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• Early Battles– Chester Nimitz• Commander of U.S. Navy in the Pacific

– Douglas MacArthur• Commander of troops in the Philippines

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• The Fall of the Philippines– American and Filipino forces badly outnumbered – Roosevelt orders MacArthur to abandon the area

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• Bataan Death March– 78,000 prisoners forced to march 65 miles

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• Americans Bomb Japan– Roosevelt wanted to raise American morale – James Doolittle, commander• Mission: bomb Tokyo (“The Doolittle Raid”)• Sixteen B-25s loaded onto aircraft carrier Hornet• April 18, 1942: American bombs fall on Japan for first time

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• The Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942)– U.S. had ‘cracked’ Japanese secret codes– Learned of planned raid on Midway– U.S. forces ambush Japanese attack• Japanese navy loses four large carriers • 3,057 dead

– Turning point of the war

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• U.S. steps up efforts in Europe– “two-front war” (Pacific and Europe)– U.S. and Great Britain decide to attack the

“periphery” (edges) of German empire • Focus on Morocco and Algeria

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• Battle of the Atlantic– German submarines sink 360 Americans ships– U.S. Navy sets up “Convoy System”• Cargo ships escorted by warships

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• Battle of Stalingrad– Hitler plans to take Stalingrad• Key port city in Russia• Russian troops forbidden to retreat • German soldiers forced to fight house-to-house• Germany put on defensive for rest of war