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User views User views from outside of Western Europefrom outside of Western Europe
MarkoBonac,
Arnes, Slovenia
Candidate countries: great potentialCandidate countries: great potentialEC document:
Science, Technology and Innovation in EU+ 2002:
Candidate countries spend relatively less for R&D in relation to GDP.
Number of patents is low (due to the rather recent emergence of intellectual property rights regime).
Many candidate countries perform relatively better in the production of scientific papers.
Candidate countries have high number of researchers(17,8 % of that in the EU).
Candidate countries possess a huge potential capacity to produce scientific and technological knowledge.
Integration of candidate countries in the Framework Programme and the European Research Area opens new dimensions and opportunities for Europe
Typical story from less developed Typical story from less developed European countryEuropean country
We have many universities They are distributed over the country They have not enough academic staff
except the ones in mayor cities There are not enough libraries The laboratories lack modern equipment Salaries are low
Our computer network is the only tool to access information and to collaborate in international projects
The user requirements are similar in more The user requirements are similar in more and less developed European countriesand less developed European countries
SERENATE questionnaire:
“Does your current or foreseen research involve Digital Libraries ?”
More developed: yes 46 %
Less developed: yes 51 %
The user requirements are similar in more The user requirements are similar in more and less developed European countriesand less developed European countries
SERENATE questionnaire:
“Do you use video conferencing or other forms of remote conferencing in your research ?”
More developed: yes 22 %
Less developed: yes 16 %
The user requirements are similar in more The user requirements are similar in more and less developed European countriesand less developed European countries
SERENATE questionnaire:
“Is Grid computing being considered
in your research area ? ”
More developed: yes 15 %
Less developed: yes 12 %
The research collaboration is similarThe research collaboration is similar
SERENATE questionnaire:
If your research involve distant collaborators,
what fraction of them are
from other institutions in your own country– More developed: 31 %– Less developed: 34 %
in a different European country– More developed: 41 %– Less developed: 43 %
outside Europe ?– More developed: 28 %– Less developed: 23 %
The network traffic is similarThe network traffic is similar
SERENATE questionnaire:
What fraction of your network traffic,
coming in or going out, involves
European institutions– More developed: 59 %– Less developed: 58 %
and what fraction involves institutions outside Europe ?– More developed: 41 %– Less developed: 42 %
Hierarchy in research networkingHierarchy in research networking
local network access network metropolitan network national backbone international connectivity
For the end user it is often difficult to know where the problems (e.g. congestion) are.
The gap is becoming bigger The gap is becoming bigger
Comparing research network elements in more
and less developed European countries:
International capacity: 1:1000
National links: 1:5000
The gap is bigger than ever before.
From TERENA Compendium 2002From TERENA Compendium 2002
International connectivity is not a problem any more for those NRENs who can afford Gbps access to GEANT network.
International connectivity is still a problem for less developed countries.
For more developed countries the congestion is more often in– local network and/or– access network and/or– metropolitan network.
Networking is relatively more expensive Networking is relatively more expensive in less developed European countriesin less developed European countries
GDP per capita in Candidate countries is 25 to 70 % of the EU average.
Telecommunication infrastructure is missing. Telecommunication market is often not yet
liberalized - high prices for leased lines. Most of less developed countries are small – this
brings additional problems.
NREN budget par capita 2002NREN budget par capita 2002
It is dependant on size of the country and not on its GDP per capita (as one would expect) !
NREN budget per capita in 2002 (Terena Compendium)
0,5 EUR/cap 1 EUR/cap More than 1 EUR/cap-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
France Czech Rep. IrelandGermany Estonia PortugalItaly Lithuania CroatiaSpain Latvia Slovenia Denmark The Netherlands Belgium Norway United Kingdom Finland Switzerland
Running an NREN in small country is Running an NREN in small country is expensiveexpensive
In a small country it is more expensive
(calculated per user) to provide the same level of service.
Relatively more international capacity is needed Low capacity circuits are relatively more expensive
Circuits of the same capacity are often more expensive
The NREN needs the same effort to introduce a new service
International capacity needed (2001)International capacity needed (2001)
NREN total int. pop. capacity/
in country capacity mil.pop
Germany 1000 82 12 France 850 59 14 UK 800 60 13
Slovenia 45 2 23 Ireland 120 3.7 32 Switzerland 300 7 43 Luxembourg 20 0.4 50
Average traffic received from GEANTAverage traffic received from GEANTJuly 2002July 2002
Average received traffic per capita in
Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Switzerland
was at least 6 times greater than in
France, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
0
capacity in Mbps
price per Mbps
Price for international circuit is not a Price for international circuit is not a linear function of capacitylinear function of capacity
Circuits of the same capacity Circuits of the same capacity are more expensive in small countriesare more expensive in small countries
There is less demand for high capacity circuits Telecommunication market is often not yet
liberalized In many cases there is only one operator Telecommunication regulator has the same task
and so it is understaffed
What should be done to narrow What should be done to narrow the digital divide ?the digital divide ?
What is done:
Governments are supporting research networks in less developed countries.
5FP (and 6FP) supports international connectivity.
What should be done:
Countries should accelerate the liberalization process in telecommunication sector.
The EC should find ways to finance other components of research networks.
A wish from Greece A wish from Greece (SERENATE questionnaire)(SERENATE questionnaire)
Currently, each simulation takes 40 hours of real time on the largest available supercomputer in Europe and the vizualization takes another 10-20 hours on local workstations. To obtain useful resuls, we need to explore dozens of such simulations. With a 10Gbps network and grid computing, our simulations would run much faster and the vizualization could be done remotely on a parallel supercomputer. In this way, we could rapidly explore dozens of simulation, arriving at useful conclusion much faster than today. Still, definitive answers to our research problem could be given only by very high-resolution simulations and such simulations will be possible only when networks of 100Gbps will become available.
Global connectivity -Global connectivity -where are the priorities ?where are the priorities ?
Current statusCurrent status
GEANT provides good international connectivity among most European countries
There is good connectivity between Europe and USA. It is difficult to provide good connectivity to countries
in other continents – as they have no pan-continental network and– sometimes not even a national research network.
Where are the priorities ?Where are the priorities ?
Where are priorities from research point of view ? Japan, China, Russia, India ….How to find this out ?
There are also priorities from political point of view.
How to achieve the priorities ?How to achieve the priorities ?
Should Europe finance the lines to chosen countries ? Pay for half of the costs ?
Should Europe try to export its model:– one research network per country– one pan-continental network in every continent ?