USGBC NY Upstate ChapterR333

Domestic Hot Water: Usage ResearchDHWUR

Hugh Henderson

March 22, 2014

How much hot water do normal and Net Zero type householders use? New NYS research and old assumptions will be trotted out for all to review.

CourseDescription

LearningObjectives

1. Define hot water use profiles (how much is used in homes) and hot water use patterns (where it is used

in homes)

2. Analyze areas where hot water is wasted

3. Describe hot water use in multifamily buildings

4. Explain how centralized hot water systems are beneficial for certain applications

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

Domestic Hot Water Use ResearchDomestic Hot Water Use Research

March 22, 2014March 22, 2014

Hugh I. Henderson, Jr. P.E.Hugh I. Henderson, Jr. P.E.CDH Energy Corp.CDH Energy Corp.Cazenovia, NY Cazenovia, NY

Sponsors:Sponsors:

NYSERDA NYSERDA DOE Building AmericaDOE Building America

5

Importance• Water heating 2nd largest load in NY Homes

– Bigger than cooling; approaching space heating in some highly-efficient homes

– Many technologies are being developed

• Performance differences between DHW technologies are not always clear– Performance/efficiency depends on water use

(64 gallons/day may not apply any more)– Use patterns can effect different systems in

different ways

6

“BROADER” Project Overview

• Side-by-Side Laboratory Testing– Impose the same water use pattern on systems

and compare performance

• Field Testing– Confirm actual field-measured performance– Quantify load profiles in actual homes– Understand impact of HW distribution

7

Laboratory Testing – Solar/HPWH

8

Unit 3SOLAR

Unit 4SOLAR DRAIN

Unit 8HPWH

(EF=2.4)

Laboratory Testing – HE Gas

9

Unit 6HE COND TANK

(TE=0.96)

Unit 7HYBRID(TE=0.90)

Unit 5TANKLESS(EF=0.94)

Lab InstrumentationMeasure

• Flow, ΔT & Q out• Fuel input

Control• Inlet water temp• Flow rate• Specify as daily profile

(multiple draws: time, flow, duration)

10

Gas Storage and Tankless Water Heaters (Units 1, 2, 5, 6, & 7)

Natural gas

Electric

FW

Flow Limiters (1 & 2 gpm)

Solenoid Valves

FG

WE

TC TH

TFG

Cold in Hot out

Lab Results

11

http://cloud.cdhenergy.com/dhw_lab/

Field Testing Goals

• Measure HW load profiles (simple sites)• Measure inputs, thermal outputs and efficiency

under actual conditions (detailed sites)• Measure component status and operating

conditions: water T, space T & RH (detailed sites)• HW Distribution: install temperature sensors on

distribution piping to: – allocate water draws to key end uses (sinks, showers,

dishwashers, etc)

– Estimate HW “waste” in distribution piping

12

Two Kinds of “Simple” Sites

• Collect 15-minute flow data– Using CR10x and CR10 loggers

• Collect 15-minute AND event data– Using CR200 logger– Collect 5-sec data during a hot water draw and for 25

seconds after flow stops

• All sites manually collected

13

15-minute Profile – 2 People February

14

15-Minute Daily Profile for 2-Person Home in February

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Hour of Day

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Flo

w (

gpm

)

Site 1Site 3Site 5Site 9Site 10Site 11Site 13Site 14Site 15

9 SitesAverage Daily Total: 42.6 gal/dayDaily Range: 0.0 to 110.8 gal/day

15-minute Profile – 2 People August

15

15-Minute Daily Profile for 2-Person Home in August

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Hour of Day

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Flo

w (

gpm

)

Site 3Site 5Site 9Site 10Site 11Site 13Site 14Site 15Site 16

9 SitesAverage Daily Total: 32.9 gal/dayDaily Range: 0.0 to 82.6 gal/day

15-minute Profile – 4 People February

16

15-Minute Daily Profile for 4-Person Home in February

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Hour of Day

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Flo

w (

gpm

)

Site 4Site 7Site 12Site 17Site 18

5 SitesAverage Daily Total: 71.3 gal/dayDaily Range: 10.9 to 193.0 gal/day

HW Use Depends on Household Size and Season

17

Average Daily Hot Water Use

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

50

100

150

200

250

Hot W

ate

r U

se (

Gal/D

ay)

2-Person Households (10 Sites)

4-Person Households (5 Sites)

Day-to-Day Use Varies

18

Average Daily Hot Water Use for 2-Person Household (10 Sites)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

50

100

150

200

250H

ot W

ater

Use

(G

al/D

ay)

6.2 7.8 8.8 9.0 8.4 8.3 8.8 8.9 9.0 6.8 4.6 4.8

Median

Average +/- 1 Std. Dev.

Maximum / Minimum

Everything Varies!

19

Average Daily Hot Water Use for 2-Person Household (10 Sites)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

50

100

150

200

250

Hot

Wat

er U

se (

Gal

/Day

)

Site 1 AverageSite 3 AverageSite 5 AverageSite 9 AverageSite 10 AverageSite 11 AverageSite 13 AverageSite 14 AverageSite 15 AverageSite 16 Average

Overall Average

+/- 1 Standard Deviation

Site Average with Min / Max Bar

Cold Water Temperatures Vary

20

Entering Water Temperature

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

2012 2013

30

40

50

60

70

80

Dai

ly M

inim

um E

WT

(F)

S ite 1 (Private)Site 2 (Public)Site 3 (Public)Site 4 (Public)Site 5 (Public)Site 8 (Public)

CW Temperature Affects HW Use

21

Daily Hot Water Use

30 40 50 60 70 80

Daily Minimum EWT (F)

0

200

400D

aily

Hot

Wat

er U

se (

gallo

ns)

S ite 1 (Private)

Site 2 (Public)

Site 3 (Public)

Site 4 (Public)

Site 5 (Public)Site 8 (Public)

15-minute HW Use is Not the Entire Story

• HW use actually occurs as draw events– How many events?– How much per draw?– When do draws occur?– Which end use or fixture?

• The size of draw events can effect system performance– i.e., big draws make resistance elements come ON

22

12/02/12 08:00:05 GAL = 8.79

0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Flo

w R

ate

(gpm

)

DHW Site 1

0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7

-10

0

10

20

30

Tem

pera

ture

Ris

e (

F) TH - Hot TC = Cold

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1

2

3 4 5

12/02/12 08:00:05 Intervals=84

0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7

40

60

80

100

120

140

Tem

pera

ture

(F

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1

2 3 4 5

TF6: Fixture Temp 6 - Master Bath Sink: Rise= 3.8 TF7: Fixture Temp 7 - Bathroom 2 Sink: Rise= 0.3

TT1: Trunk Temp - Master Bathroom: Rise= 40.7 TT2: Trunk Temp - Bathroom 2: Rise= 5.8

Master Shower

Useful GAL = 8.03 (TT > 100. )

A Typical HW Draw Event

23

24

Date Total

Gallons Total

Events 0-0.

1

0.1-

0.2

0.2-

0.3

0.3-

0.4

0.4-

0.5

0.5-

0.6

0.6-

0.7

0.7-

0.8

0.8-

0.9

0.9-

1.0

0-1

1-2

2-3

3-4

4-5

5-6

6-7

7-8

8-9

9-1

0

Ove

r 10

1/1/2013 74.9 139 87 19 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 0 127 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21/2/2013 53.0 116 75 15 9 4 2 3 0 1 0 1 110 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 21/3/2013 95.3 94 56 17 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 83 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 31/4/2013 144.8 181 103 30 4 2 4 3 4 2 5 3 160 9 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 61/5/2013 54.8 87 55 15 3 4 2 0 0 1 0 1 81 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 21/6/2013 93.4 138 96 15 7 1 0 3 2 2 0 1 127 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 21/7/2013 63.5 73 46 10 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 65 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 11/8/2013 53.3 75 50 10 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 69 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 31/9/2013 131.8 131 87 16 3 2 3 6 1 1 1 0 120 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 5

1/10/2013 49.1 97 73 11 2 3 0 1 1 0 2 0 93 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 21/11/2013 88.9 90 61 11 3 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 82 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 31/12/2013 88.2 98 67 13 3 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 90 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 31/13/2013 59.4 90 48 24 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 80 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 21/14/2013 62.0 130 93 12 5 1 3 4 3 0 2 2 125 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11/15/2013 37.2 44 24 6 5 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11/16/2013 66.3 65 34 7 3 1 5 0 2 2 2 1 57 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 21/17/2013 40.9 72 34 9 6 7 3 1 4 2 0 0 66 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 11/18/2013 69.9 117 90 9 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 110 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 31/19/2013 9.8 50 32 9 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 48 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01/20/2013 65.6 95 57 12 2 7 3 0 1 0 0 1 83 7 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 21/21/2013 48.3 86 50 10 5 3 2 2 2 3 1 0 78 3 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 11/22/2013 43.5 97 57 18 5 3 1 2 2 2 0 0 90 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11/23/2013 24.0 42 24 5 2 4 2 2 1 0 0 0 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/24/2013 34.0 41 24 10 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 39 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11/25/2013 59.8 93 43 21 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 0 83 2 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 11/26/2013 34.8 85 62 9 0 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 81 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11/27/2013 21.0 56 39 3 4 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 53 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/28/2013 57.4 81 48 19 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 76 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 31/29/2013 26.5 35 20 5 2 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 33 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/30/2013 43.5 99 60 10 8 3 3 2 1 0 0 2 89 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/31/2013 39.6 62 33 12 6 3 1 3 0 0 1 1 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Average 59.2 89 Median 54.8 90

No of EventsHot Water Use Bins (0.1 gallon) Hot Water Use Bins (1 gallon)Site 1 Jan-13

Simple Sites – Event Data

25

Sensor Locations“Detailed” Site 1

26

Kitchen Sink Draw Event

27

12/02/12 09:05:50 GAL = 0.27

45. 50. 55. 0. 5. 10. 15.20. 25. 30. 35.

:5 :6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0F

low

Rat

e (g

pm)

DHW Site 1

45. 50. 55. 0. 5. 10. 15.20. 25. 30. 35.

:5 :6

-10

0

10

20

30

Tem

pera

ture

Ris

e (F

)

TH - Hot TC = Cold

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2

3

4 5

12/02/12 09:05:50 Intervals=10

45. 50. 55. 0. 5. 10. 15.20. 25. 30. 35.

:5 :6

40

60

80

100

120

140

Tem

pera

ture

(F

)

1 2 3 4 5

6

7 8

1

2 3

4 5

TF2: Fixture Temp 2 - Kitchen Sink: Rise= 5.5 TF3: Fixture Temp 3 - Sink (half bath): Rise= 0.4

TT3: Trunk Temp 3 - Kitchen Trunk: Rise= 21.6 TT4: Trunk Temp 4 - Half Bath Trunk: Rise= 0.2

Kitchen Sink

Useful GAL = 0.00 (TF > 90. )

“Classified” Event Data

28

DHW Site 1 12/02/12 00:07:35 to 12/21/12 22:53:55 (Total Events = 1524 )

0 20 40

HW Use (Gal)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Dra

w R

ate

(gpm

)

Dishwasher 30Kitchen Sink 361Halfbath Sink 69Washing Mach 17Utility Sink 3Master Sink 127Master Shower 35Bath2 Sink 53Bath2 Shower 19

Classified Events = 714

“Classified” Event Data

29

DHW Site 1 12/01/12 07:45:00 to 04/02/13 23:00:55 (Total Events = 8534 )

0 20 40

HW Use (Gal)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Dra

w R

ate

(gpm

)

Dishwasher 185Kitchen Sink 2095Halfbath Sink 260Washing Mach 88Utility Sink 42Master Sink 842Master Shower 190Bath2 Sink 212Bath2 Shower 91

Classified Events = 4005

Classification Success Rate

30

Useful = T is Over 90°F at Fixture

Site 1

Events per day

Total HW Use

(gpd)

Useful HW

(gpd)

Wasted HW

(gpd)Useful

%

Dishwasher 1.5 2.7 2.4 0.3 90%Kitchen Sink 17.0 9.1 5.7 3.3 63%Halfbath Sink 2.1 0.7 0.1 0.5 21%Washing Mach 0.7 9.1 8.3 0.8 91%Utility Sink 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.4 53%Master Sink 6.8 2.2 0.6 1.5 28%Master Shower 1.5 17.8 17.0 0.8 95%Bath2 Sink 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.6 49%Bath2 Shower 0.7 8.4 7.7 0.8 91%Unaccounted 36.8 3.4 0.0 3.4 0%All Events 69.4 55.4 42.9 12.5 77%Classified 33 52.0 42.9 9.1 82%% Classified 47% 94% 100% 73%

No of Days: 123 No of Events: 8534

Able to Assign HW to End Uses

31

-

20

40

60

80

100

120

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5

HW

Use

(gal

/day

)

Wash Mach/Utility

Kitchen

Bath Showers

Bath Sinks

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5Classified Events 47% 39% 53% 17% 57%Classified Use 94% 98% 94% 88% 98%

Is Delivered HW “Useful”

32

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5

Porti

on o

f D

raw

tha

t is

"U

sefu

l"

Bath Sinks

Bath Showers

Kitchen

Wash Mach/Utility

Anecdote: Tankless WH Retrofit

33

Site 3 (excluding vacations)

31 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1

January February March April May June

020

40

60

80

100

120

Wat

er U

se (

gal/d

ay)

AVG = 34.5 AVG = 32.8

31 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1

January February March April May June

0

50

100

150

Dra

w E

vent

s (n

o/da

y)

AVG = 52.3 AVG = 19.7

Same Use, Fewer Events

Anecdote: HPWHs & Resist Elements

34

DHW1 - 04/10/13 to 12/02/13

0 50 100 150 200

Hot Water Use (gal/day)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0C

onve

rsio

n E

ffici

ency

(-)

E lements ON

Ouch!

Anecdote: Multi-Family Use

35

30 40 50 60 70

Makeup Water Temperature (F)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120W

ater

Use

(ga

l/apt

-day

)

Constant (C) Demand (D) Temp Mod (TM) Both (D&TM)

Preliminary Conclusions• HW Use is about 40 gallons per day for 2 people, but:

– varies across the day– varies across the season– household size and behavior matter– significant day-to-day variations

• HW use is not an average profile, but a series of draw events (about 1 gal per draw)

• Draw events can significantly affect the performance of certain systems: HPWH & Solar

36

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

Tracie Hall, Executive Director

USGBC New York Upstate Chapter

727 East Washington Street

Syracuse, NY 13210

315-729-9067