UGI Upper gastrointestinal (radiograph series)
USER’S GUIDE ♦ xv
Chapter Review Exercises
Chapter Review Exercises are designed totest your knowledge of the chapter materialand appear at the end of each chapter
CHAPTER TEN / Blood and Im
10
Chapter Review LABELING EXERCISE
Blood Cells
Write the name of each numbered part on the
corresponding line of the answer sheet.
Erythrocyte 1.
Leukocyte 2.
Platelet3.
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet.
1
3
2
1.
Eosinophil 2.
Lymphocyte 3.
Monocyte 4.
Neutrophil 5.
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
12
3
45
Basophil
ody Systems
10
T E R M I N O L O G YMatch the following terms and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number:
1. myelogenica. immature bone marrow cell2. leukopeniab. originating in bone marrow3. leukemiac. malignant overgrowth of white blood cells
4. myeloblastd. formation of white blood cells5. leukopoiesise. deficiency of white blood cells6. calcidiola. pertaining to iron7. hypokalemiab. urinary excretion of nitrogenous compounds
8. ferrousc. hormone involved in the metabolism of calcium
9. siderosisd. decreased potassium in the blood
10. azoturiae. condition involving iron deposits11. thalassemiaa. hives12. petechiaeb. hereditary form of anemia13. urticariac. stoppage of blood flow14. hemophilia
d. hereditary clotting disorder15. hemostasise. pinpoint spots caused by bleeding into the skin
16. pHa. hematocrit17. HIVb. scale for measuring acidity or alkalinity
18. CLLc. hormone that stimulates red blood cell formation
19. PCVd. a form of leukemia20. EPOe. virus that causes an immunodeficiency diseaseSupplementary Terms21. electrophoresis a. separation of blood and use of components
22. heparinb. pigment that comes from hemoglobin
23. apheresisc. anticoagulant24. ELISA
d. method for separating components of a solution25. bilirubin
e. sensitive immunologic testFill in the blanks:
26. The engulfing of foreign material by white cells is called
.
27. The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is called
.
28. A substance that separates into ions in solution is a(n)
.
29. The cells fragments active in blood clotting are the
.
30. A substance that induces the formation of antibodies is a(n)
.
31. A hemocytometer is used to count
.
xvi ♦ USER’S GUIDE
Case Studies and CaseStudy Questions
Case Studies and Case Study Questions inevery chapter present terminology in thecontext of a medical report. These are anexcellent review tool as they test yourcumulative knowledge of medical termi-nology, and put terminology into a real-world context
8
P.L., who has a 4-year history of heart disease, was brought
to the emergency room by ambulance with chest pain that
radiated down her arm, dyspnea, and syncope. Her routine
meds included Lanoxin to slow and strengthen her heart
beat, Inderal to support her heart rhythm, Lipitor to
decrease her cholesterol, Catapres to lower her hyperten-
sion, nitroglycerin prn for chest pain, Hydro DIURIL to
eliminate fluid and decrease the workload of her heart,
Diabinese for her diabetes, and Coumadin to prevent blood
clots. She also took Tagamet for her stomach ulcer and sev-
eral OTC preparations, including an herbal sleeping potion
that she mixed in tea, and Metamucil mixed in orange
juice every morning for her bowels. Shortly after admis-
sion, P.L.'s heart rate deteriorated into full cardiac arrest.
Immediate resuscitation was instituted with cardiopul-
monary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and a bolus of
IV epinephrine. Between shocks she was given a bolus of
lidocaine and a bolus of diltiazem plus repeated doses of
epinephrine every 5 minutes. P.L. did not respond to resus-
citation. On the death certificate, her primary cause of
death was listed as cardiac arrest. Multiple secondary diag-
noses were listed, including polypharmacy.A.E., a 19-year-old college student, was diagnosed at the
age of 13 with Crohn disease, a chronic inflammatory dis-
ease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from
mouth to anus. A.E.’s disease is limited to his large bowel.
During a 9-month period of disease exacerbation, charac-
terized by severe cramping and bloody stools, he took oral
corticosteroids (prednisone) to reduce the inflammatory
response. He experienced many of the drug’s side effects,
but has been in remission for 4 years. Currently, A.E.’s con-
dition is managed on drugs that reduce inflammation by
suppressing the immune response. He takes Pentasa
(mesalamine) 250 mg 4 caps po bid. Pentasa is of the 5-
ASA (acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin) group of antiinflam-
matory agents, which work topically on the inner surface
of the bowel. It has an enteric coating, which dissolves in
the bowel environment. He also takes 6-mercaptopurine
(Purinethol) 75 mg po qd and a therapeutic vitamin with
breakfast. A.E. may take acetaminophen for pain but must
avoid NSAIDs, which will irritate the intestinal mucosa
(inner lining) and cause a flare-up of the disease.
CASE STUDY 8-1: Cardiac Disease and Crisis
CASE STUDY 8-2: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
E.N., a 20-year-old woman with asthma, visited the
preadmission testing unit 1 week before her cosmetic
surgery to meet with the nurse and anesthesiologist. Her
current meds included several bronchodilators, which
she takes by mouth and by inhalation, and a tranquilizer
that she takes when needed for nervousness. She some-
times receives inhalation treatments with Mucomyst, a
mucolytic agent. On E.N.’s preoperative note, the nurse
wrote:
Theo-Dur 1 cap tidFlovent inhaler 1 spray (50 mcg each nostril bid
E.N. stated that she has difficulty with her asthma
when she is anxious and when she exercises. She also
admitted to occasional use of marijuana and ecstasy, a hal-
lucinogen and mood-altering illegal recreational drug. The
anesthesiologist wrote an order for lorazepam 4 mg IV 1
hour preop. The plastic surgeon recommended several
herbal products to complement her surgery and her recov-
ery. He ordered a high-potency vitamin 3 tabs with break-
fast and dinner to support tissue health and healing. He
also prescribed Bromelain, an enzyme from pineapple, to
decrease inflammation, 1 po qid 3 days before surgery and
postoperatively for 2 weeks. Arnica Montana was pre-
scribed to decrease discomfort, swelling, and bruising; 3
tabs sublingual tid the evening after surgery and for the fol-
lowing 10 days.
CASE STUDY 8-3: Asthma
Case Study Questions
Multiple choice. Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number:
1. P.L.’s nitroglycerine is ordered: prn SL. This means:
a. as needed, under the tongue
b. at bedtime, under the tongue
c. as needed, on the skin
d. by mouth, on the skin
e. by mouth, under the skin
2. P.L. took several OTC preparations. OTC means:
a. on the cutaneous
b. off the cuff
c. over the counter
d. do not need a prescription
e. c and d
3. P.L.’s herbal sleeping potion was mixed into tea and taken at bedtime. The dissolved mixture is called a(n)
and is taken at
.
a. elixir/QAM
b. emulsion/bid
c. suspension/hs
d. aqueous solution/hs
e. aqueous solution/QAM
4. During P.L.’s resuscitation, epinephrine was given in an IV bolus. This means it was administered:
a. intrathecally in a continuous drip
b. parenterally in a topical solution
c. intravenously in a continuous drip
d. intravenously in a rapid concentrated dose
e. intrathecally in a rapid concentrated dose
5. P.L. had a secondary diagnosis of polypharmacy. This means that she:
a. used more than one drug store
b. had polyps
c. used more prescription than OTC drugs
d. had a toxic dose
e. used many different drugs
6. A.E. takes several drugs to prevent or act against his inflammatory response. These agents are called
drugs.
a. contrainflammatory
b. counterinflammatory
c. antiinflammatory
d. proinflammatory
e. hypoinflammatory
Continued
8
USER’S GUIDE ♦ xvii
Flashcard Starter Set
More than 100 flashcards are included at the back of the text. Add to this collection withyour own cards as you work through the text
meaning
study of
meaning
not
xviii ♦ USER’S GUIDE
in-, -im-, non-, un-
Ch. 3word part
-logy
Ch. 2word part
CDIcons
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throughoutthe textinform you when torefer to the CD forinteractive exercises thatenhance the learningexperience
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to
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