USING GIS TECHNOLOGY TO ASSIST WITH SERVICE...

USING GIS TECHNOLOGY TO ASSIST WITH SERVICE DELIVERY – A CASE STUDY OF POVERTY INVENTORY MAPPING ACROSS TWO

DISTRICT MUNICIPLITIES: CAPRICORN & GREATER SEKHUKHUNE IN LIMPOPO

Ray Pillay

Faculty of Sciences, Health &AgricultureDepartment of Geography & Environmental Studies

University of Limpopo: Turfloop Campus Email: [email protected]

PRESENTATION OVERVIEWA Brief Introduction;Poverty & Social Poverty on the World Scale vsSSA and SA;The Location of the Research Study Area; Aims & Objectives;Research Methodology Employed; CAC and GIS as tools in social poverty mappingand Service delivery;Mapping Poverty Variables: Inter alia: UE, Telephone, Water, Electricity & Sanitation; Discussion of Results; and Concluding Remarks and the Way Forward.

A Brief look at Poverty Prevalence on the World Scale vs SSA & SA

Of the 6 billion people in the world, 2.9 b live on less than US$ 2 a day, while 1.2 b live on less than US$ 1 a day;

On average, 45 to 50 percent of Sub-Saharan Africans live below the poverty line;

In S. Africa approx 44% (i.e. 20,59m of 46,8m) (Stats, 2005) live below the poverty line.

Certainly a Distressing situation and a huge Challenge to us all.

State of Poverty on a World Scale (Cont)

Health and sanitation services are falling behind demand in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa;

Further substantiated by an average infant mortality rate of 93 per 1,000 (9.3%) (SA) (Nyadzani, 2004).

WHO ARE THE POOR & WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED? (e.g. within

CDM & SDC) To take action one needs to understand who the poor are and where do they actually live with regard to area & category of social poverty dictum?

Poverty Maps are important tools to help identify and locate poor areas & populations using HDI values & other basic-need indicators.

WHAT IS POVERTY?• In line with the UN dev reports: “Poverty is the

denial of opportunities & choices most basic to human development to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, with freedom, dignity, self-esteem and respect from others”

• There are many facets of poverty, eg. Social, political, psychological and material to name a few. With regard to Social innovation within the broad CPSI program this study address the mapping of social poverty indicators like sanitation & electricity across CDM & SDM within the Limpopo Province.

What is Poverty ? (Cont)• Although house hold expenditure (Y dep) is an

important component of Social poverty other variables that relate to household & individual expenditure are, inter alia:– access to: clean water, electricity, proper

sanitation, telephone facility, unemployment, income, proper housing and education – to name a few.

• This research effort examines some social services & access to them across 11 local municipalities (5 in Capricorn DC and 6 in Sekhukhune DC) (Fig 1 & 2).

Fig. 1 Location of the 9 provinces in SA within the context of SADC

Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free State

North West

Western Cape

Limpopo Province

KwaZulu-Natal

Mpumalanga

Lesotho

Gauteng

Swaziland

400 0 400 800 Kilometers

South Africa

Namibia

Mozambique

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Lesotho

Swaziland

N

Provinces (9 in S. Africa)

Source: SA Explorer, ver 2001Cartography: R. Pillay, January 2006Email: [email protected]

Projection: Guss Conformal, CM 29 Clark 1880, Spheroid.Production Date: January 2006Map Production: Dynamic Mapping

Fig 2 The spatial distribution of the DCs within The Limpopo Province

WHO & WHICH CATEGORY MAKES UP THE GROUPINGS OF THE

POOR?• Groups likely to be engulfed by poverty (in

particular social poverty) include inter alia, the ff:– The rural poor;– Female-headed households;– People with disabilities;– The elderly;– Retrenched or evicted farm workers;– Aids orphans & households with HIV/AIDS

sufferers;– Cross-border migrants, and – The ‘street homeless’.

A Geographical Sense of the Physical Environmental setting of some of the poor within

the study area(Photo: Sekhukhune DC, Limpopo 2003)

• The hilly terrain with no proper infrastructure;

• No proper access to facilities and services as base infrastructure like roads, EskomElectricity, and Telkom Telephone Usage & Piped Water supply is not yet in place;

• Such facilities are guaranteed to the rich (middle class) and taken for granted;

• Yet the poor must grapple with, the lack of this, on a daily basis.

Fig. 4 CAPRICORN DM & ITS LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES

Blouberg [NP351]

Polokwane [NP354]

Molemole [NP353]

Lepelle-Nkumpi [NP355]

Aganang [NP352]

C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shpNP351NP352NP353NP354NP355

N

CAC Map depicting the 5 LM across the Capricorn District Municipility (CDM)


SCENARIO SKETCH: LIMPOPO Limpopo is ranked as one of the poor provinces in South Africa;The 2 DM’s (CDm & SDM) have alarming pockets of poverty that needs addressing, esp in THEIR Rural Areas;Of the 5,6 m (2005) people living in LP, 85% live in rural areas where the poverty cycle is relatively High; With 55% of the 2,1 m living in Capricorn DM are rural based.Sekhuhune DC has a pop of 912 901 & is the poorest DC in Limpopo while Capricorn DM has 2, 13m persons (i.e H/Hold: 208 190) and is the more developed DC.

AIMSThe aims of the research effort is three fold:

1) To map Social poverty levels across DM of Capricorn & Sekhukhune in Limpopo using CAC & GIS Technologies;

2) To show WHERE ARE the dire state of necessary services &/or facilities LACKING. E.g. access to Water, Sanitation, Electricity & Telephone Usage as crucial contributors to the poverty scourge, as measured by HDI & base indicators across these 2 DM’s, and

3) To simplify this research effort and re-package it in a language that municipalities can understand, interpret and implement in the local IDP planning portfolios to provide further social and basic services to the many poor who are still without these services in this 21st century.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1)To access population statistics across DCs;2)To access unemployment levels across DCs;3)To access sanitation facilities across DCs;4)To access the water type facilities & availability;5)To access the use of electricity against gas &/or

candles across DCs;6)To access the use & availability of Telephones; &7)To map the accumulative impact of social

poverty indicators & its ensuing patterns across the two study areas: Capricorn & Sekhukhune.

Motivation of the study

• First, importance of this research is to help the province as a whole both the literate and the illiterate to be aware of Social Poverty that is prevailing in their District/s .

• Second, to highlight those facilities which are lacking around the local municipalities and how to improve them.

• Third, to summarize the social DM Poverty Report for Local Municipalities so that they can implement some of the recommendations in the annual IDP programs and improve services delivery and the livelihoods of the local populus to reduce the social poverty debacle, substantially, by 2010.

MethodologySpatial & attribute data from a meso-macro

survey undertaken in S Africa (Stats SA, 2001 & SA Explorer, 2002) was imported into ArcView GIS.

A base map with relevant topographic information was computed using ESRI (2001) data and a SA Spatial Data Set (SA Explorer, 2002).

From the above 2 data sets separate choroplethicmaps were computed for six Social Poverty Indicator Variables: Sanitation, Water, Electricity, Telephones, Unemployment & Population to depict the accumulative social poverty ranking across the DC’s.

WHAT & WHY CAC MAPPING AS A TECHNIQUE?

• CAC refers to Computer-assisted Cartography;

• One has three optional methods in mapping quantitative attribute values with reference to areas using the ff techniques:– the isoplethic, – choroplethic, and– dasymetric.

A CAC Methodology

Greater Tubatse [CBLC5]

Greater Groblersdal [CBLC4]

Makhudutamaga [NP03A2]

Greater Marble Hall [CBLC3]

Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp0% - 0%0% - 10.1%10.1% - 10.7%10.7% - 22.7%22.7% - 26.1%26.1% - 30.4%

90 0 90 Kilometers

Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Nata l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 5.1 Choroplethic map depicting Under 15 Year Olds as a % of the Total Population acrocc SDC

Source: SA Explorer, ver. 2.01, 2002Cartography: R. Pillay Email: [email protected]

Production Date: October 2006 Map Production: CACGIS Lab, UL

Under 15 yr Olds

A Social poverty index mapping using choroplethic mapping technique via a GIS functionality was used as it was found to be most representative of an area class mapping functionality, e.g. =>

CHOROPLETHIC MAPPING USING CAC FUNCTIONALITY

• ChoroplethicMappingwas found to depict areas of a particular social poverty indicator e.g. paraffineusage most clearly according to LM’s within DM’s & its individual percentages





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 15201521 - 19071908 - 59565957 - 65466547 - 9821

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor thern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free State

North West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Natal

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 9.2 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Paraffine Usage as a form of Electricity across SDC



Paraffine Usage

Methodology (Cont)Access to infrastructure, availability of

natural resources, and distribution of transport and communications facilities allowed for a further comparison of Poverty Indicators that requires further research.

ArcView GIS was used to manipulate the Social Data set comprising the 5 variables: Water, Sanitation, Electricity, Telephone & Unemployment.

Why GIS as An Innovation towards S POVERTY MAPPING

• As a computer based tool GIS Technology integrates common d/base operations with the unique Visualization & Geographic Analysis possibilities through Maps e.g. Poverty Maps.

• Thus it becomes valuable to a wide range of public & private enterprise for ia: predicting outcomes, planning strategies & MAPPING POVERTY Indicators to arrive at certain decisions. Thus a GIS is a Decision Making Tool.

Composition & Workings of a GIS• A GIS stores information about

the world as a collection of thematic layers;

• These layers are linked together by geography;

• As a powerful & versatile concept a GIS has been invaluable for solving many real world problems;

• E.g. tracking delivery vehicles to recording details of planning applications, to mapping poverty indicators.

Components of GIS

• GIS constitutes of five key components:

Data

Procedures

Software People

HardwareGIS

Geography is a Geography is a ““keykey””

GIS Integrates All Data Types including

Poverty Data

Land use/Land coverLand use/Land cover

Environmental Data Environmental Data Raster imageryRaster imagery

Roads/InfrastructureRoads/Infrastructure

Tap Water Tap Water InrastructureInrastructure

Poverty Indicators Poverty Indicators

Real WorldReal World

Some of Poverty Variables used in this study include the

following:Population;Unemployment;Water (Tap, Borehole, Tanker, No Supply);Sanitation (Flush Toilets, Pit Latrines, Bucket system and No Toilets);Electricity (Eskom, Gas, Paraffin, Candles, None); andCommunications (Telephone) (Main Dwelling, Neighbour’s Tel, Public Tel, No Access).

POPULATION ATTRIBUTES • Three key attributes that stand out in Population

studies are:– Population Processes, – Population variables, and– Indicators

• Population Processes Population variables– Fertility - Size– Mortality - Distribution– Migration - Composition

– Lets briefly examine one Processes vizFertility

FERTILITY & POVERTY

• Fertility refers to the No. of Children born to women;

FR is associated with national economic dev. & consequently attitudes to family size.

• Why is it important to look at Fertility? Fertility is intrinsically linked to Poverty;As a variable POVERTY has a direct impact on Fertility via nutrition, standard of living, HDI - how fertile young ladies are to have children etc.

What is the Fertility situation Sekhukhune DC?

FERTILITY & F/RATE• FR IN THE Greater Sekhukhune DM

– FR is the (Ratio of) No. of women of Child-bearing age to the No. of children under 5 yrs old express > ff:

• No. of Children under 5 yrs old x 1 000• No of women aged 15 - 50 • 123 636 x 1 000• 296 961 • SDC at 416,33 per 1 000 (41.63%) records a high FR;

– FR is associated with national economic dev. & consequently attitudes to family size. The HDI for the SDC was pegged at approx 0.375 (2005).

CHOROPLETH MAP DEPICTING UNDER 15 CHILDREN ACROSS

CDM & SDM





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp0% - 0%0% - 10.1%10.1% - 10.7%10.7% - 22.7%22.7% - 26.1%26.1% - 30.4%

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor the rn Ca pe

Ea stern Cape

Free State

Nor th We st

Wes tern Cap e

Limpopo

KwaZulu-Na tal

Mp umalang a

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

BotswanaMo zambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Swazila nd

N

EW

S

Fig. 5.1 Choroplethic map depicting Under 15 Year Olds as a % of the Total Population acrocc SDC



Under 15 yr Olds

Blouberg [NP351]

Polokwane [NP354] 163 947 (36.64%)

Molemole [NP353]43 339(9.69%)


Aganang [NP352]

C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp4339943400 - 6744567446 - 7197271973 - 100702100703 - 163947

N


Choropleth Map depicting the > 15 Children across the Capricorn District Municipility (CDM)

UNEMPLOYMENT VS POVERTY

• Unemployment is quite high in SDC with the highest unemployed occurring in the LM of Makhudutamaga.

• Comparatively UE in CDM is tagged at 106 353;• But Job creation does not have much impact on

poverty as the poor are often not the recipients of the new jobs that are created, due to lack of skills & poor education (Servaas, 2006).

UNEMPLOYMENT ACROSS CDM & SDM ((Highest UE in Makhudutamaga

is pegged @ approx 25-30%))





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp0% - 0%0% - 10%10% - 10.2%10.2% - 24.4%24.4% - 25.1%25.1% - 30.2%

90 0 90 Kilometers

Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free State

North West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Natal

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

BotswanaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Lesotho

Swaziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 7.1 Choroplethic map depicting Unemployment as a % of the Total Population acrocc SDC



% Unermployed

Blouberg [NP351]12 607

Polokwane [NP354] 44 931

Molemole [NP353] 9 703

Lepelle-Nkumpi [NP355] 25 049

Aganang [ NP352] 14 063

Total No of H/Holds = 208 190 across the CDM (2001, Stats)SA) Rep. 23% of LP Total Population

C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp97039704 - 1260712608 - 1406314064 - 2504925050 - 44931

N

Choroplethic Map depicting the Levels of Unemployment acros 5 LM in the CDM


Attribute of Skilled Personnel (CDM)

Blouberg [NP351]Skilled P: 1101

Molemole [NP353]Skilled P:3554

Aganang [NP352]

Skilled P: 429

Polokwane [NP354]Skilled P: 2753


Skilled P: 879

Skilled personnel.shp429430 - 879880 - 10101011 - 27532754 - 3554


Limpopo Pr ovince

Mpumalanga

North W est

Gauteng

Free StateNorthern Cape

Western Cape

Eastern Cape

KwaZ ulu-Natal

N

Capricorn District: Skilled Personnel

Legend

Cartographer: Phasha M.G.Source: UL CAC Lab, SA ExplorerProduction date: 08 May 2008

Skilled

NP 351

NP 352

NP 353

NP 354

NP 355

The Question on SERVICES vs POVERTY

Can the present facilities and services in the CDC & SDC also provide for the ever growing increase in Patient Care for example what would happen if there is a substantial increase in HIV/AIDS suffers?

SOCIAL SERVICES





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp34 - 12151216 - 17831784 - 24442445 - 45604561 - 4749

90 0 90 Kilometers

Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Natal

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 6.1 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Social Services as a % of the Total Population acrocc SDC



Social Services

FACILITIES VS POVERTY

• What is the situation with Facilities like access to Health Care, Public Telephones, Water, Sanitation etc across SDM & CDM.

• Accumulatively they impact on the poverty cycle in the SDM & CDM.

The Question of SERVICE DELIVERY

Service delivery is multidimensional and varies in scale and context with the rural poor (e.g. the Sekhukhuneinhabitants) face DIFFERENT challenges to those in Urban Areas (Capricorn inhabitants).

POVERTY ESTIMATION & MEASUREMENT

TECHNIQUES Ways of estimating poverty:

Monetary Poverty is expressed in economic terms, andHuman Poverty relies on social indicators and social exclusion broadly implies marginalization.

To that extent this presentation will attempt to map poverty levels using a case study vizCDM & SDM using social indicators as measured by their HDI Values.

Telecommunications Usage

• Access to a Public Telephone, to their neighbour’s telephone to call a Doctor when poor people are sick or for that matter dying of a terrible illness.

Choroplethic Maps depicting the access to Public Telephones across

SD & CD





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 30533054 - 93809381 - 1179711798 - 1585915860 - 16297

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor thern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Nata l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 8.1 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Public Telephone Services acrocc SDC



Public Telephones

Blouberg [NP351]10 600(10.90%)

Polokwane [NP354] 40 506 (41.67%)

Molemole [NP353]


Aganang [NP352]

C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp1060010601 - 1329313294 - 1524515246 - 1756717568 - 40506

N

Public Tel

Choroplethic Map depicting the Usage of Public Telephones across 5 LM for the Capricorn District Municipility (CDM)


Choroplethic Maps depicting No Access to Public Telephones across

SD & CD





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 42334234 - 1175211753 - 1255212553 - 2099520996 - 22504

90 0 90 Kilometers

Northe rn Cape

Eastern Cape

Free Sta te

North West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Nata l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gau teng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 8.3 Choroplethic map depicting the level of No Access to Telephone usage acrocc SDC



No Telephone Access

Blouberg [NP351]11 483


Molemole [NP353] 5 2 44


Aganang [ NP352] 6 907


C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp52445245 - 69076908 - 97979798 - 1148311484 - 14124

N


Choroplethic Map depicting the Levels of No Access to Telephones across 5 LM in CDM

Water Usage





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp12 - 108109 - 306307 - 318319 - 397398 - 3076

90 0 90 Kilometers

Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Natal

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 10.2 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Tanker Usage as a form of Water supply across SDC



Tanker Usage

Choroplethic Maps depicting the level of

Tanker Usage as a Form of Water Supply across SD & CD

Blouberg [NP351] 376

Polokwane [NP354] 544

Molemole [NP353] 134


Aganang [ NP352] 243


C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp134135 - 243244 - 376377 - 544545 - 1007

N

Choroplethic Map depicting the Levels of Tanker Usage as a means of Water Supply acros 5 LM in the CDM






Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp12 - 108109 - 306307 - 318319 - 397398 - 3076

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor thern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Nata l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 10.2 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Tanker Usage as a form of Water supply across SDC



Tanker Usage

Water Usage

• Lepelle Nkumpi a LM in CDC has the highest usage of Tanker water supply, Tap water is of a much lower usage.

• While with the SDC, the Greater Groblersdal LM has the highest Tanker water usage. Water on tap is still needed by many of the local municipal residents in GGLM.

Electricity Usage

Greater Tubatse [CBLC5][2 449 - 8 610]

Greater Groblersdal [CBLC4][12 260 - 29 332]



Fetakgomo [NP03A3] [7 - 2 448]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp67 - 24482449 - 86108611 - 1225912260 - 29332


Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free State

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Nata l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

Fig. 3.3 Choroplethic map depicting Electricity Facilities per local municipalities

Source: SA Explorer, ver 2001 Dynamic Mapping, August 2005 Cartography: Ray Pillay,10/2005Email: [email protected]


ESKOM ELECTRICITY

• Electricity supplied by Eskom is done separately, per municipality, and this service is largely fragmented across South Africa.

• Eskom is, as yet, unable to supply a unified, unfragmented electricity network across all municipalities.

• Demand, is thus, in part, not accurately measured and fairly regular power cuts have occurred across different municipalities.

Choroplethic Maps depicting the level of

Candles Usage as a Form of Electricity across SD & CD

Blouberg [NP351]


Molemole [NP353] 10 584


Aganang [ NP352] 243


C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp1058410585 - 1112211123 - 1821618217 - 2096920970 - 39972

N


Choroplethic Map depicting the Use of Candles as a form of Lighting across 5 LM in the CDM





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 59855986 - 83918392 - 1045910460 - 2644126442 - 26958

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor thern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free State

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Natal

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 9.3 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Candles Usage as a form of Electricity across SDC



Candles Usage

FIRE WOOD FOR ELECTRICITYPicture of a Rural area in SDC ( 2006)

• Children in Rural areas still collect fire wood for, interalia:

– Heating;– Cooking;– Boiling

Water for Washing & other domestic Use.

Sanitation Usage





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp34 - 105106 - 12891290 - 17211722 - 2920


Nor the rn Ca pe

Ea ste rn Ca pe

Free Sta te

Nor th We st

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Na ta l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gau teng

So ut h Af rica

Bo tsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw azila nd

N

Fig. 3.1 Choroplethic map depicting Flush Toilet Facilities per local municipalities

Source: SA Explorer, ver 2001 Dynamic Mapping, August 2005 Cartography: Ray Pillay & Minah Thabang,10/2005Email: [email protected]



Greater Groblersdal [CBLC4][26 565 38 751)



Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp56 - 1048510486 - 1558315584 - 2656426565 - 38751


Northern Cape

Easte rn Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Nata l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gau teng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw azila nd

N

Fig. 4.1 Choroplethic map depicting the use of Pit Latrines as a form of Sanitation across LM



Choroplethic Maps depicting the level of Bucket Usage as a Form of

Sanitation across SD & CD


Greater Groblersdal [CBLC4][186 - 265)



Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 9091 - 163164 - 185186 - 265


Northern Cape

Easte rn Cape

Free State

North West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Na ta l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

Fig. 4.3 Choroplethic map depicting the use of Bucket system as a form of Sanitation : LM



Blouberg [NP351]

Polokwane [NP354] 344

Molemole [NP353]


Aganang [ NP352] 54


C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp5455 - 9899 - 152153 - 275276 - 344

N

Choroplethic Map depicting the Scale of Bucket Latrine Usage as a means of Snitation Supply across 5 LM in the CDM


SANITATION AND HEALTH

• This type of facility is not Healthy at all and is a threat to Healthy living.

• To use the Pit Latrine and the Bucket system in the 21st century is certainly an enditement to a persons living standard & his constitutional right to basic needs & services.

• Disease is increased with this type of services.

• This fans the POVERTY debacle in the SDC & CDM.

GEOGRAPHY & SOCIAL SCIENCE

• The science of Geography is fundamental to Social & health Isues;

• As disease & POVERTY is influenced largely by where people live;

• GIS has been operative in parts of the sub-discipline of Economic, Social & Medical Geography.

HEALTH CARE IN SDC & CDC

• The embattled health care system in SDC & CDM emanates from : – Growing population (esp. RP);– Severe resource constraints;– Poor to a developing health care &

Health Information Systems (HIS);– Steadfast progression of HIV/AIDS; – As seen by the ff HIV/AIDS Prevalence

using CAC/GIS Technology

Northern Cape

Eastern Cape

Free State

North West

Western Cape

Northern Province

KwaZulu-Natal

Mpumalanga

Lesotho

Gauteng

Provincial.shpEastern CapeFree StateGautengKwaZulu-NatalLesothoMpumalangaNorth WestNorthern CapeNorthern ProvinceWestern Cape

Aids 2001.shp0% - 0%0% - 6.6%6.6% - 9.5%9.5% - 14%14% - 15.4%

500 0 500 1000 KilometersSouth Africa

Namibia

Mozambique

Botswana

Zimbabw e

Lesotho

Swaziland

NHIV/AIDS prevalence across the Republuc of South Africa 2001

Source: CAC GIS Lab, ULCartographer name: Thabang SMProduction date: October 2005

#

#

#

Locator map

HEALTH CARE IN SDC & CDM

– All this portrays a relatively bleak H/C scenario for the 21st century in both of the research Areas, unless Sector Innovation via a GIS technology can be secured.

IS there CHRONIC POVERTY Prevailing in SDC & CDM?

• Research on livelihood profiles of poor people in selected areas of South Africa suggested strong links between vulnerability and chronic poverty (De Swart, et al).

• Poor are at a risk of being caught in deeply entrenched poverty traps involving reinforcing & cascading cycles of vulnerability & impoverishment.

• For the SDC & CDM research areas –this still needs to be looked into!

The Poorest LM in SDC• A look at five Local Municipalities within one

of the study areas (SDC) & comparing 4 pressing facilities i.e. Pit Latrines as Toilets, No Access to Telephones, Borehole Water supply & Paraffine Usage as electricity showed that Makhudutamaga is the poorest LM followed by Greater Tubatse and thereafter closely by Greater Groblersdal.

A look at 4 Facilities: Pit Latrines, NoTelAccess, Borehole Water & Paraffine Usage

across SDC





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 42334234 - 1175211753 - 1255212553 - 2099520996 - 22504

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor thern Ca pe

Eastern Cape

Free State

Nor th We st

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Na tal

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 8.3 Choroplethic map depicting the level of No Access to Telephone usage acrocc SDC



No Telephone Access





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp12 - 10691070 - 22572258 - 45044505 - 45334534 - 4798

90 0 90 Kilometers

Nor thern Cape

Easte rn Cape

Free State

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Natal

Mp umala nga

Les otho

Gaute ng

Sout h Af rica

Bo tsw anaMozambique

Zimba bwe

Les oth o

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 10.3 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Borehole Usage as a form of Water supply across SDC



Borehole Usage





Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp01 - 15201521 - 19071908 - 59565957 - 65466547 - 9821

90 0 90 Kilometers

Northern Cape

Easte rn Cape

Free Sta te

Nor th West

Wes tern Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu -Natal

Mpumalanga

Lesotho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Lesotho

Sw aziland

N

EW

S

Fig. 9.2 Choroplethic map depicting the level of Paraffine Usage as a form of Electricity across SDC



Paraffine Usage


Greater Groblersdal [CBLC4][26 565 38 751)



Fetakgomo [NP03A3]

CBDMA3C_munic.shp

CBDC3

Theme1.shp56 - 1048510486 - 1558315584 - 2656426565 - 38751


Northern Cape

Easte rn Cape

Fr ee State

Nor th West

Wes ter n Cape

Limpopo

Kw aZulu-Na ta l

Mpumalanga

Les otho

Gauteng

Sout h Af rica

Botsw anaMozambique

Zimbabwe

Les otho

Swaziland

N

Fig. 4.1 Choroplethic map depicting the use of Pit Latrines as a form of Sanitation across LM



Most Worse SI Poverty Scenario:CDM

Blouberg [NP351]28 033(13.47%)

Polokwane [NP354] 85 506 (41.07%)

Molemole [NP353]22 683(10.90%)

Lepelle-Nkumpi [NP355] 44 399 (21.33%)

Aganang [ NP352]27 569(13.24%)


C_munic.shpDC35

Theme2.shp2268322684 - 2756927570 - 2803328034 - 4439944400 - 85506

N

House Houlds most worse off

Choroplethic Map depicting the No of House Holds Most Worse of regarding the combination of No Toilet + No Access to Tel + No Sanitation + Use of Candles as Electricity + Use of Natural (stream) Water

across 5 LM for the Capricorn District Municipility (CDM)

100 0 100 Kilometers

In Closing - What needs to be done?

1) Poverty reduction policies and the redistribution of economic benefits with local authorities need to be re-innovated – i.e. Public Sector Innovation! DM need to know WHO THE POOR ARE & WHERE DO THEY LIVE?2) Using CAC & GIS techniques poverty maps can serve as dynamic tools to help identify & locate poor areas & their populations & more importantly to show the degree of social need (i.e. access to inter alia W, S, E, T) at a micro-meso scale.3) Moreover, the emerging patterns & geo-spread of Social poverty across different economic areas within these two DM’s may provide some guidelines to the possible trend that the poverty line would take over the next four year cycle.4) This however, must be met with appropriate clinical, educational & social programs to secure some control or curtailment on the geographical spread of poverty across DM’s, as depicted by this research exercise with CDM & SDC by 2009/10. 5) Finally & most importantly we need to simplify this research re-package it & make them available to DM’s so that their Municipal Managers can implement such suggestions with regard to increasing the provision of, & access to, inter alia, tap water, flush toilet facilities, eskom electricity supply and telephone usage to these communities.6) But most importantly we need to work together with these poor groupings & be able to address 2 main issues:– 1) Technical capacity/know how to the LM & for the LM, but most

importantly together with the LM; and – 2) Foundation or seed money to get the job done timeously..

A Challenge to Limpopo delegates, in particular, but not excluding other LMInnovation must start some where!

I believe it needs to start with Training and Development.

It is my sincere call to delegates to forge links with university academia and university academia to forge links with the Public Servants with regard to capacity building programs and new innovative ways to enhance service delivery and help better build true capacity to municipalities, communities and individuals that would collectively help towards public service delivery and efficiency.

THANK YOU!

Questions are welcome!

Partnerships are encouraged with Univ of Limpopo and LM across South Africa!

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