User’s Guide to AMSFonts Version 2 - CTEX · 2002. 5. 27. · User’s Guide to AMSFonts Version...

User’s Guide to AMSFonts Version 2.2

January 1997

Standard distributions of TEX ordinarily come with all the fonts specified inplain.tex, and they may also come with a number of additional fonts intendedfor use with LATEX. Additional fonts designed for use in mathematics and definedin AMS-TEX are not always included among such font collections. For thisreason, the American Mathematical Society has compiled a collection, known asAMSFonts, which contains fonts of symbols and several alphabets correspondingto symbols and alphabets used in AMS publications, including electronic journalsand the MathSci online database.

Contents of this document

1. Contents of the AMSFonts collection . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. History of these fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . 85. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages 11

6. Using cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

7. Using the extra symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Appendix A. PC Installation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Appendix B. Textures / Macintosh Installation Guide . . . . . . 27

Appendix C. Unix Installation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Appendix D. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Appendix E. Font charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

1. Contents of the AMSFonts collection

The AMSFonts collection contains the following fonts, in the sizes indicated:The Euler family, all but euex in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point:

– Fraktur (German), medium-weight and bold (eufm and eufb)– “Roman” cursive, medium-weight and bold (eurm and eurb)– Script, medium-weight and bold (eusm and eusb)– Euler-compatible extension font (euex), in 7, 8, 9, and 10 point

Additional sizes of some Computer Modern math fonts (the 10-point fontsare included in standard TEX distributions):

– bold math italic (cmmib), in 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 point– bold math symbols (cmbsy), in 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 point– math extension font (cmex), in 7, 8, and 9 point

2 1. Contents of the AMSFonts collection

Extra math symbols, in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point:– first series, medium-weight (msam)– second series, including Blackboard Bold, medium-weight (msbm)

Cyrillic, developed at the University of Washington– lightface (wncyr), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point– bold (wncyb), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point– italic (wncyi), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point– caps and small caps (wncysc), in 10 point– sans serif (wncyss), in 8, 9, and 10 point– virtual font property list (.vpl) files to enable the use of these fonts

with alternate encodings and transliteration schemesComputer Modern caps and small caps (cmcsc), in 8 and 9 point (the10-point font is included in standard TEX distributions)The “dummy font,” used in AMS-TEX for syntax checking, which consistsonly of metrics (dummy.tfm), no character shapesPackages for using these fonts with LATEX:

– amsfonts, a LATEX package for using the fonts msam, msbm, and eufm inLATEX

– amssymb, a LATEX package for defining en masse (instead of selectively)command names for all the math symbols in the fonts msam and msbm

– eucal, a LATEX package for using the Euler script font eusm– cmmib57, a LATEX package for adapting the font definitions for cmmib

and cmbsy to scale from sizes 5,7,10 instead of sizes 5,6,7,8,9,10– *.fd, font definition files

Macro files for using these fonts with plain TEX:– amssym.tex, a file defining the symbols in fonts msam and msbm– amssym.def, a file that loads the fonts msam, msbm and eufm and defines

some control sequences required by amssym.tex– cyracc.def, a file containing definitions needed for proper access to

characters in the cyrillic fontsDocumentation files:

– amsfndoc.tex, the source file for this User’s Guide– amsfndoc.cyr, the source file for the table showing cyrillic input

conventions, input by amsfndoc.tex– amsfndoc.fnt, the source file for the tables of the principal 10-point

fonts in the AMSFonts collection, input by amsfndoc.tex; this file mayalso be TEXed by itself

– amsfndoc.def, the macros used to format this User’s Guide– amsfndoc.ins, the source file for the appendixes to this User’s Guide,

input by amsfndoc.tex; this file may also be TEXed by itself

Each font at a particular size is provided in seven standard TEX magnifications,magsteps 0 through 5, including magstephalf (except the Textures/Macintosh pack-age, which includes only magnifications 0 and 1; see the installation instructions).

The philosophy under which the Euler fonts were implemented was differentfrom that used for Computer Modern, and the result is a lower degree of “meta-ness”. For that reason, the appearance of these fonts is not very good at small

2. History of these fonts 3

sizes when output on low-resolution devices, in particular on screens. Even so,the fonts are included in AMSFonts in all the sizes and magnifications offered, onthe assumption that the printed output will be prepared on a device of higherresolution (at least 300dpi) where this effect will not be noticeable.

Font charts are given in Appendix E.

1.1. Font naming conventions

Developers of fonts for use with TEX, at least those using METAFONT, generallytry to make the names distinctive, so that a user will know the origin of the fontby the font name. For most of the fonts in the AMSFonts collection, the first twoletters identify the font source, as follows:

“cm”: These fonts are based directly on the specifications for Knuth’sComputer Modern fonts, as described in Volume E of Computers &Typesetting [DEK86E].“eu”: These are members of the Euler family, described below.“ms”: These fonts of math symbols were developed by or under the directionof the AMS staff.“wn”: These cyrillic fonts were developed at or under the direction of theUniversity of Washington Humanities and Arts Computing Center, and aredistributed with their permission.

The font called dummy is a special case; it was developed as part of the StanfordUniversity TEX Project, and follows no particular naming convention.

For information on Computer Modern fonts other than those specificallynamed here, and on other fonts in general, the newsgroup comp.text.tex isa good source. For some other suggestions, see Appendix D, For furtherinformation.

2. History of these fonts

When the AMS began using TEX to produce its publications, the availablecomplement of symbols was found to be inadequate. Several alphabets usedextensively as symbols were not available either. While development of thesymbols could be undertaken by in-house personnel, using the existing TEX symbolfont as a model, the creation of new Fraktur and script alphabets required theassistance of someone with experience in font design.

2.1. Euler

With Donald Knuth’s assistance and encouragement, Hermann Zapf, one of thepremier font designers of this century, was commissioned to create designs forFraktur and script, and for a somewhat experimental, upright cursive alphabet thatwould represent a mathematician’s handwriting on a blackboard and that couldbe used in place of italic. The designs that resulted were named Euler, in honorof Leonhard Euler, a prominent mathematician of the eighteenth century. Zapf’sdesigns were rendered in METAFONT code by graduate students at Stanford,

4 2. History of these fonts

working under Knuth’s direction; the process by which the METAFONT fonts wereimplemented is described in a report by David Siegel [DRS85]. The Euler fontswere designed to be used as math symbols; they are not intended for settingrunning text.

The Fraktur face of the Euler family has been used in production by the AMSsince it became available. However, no extensive test or use had been made ofthe script or cursive until Knuth decided that they should be used in a textbook,Concrete Mathematics, written by him and two co-authors [GKP88]. Duringthe course of preparing that book, a number of errors, particularly in spacingparameters affecting the placement of sub- and superscripts, were discovered. Allthese errors have been corrected in the medium-weight versions of the Euler fonts(almost no boldface symbols were used in Concrete Mathematics). Knuth alsonoticed that the style of some symbols in the Computer Modern extension font,in particular the integral sign, was too slanted to be attractive with Euler, andconsequently he prepared a new (partial) extension font for use with Euler. Knuthdescribed his experience with the Euler fonts in a TUGboat article [DEK89]. Inthe article he also identified the macros he used and where they can be obtained.

The Euler fonts are sparsely populated; only the alphabetic locations are filledin most instances (see the font charts in Appendix E for specifics). For this reason,when processing the file for this User’s Guide, and in particular the font charts,warnings about “Missing characters” are not a cause for concern.

2.2. Additional Computer Modern fonts for use in math

Only the 10-point size of the Computer Modern bold math italic (which includesGreek), symbol, and math extension fonts are included in standard distributionsof TEX. Since these symbols are often needed in mathematics, other sizes havebeen constructed, using the principles demonstrated in Knuth’s Computer ModernTypefaces [DEK86E], and included in the AMSFonts collection.

2.3. Symbols

Two fonts of “extra” symbols are included in the AMSFonts collection. Theseare named msam and msbm, and have been implemented in “new” METAFONT(MF84); they replace earlier fonts (named msxm and msym) that were defined inold METAFONT (MF79). These fonts contain symbols needed in the publishingprogram of the AMS, including the MathSci online database, and include theuppercase letters of an alphabet known as Blackboard Bold (A, . . . ,Z).

2.4. Cyrillic

Titles of books reviewed in Mathematical Reviews are traditionally rendered intheir original language. For books published in Russian or other Slavic languages,this frequently requires use of the cyrillic alphabet. A cyrillic font was developed atAMS using METAFONT79 with the am fonts as a model. This font was organized ina manner suitable for use with the transliteration scheme adopted by MR in 1980,and contained only those letters which appear in current mathematical literature.

3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX 5

In particular, this meant that the letters dropped from the Russian alphabetafter the Revolution of 1917, and some letters used in non-Slavic languages nowrendered in cyrillic (such as Azerbaijani, from which no mathematical literature iscurrently reviewed in MR) were absent.

In 1988, the Humanities and Arts Computing Center of the University ofWashington undertook a font development project for support of scholars in Slaviclanguages. The fonts developed through this project include several different fontlayouts. One layout is based on that of the original AMS cyrillic augmented with‘$i’ (cyrillic short ‘i’), ‘ë’ (umlauted ‘e’), and several pre-Revolutionary letters.The fonts with the AMS layout are included in the AMSFonts collection with thepermission of the University of Washington developers. For information on cyrillicfonts with other layouts, see Appendix D, For further information.

The cyrillic fonts are based on Computer Modern letter shapes. Type stylesinclude ordinary upright, bold (based on CM bold extended), caps and small caps,italic, and upright sans serif. The principal text fonts (upright, italic and boldface)are present in sizes from 5 through 10 point; sans serif is in sizes 8, 9 and 10 point;caps and small caps are in 10 point only.

2.5. Caps/small caps

The font cmcsc10 is referenced in plain.tex and should be included in all standardTEX distributions. However, Knuth did not generate this font in any other sizes.The AMSFonts collection includes 8 and 9-point sizes, generated according to thesame principles as other CM fonts of these sizes.

2.6. Dummy font

The dummy font contains no ligature or kerning information, and all dimensionsand parameter values are set to zero. This is a pseudo-font, which has only generalfont metrics and no characters. No .pk or .gf files are needed for this font; it isprovided only in .tfm and .mf form.

The dummy font is used in AMS-TEX to implement “syntax checking.”(Syntax checking is activated by the \printoptions command as described inThe Joy of TEX [MDS86].) In this mode, the dummy font replaces all the usual“printing” fonts, so that TEX never accumulates any text to be set, and never triesto write out a page, but in the process of reading the input file, checks all controlsequences for syntactic correctness. In this mode, an input file will be processedperhaps 30 percent faster than if it were actually being set. However, some errorsand conditions are not detected during a syntax check; in particular, overfull boxescannot be detected until setting actually occurs.

3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX

3.1. General.

These instructions are for current LATEX (version 2e, dated January 1995 or later).If you have version 2.09 of LATEX, dated 1993 or earlier, you must either upgrade

6 3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX

to current LATEX (recommended), or install version 1.1 of AMS-LATEX and refer toits user’s guide for instructions on using the AMSFonts collection.

To use the AMSFonts collection with LATEX you choose from an assortmentof LATEX ‘packages’ that provide various kinds of access to the fonts, calling thepackages that you need in a given document through standard LATEX \usepackagestatements. For example, the statement

\usepackage{amsfonts}

calls in the amsfonts package, which provides blackboard bold letters and selectiveaccess to the math symbol fonts msam and msbm.

These packages are currently available:amsfonts – for blackboard bold letters, Fraktur letters, and miscellaneoussymbolsamssymb – superset of the amsfonts package, defines the full set of symbolnames for the msam and msbm fontseufrak – for Fraktur letterseucal Makes \mathcal use Euler script instead of the usual ComputerModern script.euscript – old name of the eucal package, now obsolete but included forconvenience in printing pre-existing documents

All of the above packages have a ‘psamsfonts’ option that should be used ifand only if your copy of the AMSFonts collection is the Y&Y/Blue Sky ResearchPostScript version. In that version, the font files are not provided in all the sizes10,9,8,7,6,5, but only in sizes 10,7,5, with sizes 6,8,9 produced by interpolation. Inpractice it’s easy to tell if you need to use the psamsfonts option: you’ll get anerror message about a missing .tfm file:

! Font \U/AMSa/m/n/9=msam9 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found.

where the mentioned font name is one of the AMS font names (msam, msbm,eufm, etc.), and the font size is 6, 8, or 9. If this happens to you, look at your\usepackage statements and change

\usepackage{amssymb} to \usepackage[psamsfonts]{amssymb}

or\usepackage{eucal} to \usepackage[psamsfonts]{eucal}

and so forth.

The reason that use of the PostScript AMSFonts is explicitly marked inindividual documents is that the interpolation process used for sizes 6,8,9 producescharacter metrics that are not identical with those of the noninterpolated font filesfor those sizes. If these discrepancies were simply ignored, documents exchangedbetween colleagues might easily suffer unexpected changes in line breaks (andhence possibly also page breaks), without any warnings. As it is, if you find itnecessary to add or remove the psamsfonts option in order to print a colleague’sdocument, you are free to go ahead and do so, but the fact that you must makethat change should be understood as a reminder that a small possibility of changedline breaks or page breaks does exist.

3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX 7

A package cmmib57 provides analogous font definitions for the fonts cmmib andcmbsy (yes, both in the same package, despite the name), for those users who havethe Y&Y/Blue Sky Research PostScript versions of those fonts. Typical usage is:

\documentclass{article}\usepackage{cmmib57}

3.2. Computer Modern bold math italic and symbols

The package amsbsy (part of the AMS-LATEX distribution) defines two commandsto obtain bold symbols:\boldsymbol – for bold numbers and other nonalphabetic symbols, as well as

bold Greek letters, which cannot be made bold via the \mathbf command,and bold math italic letters

\pmb – “poor man’s bold”, which overlays multiple copies of the same symbolwith slight offsets, for cases where \boldsymbol does not work, e.g., a boldfont is not available

These commands are valid in math mode only. For example,$$\boldsymbol{\beta} \pmb{\boxdot}\boldsymbol{\Omega} \boldsymbol+ \pmb{\mathbb{R}}$$

(Since this User’s Guide is not prepared with LATEX, getting output for thisexpression is left as an exercise to the user.)

3.3. Blackboard bold letters (uppercase only).

The amsfonts package defines a ‘math alphabet’ command \mathbb for printingletters of the blackboard bold alphabet that resides in the msbm font. This alphabetis restricted to uppercase only (no lowercase, no numerals). The suggested methodfor defining a \R command to print a blackboard bold R is as follows:

\usepackage{amsfonts}\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}

3.4. Extra math symbols.

The amssymb package defines math symbol commands for all the extra mathsymbols in the msam and msbm fonts, as listed in the table in Section 7. Thus if youwant to use the \blacktriangle N and \nsubseteq * symbols, the easiest way isto put the statement

\usepackage{amssymb}

in the preamble of your document.If you want more selective access to the math symbols in those fonts you can

use the amsfonts package instead and define math symbol commands individuallyusing LATEX’s \DeclareMathSymbol (cf. [LFG] or [GMS94]):

\usepackage{amsfonts}\DeclareMathSymbol{\blacktriangle}{\mathord}{AMSa}{"4E}\DeclareMathSymbol{\nsubseteq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{"2A}

8 3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX

This alternative might be useful to you if adding the amssymb package to yourdocument leads to an error message of the form

! TeX capacity exceeded, sorry (hash size=3000)

This could happen if you have an older version of TEX with a relatively low limiton the number of commands that can be defined in a single document. (But inthat case, note that there may be configuration options for increasing that limit;check the documentation for your TEX system.)

Since \DeclareMathSymbol is used in the amssymb package, the definitions forparticular symbols can be borrowed from there (file amssymb.sty). Alternatively,the values can be obtained from the tables in Section 7.2, as follows:

First digit identifies font:

1 AMSa

2 AMSb

Second digit identifies class:

0 \mathord

2 \mathbin

3 \mathrel

Third and fourth digits identify (hex) location in font.

3.5. Euler Fraktur letters.

A math alphabet command \mathfrak for using Fraktur letters such as A m g Hin math can be obtained by using any of the packages amssymb, amsfonts, oreufrak.

3.6. Euler script letters (uppercase only).

The main purpose of the eucal package is to change LATEX’s \mathcal commandso that it produces Euler script instead of Computer Modern calligraphic letters:

CM calligraphic: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZEuler script: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

There is also an option mathscr for the eucal package that causes Euler script tobe associated to a \mathscr command, leaving the \mathcal command unaffected.This imitates the behavior of the predecessor package euscript.

3.7. University of Washington Cyrillic fonts.

There is no AMS package for LATEX at the present time to support the use ofCyrillic languages in LATEX documents with the wncy* fonts. Producing a properCyrillic package involves rather difficult questions of input and output encodings,for which it would be useful to rely on general mechanisms provided by LATEX,which remain under development at the time of this writing (January 1997).

If you require these fonts, you can consult the LATEX documentation [LFG],[L94] and use directly the commands described there, such as \DeclareFontFamily,

4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX 9

\DeclareFontShape, and \symbol. A scheme for accessing letters that don’tcorrespond to the 26-letter Latin alphabet will be needed; the file cyracc.def canbe used as a starting point.

4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX

In The Joy of TEX, Michael Spivak describes various fonts that are used inmathematics in addition to the fonts provided with the standard distributions ofTEX. Two references in particular are of interest with respect to AMSFonts: thesection Fonts in math mode in Chapter 19, and Appendix G, Further fonts.The first describes the use of letters from alphabets, including Fraktur, and thesecond, mostly nonalphabetic symbols.

Instructions for using the fonts of the AMSFonts collection with AMS-TEXare also given in the User’s Guide to AMS-TEX Version 2.1 [AMS97] and inAppendix G of editions of The Joy of TEX [MDS90] dated 1990 or later.

Additional fonts to be used with AMS-TEX should be specified at the top ofthe document input file, in what is known as the “preamble.” The arrangement ofcommands at the top of an input file is the following:

\input amstex\documentstyle{...}〈preamble commands〉

AMS-TEX provides a simple method for accessing most of the fonts in theAMSFonts collection. The two extra symbol fonts and Euler Fraktur are loadedautomatically by the preprint style (amsppt.sty). If you are using AMS-TEX,but not the preprint style, the method used to load these fonts and define theassociated symbol names depends on how many symbols will be needed. If a lotof the symbols will be needed, or you aren’t worried about memory space and justwant to do what is easiest, all three fonts will be loaded and the symbol namesdefined if you type the command \UseAMSsymbols in the preamble. This willload the file amssym.tex, in which all the symbol names (more than 200 of them)are defined. If only a few symbols from these fonts are needed, the commands\loadmsam, \loadmsbm, and \loadeufm will load the medium-weight versionsof the two extra symbol fonts and Euler Fraktur respectively. The command\newsymbol can then be used to define just those symbols that are needed; its useis described in Section 7, Using the extra symbols.*

Two sizes of fonts, suitable for body text and for passages requiringsmaller type (e.g. abstracts and footnotes), are incorporated in the preprint styleamsppt.sty. These are accessed through the control sequences \tenpoint and\eightpoint, which are ordinarily referred to only by higher-level commands that

* Additional fonts from the AMSFonts collection can be accessed easily inAMS-TEX. However, users should be aware that TEX limits the number of mathmode font families to 16, of which 11 are predefined in AMS-TEX. Only thoseadditional families should be activated that will actually be used in a document,to avoid exceeding the limit.

10 4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX

identify the kind of text being input (e.g. \title, \abstract, \footnote). Mostfonts in the AMSFonts collection have \load... instructions defined in AMS-TEXand will be accessed properly for use with the preprint style when the \loadinstructions are included in the preamble of the document input. If you are notusing the preprint style, you can use the font definitions in amsppt.sty as a model.

If you are using the PostScript version of the AMSFonts developed byY&Y/Blue Sky Research, only selected sizes (10, 7 and 5) are provided, and theother sizes are produced by interpolation. With the AMS-TEX preprint style,use the command \PSAMSFonts, placed after the \documentstyle line and before\topmatter and \document, to access these fonts correctly.

4.1. Euler

The Euler fonts are defined only in math mode, in sizes appropriate for text andtwo orders of sub- and superscripts. They can be activated by invoking the proper\load instructions before the \documentstyle command, in the preamble of apaper in which the fonts are to be used. (The medium-weight Fraktur font isactivated automatically by the preprint style.) The Euler fonts can be activatedby the following commands:

\loadeufm Euler Fraktur medium (automatic with the preprint style)\loadeufb Euler Fraktur bold\loadeurm Euler cursive medium\loadeurb Euler cursive bold\loadeusm Euler script medium\loadeusb Euler script bold

After the eufm font has been loaded, the medium-weight Fraktur letters canbe produced by typing \frak followed by the desired letter. For example, $\frakg \frak A$ yields gA. AMS-TEX 2.1 also defines \eufm, \eufb, \eurm, \eurb,\eusm and \eusb


The Computer Modern bold math italic (cmmib) and bold math symbol (cmbsy)fonts can both be loaded in AMS-TEX by the command \loadbold; there are nopredefined commands to load them separately. \loadbold must be invoked in thepreamble of the document input file.

A rather elaborate mechanism has been defined in AMS-TEX to simplifyaccess to bold letters and symbols, in math mode only. Three control sequencesare available, each of which affects a particular class of characters:

\bold for a single letter or numeral\boldkey for other symbols that appear on the keyboard\boldsymbol for a symbol specified by a single control sequence

These facilities are described in more detail in the User’s Guide to AMS-TEXVersion 2.1 [AMS91] and editions of Joy published in 1990 or later [MDS90].

5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages 11

4.3. Computer Modern math extension font

Smaller sizes of the math extension font are appropriate for use in text smallerthan ten-point and in sub- and superscripts. They are provided automaticallyfor these environments in the preprint style. If you are not using the preprintstyle, you can use the font definitions in either amsppt.sty or Appendix E of TheTEXbook [DEK86A] as a model.

4.4. Extra symbols

The medium-weight versions of the two extra symbol fonts are available automat-ically, including all the symbol names, if you are using the preprint style or ifyou have specified \input amssym. If you wish to load these fonts separately,use the appropriate control sequence \loadmsam or \loadmsbm in the preamble ofyour document. If you load the fonts separately, a few symbols will be definedwhen one of the fonts is loaded, but most must be defined using the \newsymbolcommand before they can be used. See Section 7, Using the extra symbols, forinformation on both the symbol names and on using \newsymbol to define them.

4.5. Cyrillic

Cyrillic is not referred to in the AMS-TEX files as distributed. The cyrillic fontsincluded in AMSFonts are intended for use mainly in text, not as symbols inmath. Detailed instructions for loading and using cyrillic appear below in Section6, Using cyrillic.


Caps/small caps are loaded automatically by the AMS-TEX preprint style for usein ten-point and eight-point text. If you are not using the preprint style, youcan use the font definitions in either amsppt.sty or Appendix E of The TEXbook[DEK86A] as a model.

4.7. Dummy font

No special action is needed to use the dummy font with AMS-TEX. It is alreadybuilt into the syntax checking procedure.

5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages

If you are not using LATEX or AMS-TEX then there are too many variables for usto provide much specific guidance. It will be necessary to assume that you eitherhave some experience with TEX macros or have a TEXnician available to help you.However, some general guidelines may be helpful.

Two models for defining fonts should be accessible to most users:Appendix E of The TEXbook contains size-specific font definitions for\tenpoint, \ninepoint and \eightpoint that permit size-switching, in-cluding support of mathematics.

12 5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages

amsppt.sty, the file of macros supporting the AMS-TEX preprint style,contains similar font definitions, \tenpoint and \eightpoint.

The font-size-switching facilities of LATEX are not recommended as a modelbecause they include many features (such as loading fonts on demand) that makethem too complex to be easily be copied for uses outside of LATEX except bysomeone with substantial TEX expertise.

Before attempting to load all available fonts into every TEX job, determine (ifyou can) how many fonts can be accommodated by the implementation of TEXyou are using. It is generally a good idea to load seldom-used fonts selectively.

5.1. Euler

The following commands will load the medium-weight Euler Fraktur font, and canbe used as a model for accessing the other Euler fonts.

\font\teneufm=eufm10\font\seveneufm=eufm7\font\fiveeufm=eufm5\newfam\eufmfam\textfont\eufmfam=\teneufm\scriptfont\eufmfam=\seveneufm\scriptscriptfont\eufmfam=\fiveeufm\def\eufm#1{{\fam\eufmfam\relax#1}}

Individual letters in the Euler fonts are accessible by the ordinary letters onyour keyboard, once the font has been loaded and named by a control sequenceequivalent to \eufm.

The medium-weight Fraktur font, eufm, can also be loaded by \inputamssym.def; this loads the two extra symbol fonts as well.


The cmmib and cmbsy fonts can be loaded and made accessible to math in ten-pointenvironments by the following code:

\font\tencmmib=cmmib10 \skewchar\tencmmib=’177\font\sevencmmib=cmmib7 \skewchar\sevencmmib=’177\font\fivecmmib=cmmib5 \skewchar\fivecmmib=’177\newfam\cmmibfam\textfont\cmmibfam=\tencmmib \scriptfont\cmmibfam=\sevencmmib\scriptscriptfont\cmmibfam=\fivecmmib

\font\tencmbsy=cmbsy10 \skewchar\tencmbsy=’60\font\sevencmbsy=cmbsy7 \skewchar\sevencmbsy=’60\font\fivecmbsy=cmbsy5 \skewchar\fivecmbsy=’60\newfam\cmbsyfam\textfont\cmbsyfam=\tencmbsy \scriptfont\cmbsyfam=\sevencmbsy\scriptscriptfont\cmbsyfam=\fivecmbsy

5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages 13

The TEX primitive \mathchar must be used to access individual characters from afont in math mode. \mathchar, like the \char primitive, requires that you knowthe position in the font of the character you are accessing. However, \mathcharalso requires that you specify the “class” and the family of the math characterbeing accessed. See Chapter 17 of The TEXbook for more details on the use of\mathchar, as well as \mathchardef, which will allow you to define your ownmacro names for individual characters in these fonts.

Note: The file amssym.def contains a convenient macro,\hexnumber@, to determine the family number of the font beingaccessed through \mathchar. For example, the \mathcharstatement to properly access the bold alpha in the cmmib fontwould be:

\mathchar"0\hexnumber@\cmmibfam0B

5.3. Computer Modern math extension font

The 10-point cmex font is loaded by plain.tex. To install the 7-point sizeappropriate for sub- and superscripts in a ten-point math environment, includethe following code in your file:

\font\sevenex=cmex7\scriptfont3=\sevenex \scriptscriptfont3=\sevenex

To use other sizes implies the use of switchable-size fonts, which may beimplemented according to the models cited at the beginning of this section.

5.4. Extra symbols

Detailed instructions for accessing the msam and msbm fonts are given in Section 7,Using the extra symbols.

5.5. Cyrillic

See Section 6, Using cyrillic, for instructions.


The 10-point cmcsc font is loaded by plain.tex. To use the smaller versionsimplies the use of switchable-size fonts, which may be implemented according tothe models cited at the beginning of this section.

5.7. Dummy font

The dummy font was designed to be used for syntax checking. The generaltechnique is described in Appendix D of The TEXbook, p. 401. This has beenimplemented in the file amstex.tex, which can be used as a model.

14 6. Using cyrillic

6. Using cyrillic

The cyrillic fonts in the AMSFonts collection have been designed so that inputusing the transliteration conventions of Mathematical Reviews will be converteddirectly to cyrillic text. Other transliteration schemes exist, as well as methods forkeying directly from the keyboard to access cyrillic characters. We have includedtwo sets of virtual fonts in this distribution, which provide access to the charactersof the cyrillic fonts through the KOI-8 or Alternativnyj Variant (AV) encodings.At the present time macro support is provided only for the Mathematical Reviewstransliteration scheme; to use one of the other encodings, you must seek supportfrom other sources. Also, the instructions in this section are unsuitable for LATEX;they apply only to AMS-TEX, plain TEX, and other macro packages that use plainTEX font loading methods.

The following cyrillic fonts are included:

wncyr (upright), in sizes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point

wncyb (bold), in the same range of sizes as wncyr

wncyi (italic), in the same range of sizes as wncyr

wncysc (caps and small caps), in size 10 point

wncyss (upright sans serif), in sizes 8, 9, and 10 point

The file cyracc.def, which is included in the AMSFonts collection, must beinput to any document using the cyrillic fonts as defined with the AMS layout.Since the cyrillic alphabet contains more letters than the roman alphabet, somecyrillic letters are accessed by combinations of roman letters, accented letters, orcontrol sequences. cyracc.def contains the definitions of these accents and controlsequences. If this file is not input, some cyrillic letters will be inaccessible.

6.1. Making cyrillic available to a document

If you are using plain TEX, include the following instructions near the top of thedocument input file to make the 10-point cyrillic font available for use in text (seebelow for cyrillic in math):

\input cyracc.def\font\tencyr=wncyr10\def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc}

If you require cyrillic text in more than one size, you must take a different approachin defining \cyr. An appropriate model appears in Appendix E of The TEXbook[DEK86A], pages 414–15. The definition of \cyr should be incorporated intosize-specific macros such as \tenpoint and \eightpoint similarly to what is donethere for \bf. Don’t forget to include the command \cyracc in the definition.

If you are using AMS-TEX and the preprint style, include the followinginstructions in the preamble of your document input file to make cyrillic availablein 10-point and 8-point text:

\input cyracc.def\catcode‘\@=11

6. Using cyrillic 15

\font@\tencyr=wncyr10\font@\eightcyr=wncyr8\catcode‘\@=13\addto\tenpoint{\def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc}}\addto\eightpoint{\def\cyr{\eightcyr\cyracc}}

(The \font@ command not only loads the fonts, but also makes them behaveproperly during syntax checking.) If you are not using the preprint style, you canuse the font definitions in either amsppt.sty or The TEXbook Appendix E as amodel.

The macro definitions in cyracc.def govern the behavior of cyrillic-specificcontrol sequences, including accents, in cyrillic and noncyrillic text. Definitionsgoverning noncyrillic text are activated as soon as cyracc.def is \input. Thiswill permit text input according to the scheme shown in Figure 1 to be typeset intransliterated form, according to the MR conventions. To produce actual cyrillictext, enclose the cyrillic input in a group that begins with the instruction \cyrinside the group, as

...{\cyr ...} ...

Enclosing in braces both the \cyr and the text to be set in cyrillic type, in thesame way that an italic phrase would be indicated in a roman text, is particularlyimportant for two reasons. First, like \it, \cyr must be explicitly terminated toreturn to roman text. And second, unlike \it, the special cyrillic control sequencesinvoked by \cyracc are interpreted differently by TEX depending on whether theyare in a cyrillic or a noncyrillic environment. The “cyrillic” interpretation isnot turned off simply by invoking \rm. Failure to follow this practice will yieldgibberish.

6.2. Cyrillic input

The table in Figure 1 follows the alphabetical order of the table published in the1983 MR author index. The three paired columns contain: (1) Cyrillic; (2) Input;(3) Transliteration.

The letters in the Cyrillic columns will appear in the typeset output when thecorresponding codes from the Input columns are used in the {\cyr ...} contextdescribed above. The roman letters in the Transliteration columns will appear inthe output when the corresponding codes from the Input columns are used in anoncyrillic environment, i.e., have not been preceded by \cyr.

Several points should be noted here.Input codes for uppercase cyrillic which consist of more than one letter, e.g.Zh 7→�, can also be input in all caps, e.g. ZH 7→�, if the context is entirelyin caps.

Particular care is necessary when the letter t 7→ t is followed by s 7→ s. Thecontrol sequence \cydot (“cyrillic dot”) is provided as a separator to keepthose letters distinct: t\cydot s (t·s) 7→ ts. Otherwise, they will be combinedas ts 7→ c.

16 6. Using cyrillic

Figure 1. Input conventions for AMS cyrillic

Cyrillic Input Translit.

A a A a A aB b B b B bV v V v V vG g G g G gD d D d D d� � Dj dj Dj djǴ ǵ \’G \’g Ǵ ǵE e E e E eË ë \"E \"e Ë ë� \=E \=e Ē ē� � Zh zh Zh zhZ z Z z Z zI i I i I i� � \=I \=\i Ī ı̄�̈ ı̈ \"I \"\i Ï ı̈J j J j J j$I $i \u I \u\i Ĭ ı̆K k K k K kL l L l L lǈ ǉ Lj lj Lj ljM m M m M mN n N n N nǋ ǌ Nj nj Nj njO o O o O oP p P p P p

Cyrillic Input Translit.

R r R r R rS s S s S sT t T t T t� � \’C \’c Ć ćḰ ḱ \’K \’k Ḱ ḱU u U u U u$U $u \u U \u u Ŭ ŭF f F f F fH h Kh kh Kh khC c Ts ts Ts tsQ q Ch ch Ch ch� \Dzh \dzh Dzh· dzh·X x Sh sh Sh shW w Shch shch Shch shch_ \Cdprime \cdprime ′′

¯′′

Y y Y y Y y^ ~ \Cprime \cprime ′ ′� � \‘E \‘e È è�� Yu yu Yu yu� � Ya ya Ya ya� � \Dz \dz Dz dz} N0 N0« < ¡» > ¿

\cydot ·

The t·s pair appears, for example, in the word sovet\cydot ski\u\i(sovet·skĭı) 7→ sovetski$i and is not uncommon in the suffix of reflexive verbs,e.g. nakhodyat\cydot sya (nakhodyat·sya) 7→ nahod�ts�.Because there is not a one-to-one correspondence between cyrillic and romanletters, some cyrillic letters have been placed in locations where a roman letterdoes not have a cyrillic counterpart. A user who is aware of this fact may beable to detect input keying that does not conform to the recommendationsshown in Figure 1, and correct it more easily than otherwise. The followingnonstandard assignments have been made:

c 7→ c; h 7→ h; q 7→ q; w 7→ w; x 7→ x.Some very strange effects can occur in cyrillic text hyphenated by the defaultEnglish hyphenation rules; in particular, a cyrillic letter input as a group ofletters can be decomposed. (Most multiple-letter input groups are converted

7. Using the extra symbols 17

to a single cyrillic letter by way of TEX’s ligaturing mechanism.) For example,shch 7→ w might, in especially unlucky circumstances, be decomposed as s-hq,x-q or 7-h. In other words, if there is any chance that cyrillic text might fallinto a position where hyphenation could occur, the results should be checkedvery carefully, and discretionary hyphens used as appropriate.

Hyphenation patterns do not exist for the AMS cyrillic font when the inputconventions shown here are used. Furthermore, it is probably impracticable toattempt to develop such rules, since the rules to recognize control sequencesand complicated ligatures, both used extensively by the AMS cyrillic inputconventions, are not easily specified to TEX’s hyphenation mechanism. Anotherapproach to hyphenation, requiring some changes to the cyrillic .tfm files, hasbeen described by Dimitri Vulis in a TUGboat article [DLV89].

6.3. Cyrillic in math

Although the cyrillic fonts are intended for use as text, individual letters aresometimes requested in math; for example, X may be used to represent theShafarevich group. When cyrillic is needed in math mode, replace the definition of\cyr shown previously (which will work only for text) by the following instructions(which will support the use of cyrillic in both text and math):

\newfam\cyrfam\font\tencyr=wncyr10\font\sevencyr=wncyr7\font\fivecyr=wncyr5\def\cyr{\fam\cyrfam\tencyr\cyracc}\textfont\cyrfam=\tencyr \scriptfont\cyrfam=\sevencyr

\scriptscriptfont\cyrfam=\fivecyr

If only the 10-point cyrillic font has been accessed, the references to \sevencyrand \fivecyr can be changed to \tencyr to save memory. When using AMS-TEXand the preprint style, use \font@ instead of \font, remembering to change the\catcode of the @ appropriately, and embed the font family specifications in\addto\tenpoint, as shown above.

If other base text sizes are used besides ten point, the suggestions given abovein Section 6.1, Making cyrillic available, apply here as well.

7. Using the extra symbols

Most users of the extra symbol fonts will probably want to make them accessibleto their TEX jobs with the least possible fuss. For AMS-TEX users, these fontsare available automatically with the preprint style, and other methods of loadingthem for use with AMS-TEX are described above. To load these fonts with LATEXor AMS-LATEX, see Section 3.4, Extra math symbols.

If you are not using AMS-TEX or LATEX, the easiest method of loading thesefonts and defining the control sequences for accessing the symbols is to place thecommand

18 7. Using the extra symbols

\input amssym.tex

at the top of your input file. This will load the fonts msam, msbm, and eufm in sizes10, 7, and 5 point, suitable for use in ordinary ten-point math environments, anddefine the names of all the symbols in these fonts. However, this assigns more than200 control sequence names, so if you are limited for space, an alternative methodmay be preferred.

If you type just \input amssym.def (or \usepackage{amsfonts} for LATEX),the fonts will be loaded, but only the names of the few special symbols listed belowwill be defined.

First there are four symbols that are normally used outside of math mode:X \checkmark r \circledRz \maltese U \yen

These symbols, like ¶, §, †, and ‡, can also be used in math mode; they will changesizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts.

Next are four symbols that are “delimiters” (although there are no largerversions obtainable with \left and \right), so they must be used in math mode:p \ulcorner q \urcornerx \llcorner y \lrcorner

Finally, two dashed arrows are constructed from symbols in this family (notethat one of them has two names; it can be accessed by either one):99K \dashrightarrow, \dasharrow L99 \dashleftarrow

The Blackboard Bold letters A, . . . ,Z can be accessed by typing (in mathmode) \Bbb A,. . . ,\Bbb Z.

Wider versions of the plain.tex \widehat and \widetilde are now available.

Letters in the eufm font can be accessed (in math mode) by typing, forexample, \frak A \frak g to get Ag. For the other Euler fonts, see thevarious “Euler” subsections under the sections for different macro packages (LATEX,AMS-TEX, plain TEX).

7.1. The \newsymbol command (AMS-TEX or plain TEX)

All other symbols of the msam and msbm fonts must be named by control sequencesso that they can be used (in math mode only) when the fonts are loaded. If youare very short on space for control sequence names, and need only a few of thesesymbols, you can omit the loading of amssym.tex and instead assign only thenames you will need by using the command \newsymbol for each symbol you need,to create a control sequence that will properly produce that symbol. The controlsequence can be either the “standard” name, as listed below, or one of your ownchoosing.

The list of symbols below shows for each symbol the symbol itself, a four-character “ID,” and the “standard” name of the symbol. (The first character ofthe ID identifies the font family in which a symbol resides. Symbols from the msamfamily have 1 as the first character; symbols from the msbm family have 2 as thefirst character.) For example, the symbol appears as


230A \nleqslant

To produce a control sequence with this name, the instruction

\newsymbol\nleqslant 230A

appears in the file amssym.tex. This same instruction can be typed by a userwho is not using the AMS-TEX preprint style and has chosen not to load all thesymbols, and thereafter the control sequence \nleqslant will produce the symbol

(in math mode), and will act properly as a “binary relation.”

A few symbols in these fonts replace symbols defined in plain.tex bycombinations of symbols available in the Computer Modern fonts. Theseare \angle (∠) and \hbar (~) from the group “Miscellaneous symbols,” and\rightleftharpoons () from the group “Arrows” below. The new symbolswill change sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts, provided that you areusing appropriate redefinitions. In order to use \newsymbol to replace an existingdefinition, the name must first be “undefined.” Here are the lines you must putin your file if you are not using the AMS-TEX preprint style or \input amssym(which perform the redefinition automatically):

\undefine\angle\newsymbol\angle 105C\undefine\hbar\newsymbol\hbar 207E\undefine\rightleftharpoons\newsymbol\rightleftharpoons 130A

These symbols are flagged in the tables below with a “(U),” as a reminder thatthey must be undefined.

7.2. The extra symbols

Note in the tables that some symbols are shown with two names; in such a case,either one can be used to access the symbol.

• Lowercase Greek lettersz 207A \digamma κ 207B \varkappa

• Hebrew lettersi 2069 \beth ג 206A \gimelk 206B \daleth

20 7. Using the extra symbols

• Miscellaneous symbols~ 207E \hbar (U) 8 1038 \backprime} 207D \hslash ∅ 203F \varnothingM 134D \vartriangle N 104E \blacktriangleO 104F \triangledown H 1048 \blacktriangledown 1003 \square 1004 \blacksquare♦ 1006 \lozenge 1007 \blacklozenges 1073 \circledS F 1046 \bigstar∠ 105C \angle (U) ^ 105E \sphericalangle] 105D \measuredangle@ 2040 \nexists { 107B \complementf 2066 \mho ð 2067 \eth` 2060 \Finv � 201E \diagupa 2061 \Game � 201F \diagdownk 207C \Bbbk

• Binary operatorsu 1275 \dotplus n 226E \ltimesr 2272 \smallsetminus o 226F \rtimese 1265 \Cap, \doublecap h 1268 \leftthreetimesd 1264 \Cup, \doublecup i 1269 \rightthreetimesZ 125A \barwedge f 1266 \curlywedgeY 1259 \veebar g 1267 \curlyvee[ 125B \doublebarwedge 120C \boxminus ÿ 127F \circleddash 1202 \boxtimes ~ 127E \circledast 1200 \boxdot } 127D \circledcirc 1201 \boxplus 1205 \centerdot> 223E \divideontimes ᵀ 127C \intercal

• Binary relations5 1335 \leqq = 133D \geqq6 1336 \leqslant > 133E \geqslant0 1330 \eqslantless 1 1331 \eqslantgtr. 132E \lesssim & 1326 \gtrsim/ 132F \lessapprox ' 1327 \gtrapproxu 2375 \approxeq h 2368 \eqsiml 236C \lessdot m 236D \gtrdot≪ 136E \lll, \llless ≫ 136F \ggg, \gggtr≶ 1337 \lessgtr ≷ 133F \gtrlessQ 1351 \lesseqgtr R 1352 \gtreqless

S 1353 \lesseqqgtr T 1354 \gtreqqless+ 132B \doteqdot, \Doteq P 1350 \eqcirc: 133A \risingdotseq $ 1324 \circeq; 133B \fallingdotseq , 132C \triangleq


v 1376 \backsim ∼ 2373 \thicksimw 1377 \backsimeq ≈ 2374 \thickapproxj 136A \subseteqq k 136B \supseteqqb 1362 \Subset c 1363 \Supset@ 1340 \sqsubset A 1341 \sqsupset4 1334 \preccurlyeq < 133C \succcurlyeq2 1332 \curlyeqprec 3 1333 \curlyeqsucc- 132D \precsim % 1325 \succsimw 2377 \precapprox v 2376 \succapproxC 1343 \vartriangleleft B 1342 \vartrianglerightE 1345 \trianglelefteq D 1344 \trianglerighteq 130F \vDash 130D \Vdash 130E \Vvdash` 1360 \smallsmile p 2370 \shortmida 1361 \smallfrown q 2371 \shortparallell 136C \bumpeq G 1347 \betweenm 136D \Bumpeq t 1374 \pitchfork∝ 135F \varpropto 237F \backepsilonJ 134A \blacktriangleleft I 1349 \blacktriangleright∴ 1329 \therefore ∵ 132A \because

• Negated relations≮ 2304 \nless ≯ 2305 \ngtr� 2302 \nleq � 2303 \ngeq

230A \nleqslant � 230B \ngeqslant� 2314 \nleqq � 2315 \ngeqq� 230C \lneq 230D \gneq� 2308 \lneqq 2309 \gneqq� 2300 \lvertneqq � 2301 \gvertneqq� 2312 \lnsim � 2313 \gnsim� 231A \lnapprox � 231B \gnapprox⊀ 2306 \nprec � 2307 \nsucc� 230E \npreceq � 230F \nsucceq� 2316 \precneqq � 2317 \succneqq� 2310 \precnsim � 2311 \succnsim� 2318 \precnapprox � 2319 \succnapprox� 231C \nsim � 231D \ncong. 232E \nshortmid / 232F \nshortparallel- 232D \nmid ∦ 232C \nparallel0 2330 \nvdash 2 2332 \nvDash1 2331 \nVdash 3 2333 \nVDash6 2336 \ntriangleleft 7 2337 \ntriangleright5 2335 \ntrianglelefteq 4 2334 \ntrianglerighteq* 232A \nsubseteq + 232B \nsupseteq" 2322 \nsubseteqq # 2323 \nsupseteqq( 2328 \subsetneq ) 2329 \supsetneq

22 References

2320 \varsubsetneq ! 2321 \varsupsetneq$ 2324 \subsetneqq % 2325 \supsetneqq& 2326 \varsubsetneqq ' 2327 \varsupsetneqq

• Arrows⇔ 1312 \leftleftarrows ⇒ 1313 \rightrightarrows 131C \leftrightarrows 131D \rightleftarrowsW 1357 \Lleftarrow V 1356 \Rrightarrow 1311 \twoheadleftarrow 1310 \twoheadrightarrow 131B \leftarrowtail 131A \rightarrowtail" 1322 \looparrowleft # 1323 \looparrowright 130B \leftrightharpoons 130A \rightleftharpoons (U)x 2378 \curvearrowleft y 2379 \curvearrowright 1309 \circlearrowleft 1308 \circlearrowright 131E \Lsh 131F \Rsh 1314 \upuparrows 1315 \downdownarrows 1318 \upharpoonleft 1316 \upharpoonright, \restriction 1319 \downharpoonleft 1317 \downharpoonright

( 1328 \multimap 1320 \rightsquigarrow! 1321 \leftrightsquigarrow

• Negated arrows8 2338 \nleftarrow 9 2339 \nrightarrow: 233A \nLeftarrow ; 233B \nRightarrow= 233D \nleftrightarrow < 233C \nLeftrightarrow

References

[AMS97] User’s Guide to AMS-TEX Version 2.1, January 1997, AmericanMathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1997; distributed withAMS-TEX Version 2.1.

[DEK86A] Donald E. Knuth, The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers &Typesetting, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, 1986.

[DEK86E] , Computer Modern Typefaces, Volume E of Computers &Typesetting, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, 1986.

[DEK89] , “Typesetting Concrete Mathematics,” TUGboat 10 (1989),no. 1, 31–36; erratum, TUGboat 10 (1989), no. 3, 342.

[DLV89] Dimitri Vulis, “Notes on Russian TEX,” TUGboat 10 (1989), no. 3,332–36.

[DRS86] David R Siegel, The Euler Project at Stanford, Computer ScienceDepartment, Stanford University, 1985.

[GKP88] Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, ConcreteMathematics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, 1988.

References 23

[GMS94] The LATEX companion, Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, andAlexander Samarin, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.

[L94] LATEX: A document preparation system, Second edition, LeslieLamport, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.

[LFG] “LATEX2e font selection”, fntguide.tex in the LATEX distribution.

[MDS86] M. D. Spivak, The Joy of TEX, American Mathematical Society,Providence, 1986.

[MDS90] , The Joy of TEX, 2nd (revised) edition, AmericanMathematical Society, Providence, 1990.

Appendix APC Installation Guide

A.1. Introduction

“AMSFonts” is a collection of fonts developed mainly at the American Mathemat-ical Society (the cyrillic fonts were developed at the University of Washington), foruse with the TEX typesetting system. These fonts were intended for use with theAMS-TEX or AMS-LATEX macro packages, but they can also be used with plainTEX or LATEX, independently of the AMS formatting packages.

AMSFonts can be used with any full implementation of TEX. In this guide, itis assumed that you have TEX installed on your PC, and that you have at leastsome familiarity with it. In case of questions about where some particular file orclass of files should be installed, consult the documentation for both TEX and youroutput device driver.

The next sections assume that you received the AMSFonts (and otherdistributions of AMS TEX packages) on diskette from the AMS. If you obtainedthe AMSFonts via the Internet or the World Wide Web, the files will most likelynot be organized in the same manner, although the names of individual files willfollow the same pattern within the scope of the first 8 before and the first 3 lettersafter the dot in the file name. Using that principle as a guide, it should not be toodifficult to identify the proper locations for installing these files.

A.2. If you have AMSFonts 2.2 but not AMS-TEX

If you obtained AMSFonts without the AMS-TEX 2.0+ macro package,* thenyou will first need to place the diskette labeled AMSFonts 2.2 TFM files intodrive A (or drive B, in which case you will substitute “b:” for “a:” in thefollowing command), and copy the .tfm files into the directory where your other.tfm files are stored. The name of that directory will vary depending on whichimplementation of TEX you are using. For example, if you are using PCTEX, thenenter

〈return〉copy a:\tfm c:\pctex\textfms

to copy the TEX font metric (.tfm) files to your hard disk. If you are usingan implementation of TEX other than PCTEX, substitute the name of your TFMdirectory for \pctex\textfms; if you have TEX installed on a drive other than C,substitute the name of that drive for “c:” in the above command. After copyingthe .tfm files, proceed with Section A.4.

A.3. If you have AMS-TEX 2.0+

The .tfm files are installed automatically as part of the installation of AMS-TEX2.0+. If you have not yet installed AMS-TEX 2.0+, you should either install it orperform step A.2 above before you proceed with Section A.4.

* AMS-TEX 2.0+ refers to any release of AMS-TEX from version 2.0 forward.

Appendix A. PC Installation Guide 25

A.4. How much disk space do you need?

The amount of disk space required for installation of the AMSFonts depends onthe resolution of your output device and on which families of fonts you choose toinstall. The fonts have been divided into five families for the installation, andyou may choose any or all of these families to install. Also, you may choose toinstall all of the magnifications or only magnifications 100%, 109.5% and 120%(TEX magsteps 0, 12 and 1). For a more complete description of these familiesand magnifications, please see the appropriate sections of the AMSFonts 2.2 User’sGuide. (Note: If you do not have a printed copy of the user’s guide, you may usethe files amsfndoc.* on the TFM disk to produce it with TEX. However, you willnot be able to print the entire document correctly until after you have installedAMSFonts.)

The following table lists all of the families and the disk space required fortheir installation. Before you begin the installation, decide which fonts and whichmagnifications you will choose, and make sure that you have enough disk spaceavailable.

Approximate Disk Space Required for AMSFonts Installation

Extra Euler Other Extra AllCM Fraktur Euler Symbols Cyrillic Fonts

118dpi100% thru 120% 200K 150K 350K 150K 250K 1100Kall mags 550K 350K 850K 450K 750K 2950K






A.5. Where do you put the fonts?

Now you will need to copy the .pk files which are the actual raster images forthe fonts. These are spread over several disks (the actual number depends on theresolution of the output device), in seven directories. (These disks were createdusing the conventions of PCTEX, and loading them onto systems with other TEXimplementations may require some changes to the procedure described here; youshould consult the documentation for your TEX system.) The seven directoriesrepresent the fonts at seven different magnifications available in TEX: magsteps 0,12 , 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The directories are labeled \amsfonts\dpiXXX, where XXX is

26 Appendix A. PC Installation Guide

the resolution of the output device multiplied by the magnification. (The numberis rounded to the nearest integer.) For example, the subdirectory containing rasterimages for 300 dot per inch output at magstep 1 (120%) will be called \dpi360,since 300 multiplied by 1.2 equals 360.

To install the fonts, find where the .pk files for your other fonts are stored onyour hard disk. This is determined by the needs of the device driver which willread the fonts. If you are installing these fonts for screen previewing they shouldgo where your previewer will find them. If you are installing the fonts for printingthey should go where your printer driver can find them.

As an example, if you are using a device driver from Personal TEX, Inc., thenmost likely your other TEX fonts are stored in subdirectories of \pctex\pixel. Ifyou are using a device driver from a different implementation of TEX, then youwill need to consult the documentation of that device driver in order to find thedirectory where it looks for .pk files of the fonts which it uses.

A.6. Installing the .pk files

When you have determined where you are going to put the fonts, you will needto perform several copy commands in order to copy the necessary files onto yourhard disk. (If you skipped Section A.4 above, please go back and read it.)

Each distribution of AMSFonts on diskette has seven directories of .pk files.If you have decided to only install TEX magsteps 0 through 1, then you shouldcopy from the three directories with the lowest resolution. For example, for 300dpiprinters you would use the directories dpi300, dpi329, and dpi360. If you havedecided to install all of the magnifications, then you will copy from all of thedirectories on all of the diskettes.

If you have decided to install only some of the font families, then you willcopy only the corresponding files. The following table tells the first few charactersof the filenames of files in each family. If you use the file specifications XXXX*.pkin your copy comand, where XXXX represents the characters in the table for eachfamily, then you will copy the files for the fonts in that family.

Font Family Beginning CharactersExtra CM cmEuler Fraktur eufAll Euler euExtra Symbols msCyrillic wn

So, for example, if your .pk files are stored in the directory \mytex\pkfilesand its subdirectories, to install the 300dpi Extra Symbol fonts you would give thecommands:

〈return〉copy a:\dpi300\ms*.pk c:\mytex\pkfiles\dpi300〈return〉copy a:\dpi329\ms*.pk c:\mytex\pkfiles\dpi329〈return〉copy a:\dpi360\ms*.pk c:\mytex\pkfiles\dpi360

Appendix A. PC Installation Guide 27

and so on for the other magnifications of 300. Note that you will have to knowwhich directories for which resolutions are on which diskettes.

A.7. Font definition files for Plain TEX

If you intend to use the AMSFonts collection with Plain TEX then you willneed to copy all the provided macro files in the \plaintex directory on the firstdistribution diskette to your Plain TEX input files area. These files are describedin Sections 5 and 6 of the AMSFonts 2.2 User’s Guide.

A.8. Font definition files for LATEX

If you intend to use the AMSFonts collection with LATEX then you will need tocopy all the files in the \latex directory on the first distribution diskette to yourLATEX input files area. The .fd files are font definition files that set up thecorrespondence between external font names and the naming scheme that is usedinternally by LATEX.

Note that there are two sets of font definition files provided. The files thatcontain 57 in their names are tailored to a PostScript version of the AMSFontscollection produced jointly by Y&Y and Blue Sky Research. In that version, fontsizes 6,8,9 are produced by interpolation from neighboring sizes instead of havingseparate font metric files. Selection of the PostScript or non-PostScript .fd filesfor individual documents is handled through the LATEX package option mechanism,as described in Section 3, How to use AMSFonts with LATEX.

Warning: If your version of LATEX2e is earlier than December 1996, andif your operating system and TEX implementation both refer to filenames ina case-sensitive manner, you will need to use the .fd files in the obsoletesubdirectory of the latex directory, instead of the .fd files in the latex directory.Note that this generally does not apply to you if you are using DOS/Windows,so it is not necessary for most users following the instructions in this section.However, if you are using OzTEX on a Macintosh (installation for which is similarto DOS or Unix installation), this does apply to you.

A.9. Additional notes for users of AMSFonts

The device driver with which you are using these fonts may have a font tablewhich needs to be updated in order for the driver to recognize the fonts. In orderto use AMSFonts with any software which uses such a table, you must enter thenames of each of the fonts in the AMSFonts package and the effective resolutionsat which you have them installed. The file amsfonts.lst on the first distributiondisk contains a list of all of the font names and all of the resolutions contained inyour distribution. You may have to alter the format of this file to make it conformto your driver’s needs or to reflect installation of only some of the fonts, but itprovides you with the necessary data. See the documentation for your devicedriver to see what format is required. If your device driver does not depend onsuch a table, this step is not necessary.

Appendix BTextures / Macintosh Installation Guide

B.1. Introduction


This distribution is designed for use with the Textures software on theMacintosh computer. If you are instead using OzTEX or some other Macimplementation, the Unix installation guide will more closely approximate theinstallation procedure you should follow; the documentation for your TEX systemshould also be consulted.

This font distribution requires Textures version 1.2 or higher. If you have anearlier release of Textures, you must upgrade before using these fonts. To upgradeTextures, contact the manufacturer: Blue Sky Research, 317 Southwest Alder,#1200, Portland, OR 97204; (800) 622-8398. In this guide, it is assumed that youhave a recent version of Textures installed on your Macintosh, and that you haveat least some familiarity with it and with The TEXbook.

Before you begin the installation you should first backup to diskette all filesfrom previous releases of AMSFonts that are on your hard disk. Once you are surethat you have backed up all files containing previous releases of AMSFonts, deletethem from your hard disk. You may have serious font ID conflicts if you do not dothis. (See Section B.5.2 for an explanation.)

B.2. Installation Procedure

B.2.1. What is on the diskettes?

The first disk contains a folder with some auxiliary TEX files and the file AMSFonts2.2 metrics. There are several folders of Textures files. Most of these files areexplained in the AMSFonts 2.2 User’s Guide. The TEX source for the user’s guideis in the files in the doc folder on this diskette. The file amsfndoc.ins in thatfolder is the TEX source for the installation guide you are now reading.

The other diskettes contain archives of the suitcase files for the fonts.

B.2.2. How much space do you need?

Fonts take up lots of disk space. AMSFonts includes 89 fonts, each at fourresolutions (see Section B.6.1 for an explanation). The distribution takes up nearlyfour megabytes when installed. The table below shows the disk space required foreach font suitcase file in this distribution. Consult it to make sure that you haveenough space on your hard disk to install the fonts you need.

Appendix B. Textures / Macintosh Installation Guide 29

Approximate Disk Storage Requirements

1600K Extra CM fonts and AMS Symbol fonts288K Euler Fraktur fonts

1150K All other Euler fonts986K Cyrillic fonts

Since you will be installing new fonts it would be wise to review the portionsof the Textures manual relating to fonts. Textures has a complex method ofincluding fonts and you should understand it before attempting to install or useAMSFonts. You may also wish to read the AMSFonts 2.2 User’s Guide to decidewhich families of fonts you need to install. If you retrieved this distributionelectronically and have no printed copy of the user’s guide, you can find the TEXsource for that document in the files amsfndoc.* in the Textures files folder onthe first distribution disk.

B.2.3. Installing the fonts.

1. Copy the file AMSFonts 2.2 metrics from the first distribution disk to theTeX Fonts folder inside the Textures folder on your hard disk.

2. Decide which families of fonts you want to install on your system. For a fulldescription of these families, see the appropriate section of the AMSFonts 2.2User’s Guide.

3. Make sure you have enough space on your hard disk for the families whichyou wish to install. See the table above for the amount of space required.

4. Extract the font files from the compressed files for each of the families whichare to be installed. This is done in the following way.

4.1 Double-click on the icon for the compressed file.

4.2 In the dialog box which appears, click the “Drive” button so that thename of your hard disk appears at the top.

4.3 Double-click on the name of your Textures folder in the scroll box.

4.4 Double-click on the name of the TeX Fonts folder in the scroll box.

4.5 Click “Install”. When the AutoUnStuffIt installer finishes, there will bea new font suitcase file in your Tex Fonts folder.

You are now able to use AMSFonts in Textures. However, please read thesections “Customizing Your Installation” and “Questions and Further Information”before attempting to use AMSFonts in Textures.

B.3. Customizing Your Own Installation

B.3.1. Defining macros for the symbol fonts.

The files amssym.def and amssym.tex are included in the Textures files folderon the first disk of your distribution. These files are for use with the AMS symbolfonts (msam and msbm). If you will be using these fonts you should place both ofthese files in the TeX inputs folder within your Textures folder.

30 Appendix B. Textures / Macintosh Installation Guide

The use of these files is described in the AMSFonts 2.2 User’s Guide.

B.3.2. Adding fonts for display and printing.

As is explained in the Textures manual, the Show Fonts command displays thosefonts whose font metrics are currently available to Textures. Additionally, whena font is selected the two scroll boxes in the Show Fonts dialog box display thepoint sizes available for display or printing. When Textures has opened AMSFonts2.2 metrics, this permits TEX to run without errors on files with references toAMSFonts. However, it does not enable their display or printing. To enable displayand printing you may use Add Fonts to bring in raster information from any ofthe font suitcases which you created by unstuffing the files in the distribution.

It is not necessary to keep using the menu item Add Fonts to importAMSFonts. You will probably determine through your own use which fonts youfrequently use. By opening a font suitcase file in the Finder and dragging itscontents into another font suitcase file, you can combine fonts from differentsuitcases into a single suitcase file. (If you are unsure how to do this, consult thedocumentation for your Macintosh system.) Place the combined file in the TeXfonts folder inside your Textures folder, making sure that the file AMSFonts 2.2metrics is also in this folder.

B.3.4. Consolidating AMSFonts suitcase files.

The AMSFonts diskette distribution is distributed in several different suitcase filesso they would fit on individual disks for distribution and installation. (The distribu-tion is also available from e-math.ams.org in /pub/macintosh/amsfonts2-2.hqx;the contents of this file are identical to what is on the diskettes.) Textures and theMacintosh system will have a much easier time if you open fewer files. You shoulduse your Macintosh system conventions for moving fonts between font suitcase filesto create a new file which includes the contents of several of the font suitcaseswhich were provided in the distribution.

You may consolidate all three of the distribution suitcase files into one.Another alternative would be to simply not install some of the suitcases. Thefile on disk 2 (which includes extra CM fonts and AMS symbol fonts), along withEuler Fraktur from disk 3, are all that the majority of users of AMSFonts willneed.

Users who have not upgraded to System 7, please read Section B.6.3 forimportant information about Font/DA Mover.

B.4. Font definition files for Plain TEX

If you intend to use the AMSFonts collection with Plain TEX then you will need tocopy the files are located in the Plain TeX folder on the first distribution disketteinto your Plain TEX input files folder. These files are described in Sections 5 and6 of the AMSFonts 2.2 User’s Guide.

Appendix B. Textures / Macintosh Installation Guide 31

B.5. Font definition files for LATEX

If you intend to use the AMSFonts collection with LATEX then you will needto copy all the files from the LATEX folder on the first distribution diskette toyour LATEX input files folder. The .fd files are font definition files that set upthe correspondence between external font names and the naming scheme that isused internally by LATEX. These files are located in the LaTeX folder on the firstdistribution diskette.

There are two sets of font definition files provided. The files that contain 57in their names are tailored to a PostScript version of the AMSFonts collectionproduced jointly by Y&Y and Blue Sky Research. In that version, font sizes 6,8,9are produced by interpolation from neighboring sizes instead of having separatefont metric files. Selection of the PostScript or non-PostScript .fd files forindividual documents is handled through the LATEX package option mechanism, asdescribed in Section 3, How to use AMSFonts with LATEX.

B.6. Questions and Further Information

B.6.1. Why are some fonts included at fewer sizes?

You may have noticed that all of the AMSFonts (except the extra CM fonts), areincluded at two fewer magnifications than the Textures distribution fonts. This isbecause several AMSFonts do not give good results when run through METAFONTat very low resolutions, such as the 72dpi Macintosh screen resolution.

Because of the way in which the Macintosh system scales fonts when itdoesn’t have a font in the exact size it wants, the magnifications included inthe distribution give the best combination of screen previewing and ImageWriteroutput for the AMSFonts. LaserWriter output is not affected in any way by this.LaserWriter output is always determined from the fonts at 417% and higher, whichare handled in the same manner for all AMSFonts.

B.6.2. Help! The font doesn’t display correctly!

The Macintosh system has a very ingenious way of handling fonts. Unfortunately,this ingenious and complex system sometimes leads to problems. There is aresource ID number for every point size of every font. For NFNT resources(the kind used for AMSFonts 2.2), these ID numbers are assigned arbitrarily byMacintosh software when a resource is moved into a font suitcase file. Within asingle file, the Macintosh software prevents any duplication of these ID numbers.

Conflicts of ID numbers can (and occasionally will) occur when you havemany different suitcase files open at the same time. This is one of the reasons forthe instructions in Section B.3.4 — the fewer suitcases you have, the less likelihoodof conflicts.

When a font ID conflict does occur, a font which you didn’t want willbe substituted for the font you wanted, at only a single point size at a singlemagnification. If all other sizes and magnifications of that font are the correct

32 Appendix B. Textures / Macintosh Installation Guide

font, and if the font displays correctly when you View the document on the screenat a different magnification, it is a font ID conflict. To remedy this problem, dothe following:

A. If you have upgraded to System 7:1. Create a temporary folder on your hard disk.2. Double-click on the icon for the font suitcase file containing the font

which you were not able to display.3. In the new window showing the contents of that file, select all sizes of the

problem font and drag them into the temporary folder which you created.4. Open a window showing the contents of the temporary folder, select all of

the contents, and drag them back into the font suitcase file. When askedif you want to replace existing ones, answer OK.

5. Delete the temporary folder.

B. If you have not upgraded to System 7:1. Double-click on the icon for the font suitcase file containing the font

which you were not able to display.2. When Font/DA Mover starts, open a new temporary file on the right-hand

side of the window.3. Copy all sizes of the problem font from the original file into the temporary

file, and remove them from the original file.4. Copy the fonts back into the original file.5. Quit Font/DA Mover , and delete the temporary file which you created.

These steps will cause the Macintosh system software to assign new arbitrarynumbers to the NFNT resources in question and should clear up the conflict.

Problems have also been reported when the monitor is set to use more than256 colors; resetting this value to 256 usually has a positive effect. The followingproblems are known to result in this situation:

– fonts do not display properly on the screen– (in conjunction with the use of the Apple Personal LaserWriter LS, a non-

PostScript printer) symbols from the msam and msbm fonts do not print, orare substituted by symbols from the same location in other fonts, while thesymbols do print properly on a PostScript printer and appear correctly on thescreen

B.6.3. Important information about Font/DA Mover.

If you are not using System 7, please take note of the following:1. You must have Font/DA Mover Version 3.8 or later. Previous releases will

not recognize font resources of the type used for AMSFonts 2.2.2. Even Version 3.8 of Font/DA Mover has a bug of which you should be aware.

If you copy a font of the type used for AMSFonts 2.2 into a file more thanonce, you will very likely end up with two copies of the font in that file. If younotice that this has occurred, simply delete one occurrence.

Appendix CUnix Installation Guide

C.1. Introduction


AMSFonts can be used with any full implementation of TEX. In this guide, itis assumed that you have TEX installed on your Unix system, and that you haveat least some familiarity with it.

C.2. If you have AMSFonts 2.2 but not AMS-TEX

If you obtained AMSFonts but have not obtained (or have not yet installed) theAMS-TEX 2.0+ macro package,* then you must place the .tfm files for AMSFonts2.2 into the directory where your other .tfm files are stored. The name of thatdirectory will vary depending on the local installation of TEX which you are using.

If you are using the standard Unix TEX distribution, then it would probably bea directory in the path indicated by the environment variable TEXFONTS or one of thesubdirectories in the path indicated by the environment variable TEXFONTS SUBDIR.For example, if TEXFONTS indicates only the directory /usr/lib/tex/fonts/tfm,and if TEXFONTS SUBDIR has no definition, then you would copy the .tfm files into/usr/lib/tex/fonts/tfm. If your environment is set up differently, then you willhave to determine the correct directory in which to place them. After copying the.tfm files, proceed with Section C.4.

C.3. If you have AMS-TEX 2.0+

The .tfm files were installed as part of the installation of AMS-TEX 2.0+. If youhave not yet installed AMS-TEX 2.0+, you should either install it or perform stepC.2 above before you proceed with section C.4.

C.4. How much disk space do you need?

The amount of disk space required for installation of the AMSFonts depends onthe resolution of your output device and on which families of fonts you choose toinstall. The fonts have been divided into five families for the installation, andyou may choose any or all of these families to install. Also, you may choose toinstall all of the magnifications or only magnifications 100%, 109.5% and 120%(TEX magsteps 0, 12 and 1). For a more complete description of these familiesand magnifications, please see the appropriate sections of the AMSFonts 2.2 User’s

* AMS-TEX 2.0+ refers to any release of AMS-TEX from version 2.0 forward.

34 Appendix C. Unix Installation Guide

Guide. (Note: If you do not have a printed copy of the user’s guide, you may usethe files amsfndoc.* on the TFM disk to produce it with TEX. However, you willnot be able to print the entire document correctly until after you have installedAMSFonts.)

The PC installation guide for AMSFonts 2.2 (Appendix A) includes a tablewhich shows the approximate amount of space required for various families andsizes. These estimates are accurate for Unix also.

C.5. Where do you put the fonts?

Now you will need to install the .pk files which are the actual raster images for thefonts. You should place them in the directory where your device drivers (printerdrivers and screen previewers) look for .pk files. The name of the environmentvariable which points to that directory or directories varies from one driver toanother. Please check the documentation for your drivers to find where they lookfor .pk files. (For example, xdvi looks at an environment variable XDVIFONTS,while some drivers look at TEXPKS or yet another variable name.)

These files are named according to a convention which indicates the nameof the font in the filename and the resolution multiplied by the magnification inthe extension. For example, eufm10 at 100% on a 300dpi printer would require afile named eufm10.300pk, while 120% would require a file named eufm10.360pk.Each font is supplied at the seven standard magnifications commonly used in TEX:magsteps 0, 12 , 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

If you obtained the files from an Internet archive or other Unix-likesource, the files have the correct names for use in Unix. All you need do is placethem in the directory where your drivers will find them (described above).

If you purchased the files on DOS diskettes, you will need to manipulatethe filenames to make them compatible with Unix implementations of TEX-relateddevice drivers. On the DOS diskettes, the extension on the filename is limited tono more than three characters, which means that something like eufm10.300pkis not allowed. The convention for accommodating this limitation in the TEXcommunity is to give all such files the extension .pk and divide them up intodifferent directories.

On the AMSFonts DOS diskette distribution, the directories are labeled\amsfonts\dpiXXX, where XXX is the resolution of the output device multiplied bythe magnification (the number in the Unix filename extension described above).Once you have transferred the entire directory tree over to your Unix environment,you will need to rename the .pk files in each directory to the extension .XXXpk,where XXX is the number in the directory dpiXXX in which the file is located. Onceyou have thus renamed all of the files, you may place them all together in thedirectory where your drivers will find them (described above).

C.6. Font definition files for Plain TEX

If you intend to use the AMSFonts collection with Plain TEX then you will needto copy all the provided macro files in the \plaintex directory to your Plain TEX

Appendix C. Unix Installation Guide 35

input files area. These files are described in Sections 5 and 6 of the AMSFonts 2.2User’s Guide.

C.7. Font definition files for LATEX

If you intend to use the AMSFonts collection with LATEX then you will need tocopy all the files from the \latex directory on the first distribution diskette toyour LATEX input files area. The .fd files are font definition files that set up thecorrespondence between external font names and the naming scheme that is usedinternally by LATEX.

Note that there are two sets of font definition files provided. The files thatcontain 57 in their names are tailored to a PostScript version of the AMSFontscollection produced jointly by Y&Y and Blue Sky Research. In that version, fontsizes 6,8,9 are produced by interpolation from neighboring sizes instead of havingseparate font metric files. Selection of the PostScript or non-PostScript .fd filesfor individual documents is handled through the LATEX package option mechanism,as described in Section 3, How to use AMSFonts with LATEX.

Warning: If your version of LATEX2e is earlier than December 1996, and ifyour operating system and TEX implementation both refer to filenames in a case-sensitive manner, you will need to use the .fd files in the obsolete subdirectory ofthe latex directory, instead of the .fd files in the latex directory. This generallyapplies to Unix TEX users and to users of OzTEX on the Macintosh, and generallydoes not apply to users of Textures on the Macintosh or DOS/Windows users.

C.8. Additional notes for users of AMSFonts

The device driver with which you are using these fonts may have a font tablewhich needs to be updated in order for the driver to recognize the fonts. In orderto use AMSFonts with any software which uses such a table, you must enter thenames of each of the fonts in the AMSFonts package and the effective resolutionsat which you have them installed. The file amsfonts.lst, which appears on thefirst distribution disk or at the top /amsfonts level in Unix archive distributions,contains a list of all of the font names and all of the resolutions contained in yourdistribution. You may have to alter the format of this file to make it conformto your driver’s needs or to reflect installation of only some of the fonts, but itprovides you with the necessary data. See the documentation for your devicedriver to see what format is required. If your device driver does not depend onsuch a table, this step is not necessary.

Appendix DFor further information

The AMSFonts collection was implemented and packaged by the Society’sDepartment of Electronic Products and Services. Questions or suggestions forimprovements should be directed to that group at the following address:

Electronic Products and ServicesTechnical SupportAmerican Mathematical SocietyP.O. Box 6248Providence, RI 02940

Phone: 800-321-4AMS (4267) or 401-455-4080Internet: [email protected]

The cyrillic fonts included in the AMSFonts collection were developed at theHumanities and Arts Computing Center of the University of Washington. Questionsregarding these cyrillic fonts should be directed to:

DirectorHumanities and Arts Computing CenterDR-10University of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195

Phone: 206-543-4218

Questions or comments concerning Textures can be directed to:

Blue Sky Research317 Southwest Alder, #1200Portland, OR 97204

Phone: 800-622-8398 or 503-222-9571Internet: [email protected]

The Internet newsgroup comp.text.tex is an excellent source of general infor-mation about anything related to TEX, and fonts are no exception. For anyonewithout newsgroup access, the mailing list [email protected] will deliver amessage to the same group of readers.

The TEX Resources pages at the AMS Web site (http://www.ams.org/tex/)contain pointers to additional sources of TEX-related information, including answersto Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).

D.1. Obtaining the METAFONT source files

The AMSFonts collection has been prepared for a number of different resolutionssuitable for use on what the AMS staff has determined to be the most populardevices currently being used to prepare TEX output. More such devices continueto appear, many of them with characteristics different from the devices that arecurrently supported.

Appendix D. For further information 37

Users of unsupported devices who have access to an operating versionof METAFONT and have some experience with generating METAFONT fontsmay also wish to obtain the METAFONT source files for the AMSFonts col-lection. METAFONT source files are available on diskette from the Society,as well as via anonymous FTP from the Internet node e-math.ams.org (in/pub/tex/amsfonts/sources) or from the AMS TEX Resources pages on theWorld Wide Web, http://www.ams.org/tex/. The collection is also mirroredonto CTAN (the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network), where it is installed inthe area fonts/amsfonts (this area is relative to the root of the TEX archive); fora list of CTAN hosts and mirror sites,

finger [email protected]

METAFONT source files for the cyrillic fonts in the AMSFonts collection canbe obtained either from the Society or directly from the University of Washington.The sources available from Washington also include other fonts in different layouts.Information can be obtained from the director of the Academic Computing Centerat the address given above.

Appendix EFont charts

Note: Row and column numbers are hexadecimal.

Extra symbols, group 1, medium weight – msam10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F0 ♦ 01 ⇔ ⇒ 12 ! " # $ % & ' ( ∴ ∵ + , - . / 2

3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ≶ 8 9 : ; < = > ≷ 3

4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4

5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ∠ ] ^ ∝ 5

6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m ≪ ≫ 67 p q r s t u v w x y z { ᵀ } ~ ÿ 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Extra symbols, group 2, medium weight – msbm10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0 � � � � ≮ ≯ ⊀ � � � � � � 01 � � � � � � � �

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