Using System SoftwareChapter 5

Announcements

Chapter 5 Homework Windows 7 Homework

Objectives

System Software Categories of Operating Systems (OS) OS’s role in:

Providing user interaction Managing the processor Managing memory Managing hardware Interacting with application software Starting the computer

Desktop & window features OS’s role in keeping the desktop organized Utility Programs

System Software: The OS

Controls all computer functions: Hardware, Processor, Memory, Peripherals

Manages how applications run on the CPU Provides user interface such as desktop, icons, an

menus

System Software: Utilities

Utilities: Software that performs “housekeeping” tasks Backup Security Diagnostics Recovery Optimization

Operating System Categories Four primary categories of operating systems:

Single-User, Single Task MS-DOS

Single-User, Multi-Task Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Linux

Multi-User (Network Operating System) Microsoft Windows Server, Linux, Unix

Real-time (RTOS): Embedded System Found in cars, instruments, tools

Real-Time Operating Systems Systems with a specific purpose and a certain result Uses include:

Automobiles Printers VoIP phones Medical devices Appliances Robotic equipment

Multi-User Operating Systems Known as “Network Operating Systems” Allow access to the computer system by more than

one user Manage user requests Systems Include:

Linux UNIX Windows Server IBM z/OS

UNIX

Multi-User, Multi-Task operating system Used primarily with mainframes Also found in PCs Vendors can modify the code

Hewlett-Packard HP/UX Sun Solaris IBM AIX

Mainfames & Supercomputers Other computers utilizing multi-user operating

systems Mainframes

Handle requests from hundreds and thousands of users simultaneously

Supercomputers Used by scientists and engineers

Smartphones

Do more than let the user make and answer phone calls

Have productivity features like web browsing, e-mail, multimedia, cameras, etc.

Example: Android, iPhone, Windows Phone, Blackberry

Desktop Operating Systems

An operating system combined with a processor is known as a platform Microsoft Windows & Intel/AMD Apple Mac OS & Motorola/Intel

Application software is OS specific, not platform specific

Microsoft Windows

Multi-user, multi-tasking OS Windows 8 is the newest version Features

Increased functionality User-friendliness Improved Internet capabilities Enhanced privacy and security

Mac OS

First commercially available OS with point & click technology (GUI) Graphical User Interface

Excellent in: Graphics Processing System reliability File backup

Based on Linux OS Fewer applications available vs. Windows Much more expensive (2x-4x)

Linux

Open source operating system Based on UNIX Extremely stable May be downloaded for free! Can be modified by anyone to meet any need Runs on PCs, phones, MP3 players, multimedia

systems, servers, cars, etc..

What the OS does

Provides a user interface Manages the CPU Manages memory and storage Manages hardware and peripheral devices Coordinates application software with the CPU

The User Interface

Enables you to interact with the computer Types of interfaces:

Command-line Interface Menu-driven Interface Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Command Line Interface

Menu Driven Interface

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Processor Management

Controls the timing of events the processor works on Multitasking Interrupts Interrupt Handler Interrupt Table Stack

Multitasking

The OS controls the execution of instructions on the CPU

Decides when each application is allowed to run and for how long Assigns each process a slice of time (time slice) and

switches between each process rapidly (measured in milliseconds).

The ability to do multiple things at once (or appear to do so) is called Multitasking.

Interrupts

Some functions of the computer must be handled immediately Mouse Keyboard Audio Printer

When an “Interrupt Request” is made by these devices, the CPU stops executing programs and takes care of the needs of the device

Stack

Last In, First Out (LIFO) Common sense analogy: A stack of paper OSs and CPUs use stacks to remember how to get

back to where it was after processing an interrupt Stack Operations:

Peek: Take a look at what is on top of the stack without removing it

Pop: Remove and process the top item Push: Place a new item on the stack

OS Architecture

32-bit Architecture Each instruction is up to 32 bits long Each location in memory is exactly 32 bits long Can use up to 4GB of RAM

64-bit Architecture Each instruction is up to 64 bits long Each location in memory is exactly 64 bits long Can use up to 512GB of RAM

Correction to book: Systems with more than 4GB of RAM feature a 64-bit version of

Windows Systems with more than 4GB of RAM must use a 64-bit operating

system to make use of extra memory.

Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM has limited capacity Running multiple programs at one time requires

more RAM Operating System consumes RAM

Windows Vista: 1.5GB Windows 7: 1GB Windows 8: 512MB (possible to use less)

Virtual Memory

Instructions and data are stored on the hard drive when RAM is full Swap file Paging Thrashing

Hardware and Peripheral Device Management Device drivers

Programs that enable the operating system to communicate with peripheral devices

Provided by the manufacturer of the device Plug & Play

Hardware and software standard Facilitates the installation of new hardware

Software Application Coordination Application programming interfaces (APIs)

Blocks of code contained in the OS Coordinate the OS with software applications

Similar toolbars and menus Example:

Microsoft DirectX OpenGL

The boot process Basic Input Output

System (BIOS) is activated

A Pre-Operating System Test (POST) checks attached hardware

The OS loads into RAM

Configuration and customization settings are checked

BIOS

POST

OS

Starting the Computer

Handling Errors in the Boot Process Safe Mode

Windows does not boot properly Try rebooting Uninstall any new devices or software

Press F8 after the POST and before the Windows Logo appears. Can be tricky, sometimes helps to press repeatedly

until safe mode menu appears.

The Windows 7 Desktop

Start Button

All Programs

Recycle Bin

SystemTray

ControlPanel

Documents

Desktop

Task Bar

Start Menu

The Windows 8 Start Screen

Icons

Switch to Desktop

The Windows 8 Desktop

SystemTray

Desktop

Task Bar

Recycle Bin

The Mac iOS Start Screen

Icons

Task Bar

The Mac iOS Desktop

Trash

Settings

System Tray

Apple Menu Application

Menu

Desktop

Task Bar

The Linux (Ubuntu) Desktop Desktop

System Tray

ApplicationMenu

Task Bar

Trash

WindowsTitle Bar

Control Box(Min, Max,

Close)

Ribbon

Zoom

Document View

Side by Side Stacked Cascading Flip 3D Snap

Viewing Windows

File Management

The operating system provides an organizational structure for the computer’s contents

Hierarchical structure of directories: Drives

Folders Subfolders

Files

Windows Libraries

File Management

Quick Links

Libraries

Files & Folders

Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Many views available

Large Icon view Extra Large Icon view Tiles view Details view List view Small & Medium Icon views

File Name ExtensionsExtension Type of

DocumentApplication

.doc Word processing Microsoft Word 2003

.docx Word processing Microsoft Word 2007+

.xlsx Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007+

.pptx Presentation Microsoft PowerPoint 2007+

.pdf Portable Document Adobe Acrobat

.txt Text Notepad/Wordpad

.jpg Image Paint

.gif Image Paint

.bmp Image Paint

.zip Compressed File(s) File Explorer

Naming Files

The file extension determines which application will open the file by default

File name includes the name of the file plus an extension

Up to 255 characters Names/Extensions ma not include the following

characters: “ / \ * ? < > | :

Mac* and Windows file names are not case sensitive Linux file names are case sensitive and do not use

extensions*It is possible to enable Mac file name case sensitivity.

The File Path

Describes the location of the file

Working with Files

File management actions Open Copy Move Rename Delete

Recycle Bin / Trash

Utility Programs

Small programs that perform special functions Manage System Resources (Task Manager) Create a pleasant environment (Explorer) Improve Efficiency (Defragment)

Display Utilities

Change the appearance of: Desktop Background Screen Savers Window Colors

Add or Remove Programs

Installation Wizard Uninstall Wizard

Programs should uninstalled, deleting can cause errors

File Compression Utilities

Reduce the size of a file Make it easier and faster to send files over the

Internet Work by replacing repeating segments with a short

placeholder.

Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files

Choose the files to be deleted Downloaded program files Temporary Internet Files Offline Web Pages Recycle Bin

Disk Defragmenter: Speeds up access to files

Error Checker: Check for lost/damaged files

Task Manager: Check on nonresponsive programs

System Maintenance Utilities

System Restore

Restores system settings to a specific date Restore utility will describe what was installed and

when (Windows 8)

System Backup

Backup Creates a copy of the hard drive to another storage

device Task Scheduler

Runs selected utilities automatically

Ease of Access Center Centralized location

for assistive technology

High Contrast Magnifier On-screen keyboard Windows speech

recognition

Accessibility Utilities