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2009-12
Using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer and Light Weight Deflectometer for Construction Quality Assurance
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipients Accession No. MN/RC 2009-12 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
February 2009 6. Using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer and Light Weight
Deflectometer for Construction Quality Assurance 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.
John Siekmeier, Cassandra Pinta, Scott Merth, Julie Jensen, Peter Davich, Felipe Camargo, Matthew Beyer
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 11. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No.
Office of Materials and Road Research Minnesota Department of Transportation 1400 Gervais Ave. Maplewood, Minnesota 55109
(c) LAB860
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Minnesota Department of Transportation 395 John Ireland Boulevard, Mail Stop 330 St. Paul, Minnesota 55155
15. Supplementary Notes http://www.lrrb.org/PDF/200912.pdf 16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
Specification target values for granular materials and fine grained soils are proposed. For granular material, the grading number and field moisture content are used to select the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) and light weight deflectometer (LWD) target values. A sieve analysis is used to determine the grading number and an oven dry test to determine the field moisture content. For compacted fine grained soil, the plastic limit and field moisture content are used to determine the target values. The plastic limit is used to classify the soil and to estimate the optimum moisture content for compaction. This report also provides further standardization of the LWD and DCP testing procedures and recommends three seating drops to ensure greater uniformity during testing.
The DCP and LWD estimate the strength and modulus of compacted materials. More specifically, they measure the penetration and deflection. When measuring penetration and deflection, the moisture content remains a critical quality control parameter for all compaction operations. Therefore, the moisture content needs to be measured, or estimated confidently, at each location. The LWD and DCP are performance related construction quality assurance tests that are expected to: increase compaction uniformity, lower life cycle pavement costs, increase inspector presence at the construction site, improve documentation, and increase inspector safety and productivity.
17. Document Analysis/Descriptors 18. Availability Statement Dynamic cone penetrometer, light weight deflectometer, in situ testing, pavement foundations, construction quality assurance, compaction, performance related specifications
No restrictions. Document available from: National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Virginia 22161
19. Security Class (this report) 20. Security Class (this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 244
Using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer and Light Weight Deflectometer for Construction Quality Assurance
Final Report
Prepared by
John Siekmeier Cassandra Pinta
Scott Merth Julie Jensen Peter Davich
Felipe Camargo Matthew Beyer
Office of Materials and Road Research
Minnesota Department of Transportation
February 2009
Published by
Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services Section
395 John Ireland Boulevard, MS 330 St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-1899
This report represents the results of research conducted by the authors and does not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Minnesota Department of Transportation. This report does not contain a standard or specified technique. The authors and the Minnesota Department of Transportation do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to this report. The authors and the Minnesota Department of Transportation do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to this report.
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7.2 Granular Target Values......................................................................................... 37
7.3 Fine Grained Target Values .................................................................................. 39
7.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 47
References ................................................................................................................................... 48
Appendix A: Analysis of LWD Energy Distribution Appendix B: Analysis of LWD Load Estimation for Granular Material Appendix C: Analysis of LWD Load Estimation for Fine Grained Soil Appendix D: Influence of LWD Drop Height on Force, Deflection, and Modulus Appendix E: Using the Plastic Limit to Estimate Optimum Moisture Content Appendix F: Commentary of LWD Loading Method Appendix G: DPI versus Depth Charts for Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Tests Appendix H: Select Granular and Granular Material Data Appendix I: Fine Grained Soil Data Appendix J: Modified DCP Procedure 2005-06 Appendix K: Field Data Sheets Appendix L: Construction Site Analysis of Target Values
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Size
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0
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30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Log (Sieve Size [mm])
Perc
ent P
assi
ng [%
]
DNFHJKLO
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Log (Sieve Size [mm])
Perc
ent P
assi
ng [%
]
MnROAD Duluth Red Wing Red Lake Falls
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#C!
)-".+%/&;&1&:)<&('/&9%$%5+&=/"*4$"/&"*3&=/"*4$"/&>"+%/6"$,&&!!7"#! ,%&14&&%(5!!D;&'&!R;);!6(5;!'(!050G*[;!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G&!4&%53!0!,-."!!DQ;!';&'%53!R0&!@);<()A;6!K*!H5],VD!056!<%)&'!050G*[;6!<()!'Q;!,0M%1Q!et al.Z!+PPB!);@()'"!!DQ);;!6%<<;);5'!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!&0A@G;&!R;);!';&';6"!!DQ;!'Q);;!&0A@G;&!1(5&%&';6!(<!&0A@G;!,S!R%'Q!0!G(R!0A(45'!(<!@;)1;5'!<%5;&Z!&0A@G;!I$T!R%'Q!0!Q%3Q!0A(45'!(<!@;)1;5'!<%5;&Z!056!&0A@G;!U8V!R%'Q!05!%5';)A;6%0';!0A(45'!(<!@;)1;5'!<%5;&"!!DQ;!6;&1)%@'%(5&!056!@);@0)0'%(5!(<!'Q;!';&'!&0A@G;&!%&!;L@G0%5;6!%5!-Q0@';)!+"!
!X!&'0560)6!H5],VD!,-.!aXJDH!,!BO=#fP7b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a,.Nb!%&!'Q;!6;@'Q!'Q0'!'Q;!,-.!')0M;G&!@;)!6)(@!aH5],VD!&'0560)6!%&!14));5'G*!'Q);;!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&!<()!033);30';!K0&;!056!<%M;!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G&b"!!X5!;L0A@G;!(<!'Q;!6;@'Q!M;)&4&!'Q;!,.N!@;)!;01Q!6)(@!%&!6%&@G0*;6!%5!I%34);!7"#!aA();!);&4G'&!105!K;!M%;R;6!%5!X@@;56%L!Fb"!!DQ%&!<%34);!&Q(R&!'Q0'!'Q;!<%)&'!<;R!6)(@&!Q0M;!3);0';)!@;5;')0'%(5!64;!'(!'Q;!451(5<%5;6!A0';)%0G!1G(&;!'(!'Q;!&4)<01;"!
!
I%34);!7"#"!!J0A@G;!,.N!M;)&4&!6;@'Q!@G('!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80
DPI [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
DN5_A_4.99 DN5_B_5.07 DN5_C_5.17DN05_A_4.81 DN05_B_5.22 DN05_C_5.28
#E!
,-.!60'0!<)(A!'Q;!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!R0&!050G*[;6!%5!()6;)!'(!1(A@0);!Q(R!;&'%A0';&!(<!'Q;!A0';)%0G&`!A(64G4&!R;);!0<<;1';6!K*!'Q;!54AK;)!(<!&;0'%53!6)(@&!056!'Q;!;?40'%(5!4&;6!'(!10G14G0';!'Q;!,.N"!!DQ;!A(64G4&!R0&!<%)&'!10G14G0';6!4&%53!'Q;!H5],VD`&!&'0560)6!(<!<%)&'!@;)<()A%53!'R(!&;0'%53!6)(@&!056!'Q;5!10G14G0'%53!'Q;!,.N!4&%53!'Q;!);06%53&!<)(A!'Q;!5;L'!<%M;!6)(@&"!!N5!'Q;!&;1(56!A;'Q(6Z!'Q;!A(64G4&!R0&!10G14G0';6!R%'Q!'Q;!R;%3Q';6!0M;)03;!(<!'Q;!<%M;!6)(@&Z!RQ%1Q!<(GG(R;6!'Q;!'R(!&;0'%53!6)(@&"!!DQ;&;!'R(!A;'Q(6&!R;);!<(456!'(!@)(641;!&%A%G0)!);&4G'&!K;104&;!(<!'Q;!&A0GG!M0)%0'%(5!%5!'Q;!@;5;')0'%(5!@;)!6)(@"!!DQ;);<();Z!RQ;5!;&'%A0'%53!'Q;!0M;)03;!A(64G4&!%'!%&!5('!5;1;&&0)*!'(!R;%3Q'!'Q;!0M;)03;!4&%53!'Q;!6;@'Q!(<!@;5;')0'%(5!@;)!6)(@"!!DQ;!A(64G4&!R0&!0G&(!10G14G0';6!K*!0M;)03%53!'Q;!<%M;!6)(@&!'Q0'!<(GG(R;6!'Q);;!&;0'%53!6)(@&"!!DQ%&!R0&!1(A@0);6!'(!'Q;!A(64G4&!);&4G'&!4&%53!(5G*!'R(!&;0'%53!6)(@&"!!DQ;!1(A@0)%&(5!);&4G';6!%5!0!&%35%<%105'!%51);0&;!(<!A(64G4&!M0G4;&"!!DQ%&!%51);0&;!%5!A(64G4&!%&!M%&%KG;!%5!'Q;!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!64;!'(!'Q;%)!G012!(<!1(A@01'%(5!056!1(5<%5;A;5'!5;0)!'Q;!&4)<01;"!!DQ;);<();Z!%'!%&!06M%&0KG;!'(!4&;!'Q);;!&;0'%53!6)(@&!R%'Q!3)054G0)!A0';)%0GZ!0&!%&!6(5;!64)%53!'Q;!89,!@)(1;64);"!!X!1(A@0)%&(5!(<!'Q;&;!A(64G4&!;&'%A0';&!R%'Q!);&@;1'!'(!'Q;!&'0560)6!0M;)03%53!(<!'Q;!<%M;!6)(@&!0<';)!&;0'%53!%&!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);!7"+"!
!
I%34);!7"+"!!><<;1'&!(<!&;0'%53!6)(@&!056!R;%3Q'%53!(5!'Q;!,.N!!
y(4-8) = 1.207x - 3.68R2 = 0.9533
y(Weighted 3-7) = 1.029x - 2.76R2 = 0.9325
y(3-7) = xR2 = 1
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
30 35 40 45 50 55 60Modulus (2 seating & 5 drops) [MPa]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
Weighted Drops 3-7 Drops 4- 8 Drops 3- 7
#O!
DQ;!,.N!A;0&4);A;5'&!105!K;!4&;6!'(!;&'%A0';!'Q;!A(64G4&!(<!0!&(%G"!!$(R;M;)Z!%'!%&!A();!1(AA(5!'Q0'!(5G*!'Q;!,.N!M0G4;&!0);!10G14G0';6"!!I%34);&!7"7^7"=!6%&@G0*!'Q;!;<<;1'&!(<!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!'Q;!0M;)03;!,.N!M0G4;&!<()!'Q;!';&';6!&0A@G;&"!!!
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!7"7"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!,S!!
+P!
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!7":"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!I$T!!!
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!7"="!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!U8V!
+#!
DQ;!A(64G%!R;);!;&'%A0';6!4&%53!'Q;!,.N#!M0G4;!(K'0%5;6!<)(A!>?40'%(5!#"B"!!I%34);&!7"B^7"E!0);!@G('&!1(A@0)%53!'Q;!A(64G4&Z!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'Z!056!'Q;!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(<!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G"!!!!!
25!
30!
35!
40!
45!
50!
55!
60!Modulus [MPa]!
!I%34);!7"B"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!,S!!!
!
++!
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!7"C"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!I$T!!
!
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!7"E"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!U8V!
+7!
X&!@);&;5';6!%5!I%34);&!7"7^7"=Z!'Q;!A0';)%0G!R;02;5&!0&!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!%51);0&;&!056!'Q;);<();Z!K('Q!'Q;!@;5;')0'%(5!056!,.N!%51);0&;"!!J%A%G0)G*Z!I%34);&!7"B^7"E!&Q(R!'Q0'!0&!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!%51);0&;&Z!'Q;!A0';)%0G!R;02;5&!056!'Q;!A(64G4&!6;1);0&;&"!!N5!0GG!'Q);;!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!'Q;);!%&!0!&466;5!6)(@!%5!&');53'Q!056!A(64G%!0)(456!5%5;'*!@;)1;5'!(<!'Q;!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'"!!DQ%&!%&!A();!5('%1;0KG;!%5!'Q;!I$T!&0A@G;!aI%34);!7"Cb!'Q05!%'!%&!%5!'Q;!,S!&0A@G;!aI%34);!7"Bb!()!'Q;!U8V!&0A@G;!aI%34);!7"Eb"!!DQ;!);G0'%(5&Q%@!K;'R;;5!'Q;!A(64G%!056!'Q;!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!%&!5('!0&!1G;0)!64;!'(!'Q;!G%A%';6!)053;!(<!6;5&%'*!';&';6!aOOo!'(!###o!(<!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!6;5&%'*Z!D0KG;!+"+b"!!DQ;!A(64G%!&Q(R!0!&G%3Q'!%51);0&;!0&!'Q;!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!%51);0&;&!(5!'Q;!I$T!&0A@G;!aI%34);!7"Cb!056!&0A@G;!U8V!aI%34);!7"Eb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
+:!
)-".+%/&?&8&@A:&('/&9%$%5+&=/"*4$"/&"*3&=/"*4$"/&>"+%/6"$,&!!:"#! ,%&14&&%(5!!DQ;!89,!R0&!4&;6!'(!';&'!'Q;!&0A;!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!a,SZ!I$TZ!056!U8Vb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
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!:"#"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!,S!
+=!
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!:"+"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!<()!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!I$T!!!
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!:"7"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!U8V!!!!
+B!
I%34);&!:"#^:"7!%GG4&')0';!'Q0'!'Q;!A(64G%!(<!'Q;!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G&!0);!%5<G4;51;6!K*!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5"!!DQ;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!Q0&!0!&')(53!%5<G4;51;!(5!'Q;!A(64G4&!056!'Q;!A(64G4&!%51);0&;&!0&!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!6;1);0&;&"!!DQ;!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!0G&(!%5<G4;51;&!'Q;!A(64G4&!(<!'Q;!3)054G0)!A0';)%0GZ!K4'!'(!0!A41Q!G;&&;)!6;3);;!<()!'Q;!50))(R!)053;!(<!6;5&%'%;&!011;@'0KG;!64)%53!)(06!1(5&')41'%(5"!!!:"+! -(51G4&%(5!!DQ;!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!3)060'%(5!Q0M;!0!&%35%<%105'!%5<G4;51;!(5!'Q;!89,!A;0&4);6!A(64G%"!!DQ;);<();Z!89,!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!105!K;!;&'%A0';6!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G&!4&%53!'Q;!&0A;!A;'Q(6!0@@G%;6!'(!'Q;!,-.!a3)06%53!54AK;)!056!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'b"!!N'!%&!0G&(!);1(AA;56;6!'Q0'!'Q);;!&;0'%53!6)(@&!K;!4&;6!64)%53!89,!';&'%53!@)%()!'(!'Q;!'Q);;!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&"!!
+C!
)-".+%/&B&1&:)<&('/&C6*%&=/"6*%3&9'6$,&!!="#! ,%&14&&%(5!!DQ;!<(GG(R%53!%&!0!<4)'Q;)!050G*&%&!(<!,-.!A;0&4);A;5'&!()%3%50GG*!@);<()A;6!(5!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!K*!JR;5&(5!et al.Z!+PPB"!!N5!()6;)!'(!3;'!0!)053;!(<!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&Z!<(4)!&0A@G;&!R;);!1(GG;1';6!<)(A!01)(&&!'Q;!&'0';!(<!H%55;&('0"!!DQ;&;!G(10'%(5&!R;);!H5WVX,!aG(0AbZ!,4G4'Q!a1G0*bZ!W;6!9%53!a&%G'bZ!056!W;6!802;!I0GG&!a&%G'*!1G0*b"!!.G;0&;!&;;!-Q0@';)!+!<()!A();!%5<()A0'%(5!0K(4'!'Q;!6;&1)%@'%(5!056!@);@0)0'%(5!(<!'Q;&;!&(%G!&0A@G;&"!!!X!H5],VD!&'0560)6!,-.!aXJDH!,!BO=#^P7b!R0&!4&;6!'(!1(GG;1'!'Q;!60'0!<()!'Q%&!&'46*"!!DQ;!,-.!4&;6!Q06!0!+P!AA!6%0A;';)!);@G01;0KG;!1(5;!'%@Z!0!=C=!AA!6)(@!Q;%3Q'Z!056!05!E!23!<0GG%53!A0&&"!!X&!@0)'!(<!'Q;!,-.!@)(1;64);Z!'R(!&;0'%53!6)(@&!<(GG(R;6!K*!<%M;!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&!R;);!'02;5"!!J%51;!'Q;!&(%G!%&!G;&&!1(5<%5;6!5;0)!'Q;!&4)<01;Z!'Q;!,-.!R0&!0KG;!'(!@;5;')0';!<4)'Q;)!@;)!6)(@Z!A02%53!'Q;!<%)&'!'R(!6)(@&!45);G%0KG;"!!I%34);!="#Z!0!6%03)0A!(<!'Q;!,-.!@;5;')0'%(5!%56;L!a,.Nb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
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
A_1_102.3_97.7 A_1_75.4_99.2 A_1_71.5_93.5A_2_102.3_97.7 A_2_75.4_99.2 A_2_71.5_93.5
!I%34);!="#"!!J0A@G;!,.N!M;)&4&!6;@'Q!@G('!
+E!
DQ;!,.N!);&4G'&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G!0);!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);&!="+^="=!%5!1(A@0)%&(5!'(!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!'Q;!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5"!!!
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!="+"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!H5WVX,!!
+O!
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!="7"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!,4G4'Q!!!
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!=":"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!W;6!9%53!!!
7P!
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!="="!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!W;6!802;!I0GG&!!!\&%53!'Q;!@)(1;&&!6;&1)%K;6!%5!-Q0@';)!#Z!'Q;!,-.!A(64G4&!%&!;&'%A0';6!4&%53!'Q;!,.N"!!DQ;!,-.!A(64G4&!(<!'Q;!&(%G!%5!;01Q!(<!'Q;!';&'&!R0&!10G14G0';6!056!1(A@0);6!'(!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!'Q;!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5"!!DQ;&;!1(A@0)%&(5&!0);!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);&!="B^="O"!!
7#!
Modulus [MPa]
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
!I%34);!="B"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!H5WVX,! !
!
Modulus [MPa]
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
!I%34);!="C"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!,4G4'Q!
7+!
Modulus [MPa]
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
!I%34);!="E"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!W;6!9%53!!!
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!="O"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!,-.!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!W;6!802;!I0GG&!!
77!
X&!@);&;5';6!%5!I%34);&!="+^="=Z!'Q;);!%&!0!R%6;!)053;!(<!0M;)03;!,.N!M0G4;&!M0)*%53!<)(A!=!'(!CP!AA]6)(@"!!X&!;L@;1';6Z!0&!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!%51);0&;&Z!'Q;!,.N!%51);0&;&!0&!R;GG"!!I%34);&!="B^="O!%GG4&')0';!'Q0'!0&!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!6;1);0&;&!<)(A!E=!'(!=P!@;)1;5'Z!'Q;!A(64G4&!%51);0&;&!<)(A!+=!'(!+7P!H.0"!!DQ%&!105!K;!;L@G0%5;6!K*!45&0'4)0';6!&(%G!A;1Q05%1&!'Q;()*!aF4@'0!et al.,!+PPCb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
7:!
)-".+%/&D&1&@A:&('/&C6*%&=/"6*%3&9'6$,&!!B"#! ,%&14&&%(5!!DQ;!<(GG(R%53!%&!0!<4)'Q;)!050G*&%&!(<!'Q;!89,!';&'%53!(<!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!K*!JR;5&(5!et al.Z!+PPB"!!I(4)!&(%G!&0A@G;&!<)(A!01)(&&!H%55;&('0!R;);!4&;6!'(!);@);&;5'!0!)053;!(<!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&"!!DQ;&;!G(10'%(5&!R;);!H5WVX,!aG(0AbZ!,4G4'Q!a1G0*bZ!W;6!9%53!a&%G'bZ!056!W;6!802;!I0GG&!a&%G'*!1G0*b"!!.G;0&;!&;;!-Q0@';)!+!<()!A();!6;'0%G;6!%5<()A0'%(5!(5!'Q;!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G!6;&1)%@'%(5!056!@);@0)0'%(5"!!!X!.)%A0!#PP!89,!R0&!4&;6!<()!'Q%&!&'46*"!!N'!Q06!0!A0&&!(<!#P!23!056!0!@G0';!6%0A;';)!(<!+P!1A"!!I()!;01Q!&@;1%A;5Z!<%M;!6)(@&!R;);!@;)<()A;6!0'!'Q);;!6%<<;);5'!6)(@!Q;%3Q'&_!#PZ!=PZ!056!OP!1A!a'R(!&;0'%53!6)(@&Z!<(GG(R;6!K*!'Q);;!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&b"!!N5!'Q%&!050G*&%&Z!'Q;!A(64G4&!<()!;01Q!(<!'Q;!&@;1%A;5&!R0&!10G14G0';6!4&%53!M0G4;&!<)(A!0!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!(<!=P!1AZ!0&!);1(AA;56;6!K*!/;*;)!et al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
!!
Modulus [MPa]
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
!I%34);!B"#"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!H5WVX,!
7=!
Modulus [MPa]
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
!I%34);!B"+"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!,4G4'Q!!!
Modulus [MPa]
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
!I%34);!B"7"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;!W;6!9%53!
7B!
Modulus [MPa]
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
!I%34);!B":"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
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
7C!
)-".+%/&E&1&!"/F%+&G"$4%,&"*3&)'*5$4,6'*&!!DQ;!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5!aH5],VDb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a,.Nb!%&!1(AA(5G*!4&;6!K;104&;!%'!%&!0!6%);1'!A;0&4);A;5'!(<!Q(R!<0)!'Q;!,-.!@;5;')0';&!@;)!6)(@"!!J%A%G0)G*Z!'Q;!89,!6%);1'G*!A;0&4);&!'Q;!6;<G;1'%(5!(<!0!@G0';!64;!'(!'Q;!%A@01'!(<!0!<0GG%53!A0&&"!!DQ;);<();!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!<()!'Q;!,-.!056!'Q;!89,!0);!K0&;6!(5!'Q;!,.N!056!'Q;!6;<G;1'%(5!);&@;1'%M;G*"!!!C"+! F)054G0)!D0)3;'!e0G4;&!!DQ;!3)06%53!54AK;)!056!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!0);!4&;6!'(!&;G;1'!'Q;!0@@)(@)%0';!'0)3;'!M0G4;!<()!1(A@01';6!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G"!!X!&%;M;!050G*&%&!%&!4&;6!'(!6;';)A%5;!'Q;!3)06%53!54AK;)!056!05!(M;5!6)*!';&'!()!);03;5'!';&'!%&!'*@%10GG*!@;)<()A;6!'(!6;';)A%5;!'Q;!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'"!!DQ;!3)06%53!54AK;)!%&!'Q;!&4A!(<!'Q;!@;)1;5'03;&!(<!@0)'%1G;&!@0&&%53!;01Q!&%;M;Z!0&!6;&1)%K;6!%5!X@@;56%L!T"&&
7E!
y = 12.0xy = 9.5x
y = 8.0x
y = 8.1x
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10DCP [drops/10 cm] or [drops/4 inches]
LWD
and
DC
P M
odul
i [M
Pa]
10100DPI [mm/drop]
LWD Dynatest Target Modulus
DCP Spec DPI Target CSIR Modulus
LWD Zorn Target Modulus
Mr LSU 2007
Linear (LWD Dynatest Target Modulus)
Linear (DCP Spec DPI Target CSIR Modulus)
Linear (LWD Zorn Target Modulus)
Linear (Mr LSU 2007)
50 33 25 17 14 1 1120
I%34);!C"#"!!,-.!056!89,!A(64G4&!1(A@0)%&(5!!!D0KG;!C"#!@)(M%6;&!,.N!056!89,!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!011()6%53!'(!0!A0';)%0G`&!3)06%53!54AK;)!056!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!6;)%M;6!<)(A!I%34);!C"#"!!DQ;!A(64G%!<()!'Q;!,*50';&']U;)(&!89,!R;);!10G14G0';6!4&%53!>?40'%(5!#"E!4&%53!0!.(%&&(5`&!)0'%(!(<!P"7=!056!0!@G0';!)%3%6%'*!(<!P"CO!a,0M%1Q!et. al.Z!+PPBbZ!RQ;);0&!'Q;!g()5!89,!Q0&!'Q;&;!'R(!1(5&'05'&!&;'!K*!'Q;!A054<01'4);)!a.(%&&(5`&!)0'%(!(<!P"=!056!0!@G0';!)%3%6%'*!(<!#"Pb"!!DQ%&!6%<<;);51;!K;'R;;5!'Q;!'R(!89,&!Q0&!0!6%);1'!0<<;1'!(5!'Q;!10G14G0';6!A(64G%"!!/;104&;!0GG!(<!'Q;!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!';&'%53!1(5')%K4';6!'(!'Q%&!);@()'!4&;6!'Q;!,*50';&']U;)(&!A(6;GZ!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!<()!'Q;!g()5!R;);!;&'%A0';6!4&%53!0!1(5M;)&%(5!<01'()!(<!P"BC"!!I()!1(A@0)%&(5Z!'Q;!H)!8J\!A(64G%!&Q(R5!0);!;&'%A0';6!<)(A!'Q;!,.N!4&%53!0!);G0'%(5&Q%@!K0&;6!(5!05!;L';5&%M;!G0K()0'()*!056!<%;G6!';&'%53!@)(3)0A!(<!&4K3)06;!&(%G&!aH(Q0AA06!et. al"Z!+PPCb"!!N5!()6;)!'(!0M(%6!'Q;!;L')0!A(64G4&!10G14G0'%(5&!056!0&&(1%0';6!0&&4A@'%(5&Z!0!K;'';)!(@'%(5!%&!'(!Y4&'!1(A@0);!'Q;!6;<G;1'%(5!A;0&4);6!K*!'Q;!g()5!89,!'(!0!6;<G;1'%(5!'0)3;'!M0G4;"!!X!);?4%);A;5'!<()!'Q%&!0@@)(01Q!%&!'Q0'!'Q;!%A@01'!<()1;!A4&'!K;!&@;1%<%;6!R%'Q%5!0!);G0'%M;G*!'%3Q'!'(G;)051;!K;104&;!'Q;!6;<G;1'%(5!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!0);!6;@;5605'!(5!'Q;!<()1;!0@@G%;6"!!.G;0&;!&;;!X@@;56%L!,!<()!0!6%&14&&%(5!(5!'Q;!%5<G4;51;!(<!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!a<()1;b!(5!6;<G;1'%(5"!!.G;0&;!5(';!'Q0'!H5],VD!%&!14));5'G*!%A@G;A;5'%53!0!?40G%'*!0&&4)051;!&*&';A!K0&;6!(5!6;<G;1'%(5!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!)0'Q;)!'Q05!A(64G4&!'0)3;'&"!!!!!
7O!
D0KG;!C"#"!!,-.!056!89,!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!<()!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G&!Grading Number
Moisture Content
Target DPI
Target DPI Modulus
CSIR
Target LWD Modulus Dynatest
Target LWD Modulus
Zorn
Target LWD Deflection
Zorn GN % mm/drop MPa MPa MPa mm
5 - 7 10 97 120 80 0.38 7 - 9 12 80 100 67 0.45 3.1-3.5
9 - 11 16 59 75 50 0.60 5 - 7 10 97 120 80 0.38 7 - 9 15 63 80 53 0.56 3.6-4.0
9 - 11 19 49 63 42 0.71 5 - 7 13 73 92 62 0.49 7 - 9 17 55 71 47 0.64 4.1-4.5
9 - 11 21 44 57 38 0.79 5 - 7 15 63 80 53 0.56 7 - 9 19 49 63 42 0.71 4.6-5.0
9 - 11 23 40 52 35 0.86 5 - 7 17 55 71 47 0.64 7 - 9 21 44 57 38 0.79 5.1-5.5
9 - 11 25 37 48 32 0.94 5 - 7 19 49 63 42 0.71 7 - 9 24 38 50 33 0.90 5.6-6.0
9 - 11 28 32 43 29 1.05 !! ! .G;0&;!&;;!X@@;56%L!T!<()!14));5'!,-.!&@;1%<%10'%(5!'0)3;'!M0G4;&! !! p! U;)(&],*50';&'!89,!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!0&&4A;! !l!P"7=Z!056!W!l!P"CO!! r! D0)3;'!89,!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!0&&4A;!<0GG%53!A0&&!l!#P!23Z!@G0';!6%0A;';)!l!+P!1AZ!056!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!l!=P!1A!! s! g()5!89,!'0)3;'!6;<G;1'%(5!M0G4;&!0&&4A;! !l!P"=Z!W!l!#Z!056!@;02!<()1;!l!B"+E!2S!);&4G'%53!%5!0!@;02!&');&&!(<!P"+!H.0!!!C"7! I%5;!F)0%5;6!D0)3;'!e0G4;&!!DQ;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!056!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!0);!4&;6!'(!6;';)A%5;!,-.!056!89,!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!RQ;5!;M0G40'%53!'Q;!1(A@01';6!1(56%'%(5!(<!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G!64)%53!;AK052A;5'!1(5&')41'%(5"!!N5!'Q%&!10&;Z!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!%&!4&;6!%5!@G01;!(<!'Q;!3)06%53!54AK;)!'(!1G0&&%<*!'Q;!&(%G"!!I()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&Z!0!&%;M;!050G*&%&!056!0!Q*6)(A;';)!';&'!0);!'%A;!1(5&4A%53"!!DQ;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'Z!(5!'Q;!('Q;)!Q056Z!%&!);G0'%M;G*!&%A@G;!056!Q0&!0!&411;&&<4G!Q%&'()*!(<!4&;!a/G012Z!#OB+Z!U;)&';5Z!#O::Z!JR05K;)3!056!$05&;5Z!#O:BZ!056!9((6&!056!8%';Q%&;)Z!#O7Eb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`&!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!056!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'"!!I()!;L0A@G;Z!0!&(%G!R%'Q!0!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!
:P!
(<!+P!'(!+:!@;)1;5'!Q0&!05!;&'%A0';6!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!(<!#=!'(!#O!@;)1;5'"!!9Q;5!'Q;!<%;G6!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!%&!C=!'(!CO!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'Z!'Q;!'0)3;'!,.N!%&!+#!AA]6)(@!056!0!'0)3;'!g()5!89,!A0L%A4A!6;<G;1'%(5!%&!#"B!AA"!!!
D0KG;!C"+"!!D0)3;'!,.N!056!89,!6;<G;1'%(5!M0G4;&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!Plastic Limit
Estimated Optimum Moisture
Field Moisture as a Percent of Optimum
Moisture
DCP Target DPI at Field
Moisture
Zorn Deflection Target at
Field Moisture minimum
Zorn Deflection Target at
Field Moisture maximum
[%] [%] [%] [mm/drop] [mm] [mm] 70-74 12 0.5 1.1 75-79 14 0.6 1.2
non-plastic 10-14 80-84 16 0.7 1.3 85-89 18 0.8 1.4 90-94 22 1.0 1.6 70-74 12 0.5 1.1 75-79 14 0.6 1.2
15-19 10-14 80-84 16 0.7 1.3 85-89 18 0.8 1.4 90-94 22 1.0 1.6 70-74 18 0.8 1.4 75-79 21 0.9 1.6
20-24 15-19 80-84 24 1.0 1.7 85-89 28 1.2 1.9 90-94 32 1.4 2.1 70-74 24 1.0 1.7 75-79 28 1.2 1.9
25-29 20-24 80-84 32 1.4 2.1 85-89 36 1.6 2.3 90-94 42 1.8 2.6 70-74 30 1.3 2.0 75-79 34 1.5 2.2
30-34 25-29 80-84 38 1.7 2.4 85-89 44 1.9 2.7 90-94 50 2.2 3.0
!!DQ;!&(%G&!';&';6!K*!JR;5&(5!et al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
:#!
6810121416182022242628303234363840424446
Average DPI[mm/drop]
!I%34);!C"+"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!0M;)03;!
,.N!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!!!
708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220230
Modulus [MPa]
!I%34);!C"7"!!><<;1'&!(<!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!);G0'%M;!1(A@01'%(5!(5!89,!
A(64G4&!M0G4;&!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!!!I%34);&!C"+!056!C"7!105!K;!%51);A;5'0GG*!&@G%'!%5'(!&;1'%(5&!6;<%5;6!K*!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!)053;&!056!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!&Q(R5!%5!D0KG;!C"+"!!!S(';!'Q0'!'Q;!89,!';&'%53!(<!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!6(14A;5';6!%5!'Q%&!);@()'!R0&!@;)<()A;6!R%'Q!0!.)%A0!#PP!A(6;G!89,"!!DQ0'!
:+!
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
15
20
25
30
Plastic Limit [%]
6567697173757779818385
Percent of Optimum Moisture Content [%]
Average DPI [mm/drop]
!!
I%34);!C":"!!XM;)03;!,.N!M;)&4&!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!
!!
:7!
X&!105!K;!&;;5Z!'Q;!1(5'(4)&!(<!I%34);!C":!0);!&(A;RQ0'!%));34G0)"!!DQ%&!%&!64;!'(!'Q;!<01'!'Q0'!'Q;);!%&!%5&4<<%1%;5'!60'0!%5!&(A;!);3%(5&!(<!'Q;!@G('"!!\&%53!I%34);!C":!0&!0!34%6;Z!I%34);!C"=!R0&!1);0';6!'(!;0&;!%A@G;A;5'0'%(5!056!@);M;5'!'Q;!A%&%5';)@);'0'%(5!(<!'Q;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&"!!X66%'%(50G!<%;G6!M;)%<%10'%(5!';&'%53!R%GG!K;!);?4%);6!'(!M0G%60';!056]()!A(6%<*!'Q;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!6;';)A%5;6!4&%53!I%34);!C"="!
!!
15
20
25
30
Plas
tic
Limit
[%]
65676971737577798183858789919395
Field Moisture as a Percent of Optimum Moisture Content [%]
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
42
This range to be validated with more testing
Target DPI [mm/drop]
!!
I%34);!C"="!!XM;)03;!,.N!&%A@G%<%;6!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!M;)&4&!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!
!!I%34);!C"=!%&!05!;<<%1%;5'!056!);G0'%M;G*!&%A@G;!A;'Q(6!(<!<()!;&'%A0'%53!,.N!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!(5!1(5&')41'%(5!&%';&"!!D(!6;';)A%5;!'Q;!,.N!'0)3;'!M0G4;!'R(!M0)%0KG;&!5;;6!'(!K;!6;';)A%5;6_!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!a<)(A!RQ%1Q!'Q;!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!%&!;&'%A0';6b!056!'Q;!<%;G6!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!aRQ%1Q!A4&'!K;!1(A@0);6!'(!'Q;!;&'%A0';6!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'b"!!N5!()6;)!'(!;&'%A0';!'Q;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!<()!'Q;!.)%A0!#PP!89,!A(64G4&Z!0!1(5'(4)!M;)&%(5!(<!I%34);!C"7!R0&!A06;"!!I%34);!C"B!%&!0!@G('!(<!'Q;!89,!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!M;)&4&!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!056!'Q;!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'"!!S(';!'Q;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);!C"B!0);!<()!'Q;!.)%A0!#PP!89,!A(6;G"!!X5!0@@)(@)%0';!1(5M;)&%(5!<01'()!R%GG!K;!5;;6;6!RQ;5!';&'%53!R%'Q!0!6%<<;);5'!'*@;!(<!89,"!!
::!
15
20
25
30Pl
asti
c Li
mit
[%]
6567697173757779818385
Percent of Optimum Moisture Content [%]
LWD Modulus [MPa]
!!
I%34);!C"B"!!89,!A(64G4&!M;)&4&!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!<()!!!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!
!!X&!105!K;!&;;5!%5!I%34);!C"BZ!'Q;!1(5'(4)&!(<!89,!A(64G%!0);!Q%3QG*!%));34G0)"!!I()!'Q%&!);0&(5Z!05('Q;)!<%34);!(<!89,!A(64G%!M0G4;&!R0&!1);0';6"!!I%34);!C"C!&Q(R&!A(64G%!M0G4;&!;&'%A0';6!<)(A!'Q;!,.N!M0G4;&!%5!I%34);!C":!4&%53!>?40'%(5!#"B"!!DQ%&!R0&!6(5;!%5!()6;)!'(!6;';)A%5;!%<!'Q;!');56&!(<!'Q;!'R(!<%34);&!3;5;)0GG*!03);;"!!S(';!'Q0'!M0G4;&!%5!I%34);!C"C!&Q(4G6!5('!K;!4&;6!0&!89,!A(64G4&!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!6%);1'G*!K;104&;!'Q;*!0);!6;)%M;6!<)(A!,-.!60'0Z!5('!89,!60'0"!!!!
:=!
15
20
25
30
Plas
tic
Limi
t [%
]
6567697173757779818385
Percent of Optimum Moisture Content [%]
Modulus [MPa]
!!
I%34);!C"C"!!,-.!A(64G4&!10G14G0';6!<)(A!,.N!M;)&4&!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!
!!DQ;!1(5'(4)&!(<!I%34);!C"C!&Q(R!');56&!&%A%G0)!'(!I%34);!C"BZ!Q(R;M;)!'Q;!A035%'46;!(<!'Q;!01'40G!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!%5!'Q;&;!<%34);&!6(!5('!03);;"!!DQ%&!%&!64;!'(!'Q;!<01'!'Q0'!I%34);!C"C!4&;6!';&'!60'0!<)(A!0!,-.!RQ%G;!I%34);!C"B!4&;6!';&'!60'0!<)(A!'Q;!.)%A0!89,"!!N5!&4AA0)*Z!'Q;!3;5;)0G!');56&!(<!I%34);!C"C!M0G%60';!'Q(&;!(<!I%34);!C"BZ!RQ%1Q!R0&!'Q;!%5';5'!(<!'Q%&!050G*&%&"!!!J%A%G0)!'(!'Q;!,-.!050G*&%&Z!&%A@G%<%;6!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!R;);!6)0R5!<()!K('Q!'Q;!A(64G%!;&'%A0';6!R%'Q!'Q;!,-.!056!.)%A0!89,"!!8%2;!'Q;!01'40G!60'0!1(5'(4)&!(<!I%34);&!C"B!056!C"CZ!%'!%&!;L@;1';6!'Q0'!RQ%G;!01'40G!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!K;'R;;5!'Q;!6;M%1;&!R%GG!K;!6%<<;);5'Z!'Q;!3;5;)0G!');56&!R%GG!K;!&%A%G0)"!!I%34);!C"E!&Q(R&!'Q;!&%A@G%<%;6!,-.!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!10G14G0';6!<)(A!'Q;!&%A@G%<%;6!,.N!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!<)(A!I%34);!C"=!4&%53!>?40'%(5!#":"!!I%34);!C"O!&Q(R&!'Q;!&%A@G%<%;6!89,!A(64G4&!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!6;)%M;6!<)(A!'Q;!1(5'(4)!G%5;&!(<!I%34);!C"B"!!
:B!
15
20
25
30
Plasti
c Li
mit
[%]
65676971737577798183858789919395
Field Moisture as a Percent of Optimum Moisture Content [%]
This range to be validated with more testing
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
DPI Modulus [MPa]
!!
I%34);!C"E"!!,-.!A(64G4&!10G14G0';6!<)(A!&%A@G%<%;6!,.N!M;)&4&!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!
!
220
200
180
160
140
120
15
20
25
30
Plastic
Limit [%
]
65676971737577798183858789919395
Field Moisture as a Percent of Optimum Moisture Content [%]
This range to bevalidated with more testing
LWD Target Modulus [MPa]
!!
I%34);!C"O"!!.)%A0!A(64G4&!&%A@G%<%;6!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!M;)&4&!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!056!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!
:C!
X&!105!K;!&;;5!<)(A!I%34);&!C"E!056!C"OZ!'Q;!3;5;)0G!');56!(<!'Q;!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!%&!&%A%G0)!<()!K('Q!6;M%1;&!;M;5!'Q(43Q!'Q;!A035%'46;!(<!'Q;!01'40G!M0G4;&!M0)%;&!3);0'G*"!!DQ%&!&Q(R&!'Q0'!RQ%G;!;01Q!6;M%1;!@)(641;&!45%?4;!M0G4;&Z!'Q;);!%&!0!);0&(50KG;!1());G0'%(5!K;'R;;5!'Q;A"!!!!C":! -(51G4&%(5!!DQ;!<%50G!@)(641'&!);&4G'%53!<)(A!'Q%&!);&;0)1Q!%A@G;A;5'0'%(5!@)(Y;1'!0);!'Q;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!<()!K('Q!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G&!056!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!&Q(R5!%5!D0KG;&!C"#!056!C"+"!!DQ;&;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!105!K;!4&;6!<()!?40G%'*!0&&4)051;!(<!45K(456!A0';)%0G&!64)%53!@0M;A;5'!<(4560'%(5!1(5&')41'%(5!R%'Q!A%5%A0G!M;)%<%10'%(5!0'!&@;1%<%1!@)(Y;1'!G(10'%(5&"!!N5!066%'%(5!'(!'Q;&;!'0)3;'!M0G4;&Z!<4)'Q;)!&'0560)6%[0'%(5!(<!'Q;!';&'%53!@)(1;64);&!<()!K('Q!89,&!056!,-.&!%&!%A@()'05'"!!DQ%&!R%GG!;5&4);!3);0';)!45%<()A%'*!K*!@;)&(55;G!1(5641'%53!'Q;&;!';&'&"!!-4));5'G*Z!'Q;!A;'Q(6!<()!(K'0%5%53!0!,.N!M0G4;!%&!M0)%;6Z!%5M(GM%53!6%<<;);5'!54AK;)&!(<!&;0'%53!6)(@&!056!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&"!!\&%53!'Q);;!&;0'%53!6)(@&!056!<%M;!'(!';5!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&Z!6;@;56%53!(5!'Q;!A0';)%0G!'*@;Z!%&!);1(AA;56;6!%5!'Q%&!);@()'"!!89,!';&'%53!%51G46;&!M0)%0'%(5&!0&!R;GG!056!'Q;!H5],VD!F)06%53!056!/0&;!&;1'%(5!%&!14));5'G*!6;<%5%53!'Q;!&;0'%53!6;@'Q!056!('Q;)!0&@;1'&!(<!'Q;!@)(1;64);!<()!%A@G;A;5'0'%(5!64)%53!'Q;!+PPO!1(5&')41'%(5!&;0&(5"!!DQ;!89,!6;M%1;!%&!14));5'G*!5(5^&'0560)6%[;6!50'%(50GG*Z!0GG(R%53!A054<01'4);)&!'(!6;M;G(@!6%<<;);5'!A(6;G&Z!RQ%1Q!@)(641;!6%<<;);5'!A;0&4);A;5'&"!!/;104&;!H5],VD!Q0&!6;1%6;6!'(!;&'0KG%&Q!@);6;';)A%5;6!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!%'!%&!5;1;&&0)*!'(!&;G;1'!0!&@;1%<%1!89,!&41Q!'Q0'!'Q;!K4<<;)!056!@G0';!&'%<<5;&&;&!0);!0G&(!1(5&'05'!0G(53!R%'Q!'Q;!&@;1%<%;6!<0GG%53!A0&&Z!@;02!<()1;Z!056!@G0';!6%0A;';)"!!!DQ%&!@)(Y;1'!G;M;)03;6!@);M%(4&!);&;0)1Q!&@(5&();6!K*!H5],VD!056!'Q;!8WW/"!V5;!@)%A0)*!);&(4)1;!R0&!);@()'!+PPB^+PZ!Validation of DCP and LWD Moisture Specifications for Granular MaterialsZ!RQ%1Q!M0G%60';6!'Q;!4&;!(<!,-.!056!89,!';1Q5(G(3*"!!DR(!('Q;)!&'46%;&!0G&(!6)0R5!4@(5!;L';5&%M;G*!'(!K;'';)!456;)&'056!'Q;!;<<;1'!(<!&(%G!A(%&'4);!(5!&'%<<5;&&!056!&');53'Q!R;);!);@()'&_!+PPB^+BZ!Moisture Effects on PVD and DCP Measurements!056!+PPC^##Z Pavement Design Using Unsaturated Soil Technology"!
N5!1(51G4&%(5Z!89,&!056!,-.&!&Q(4G6!K;!%A@G;A;5';6!A();!R%6;G*!%5!'Q;!&'0';!(<!H%55;&('0"!!DQ%&!&Q(4G6!K;!6(5;!4&%53!'Q;!&'0560)6%[;6!';&'%53!@)(1;64);&!056!'Q;!6;<%5;6!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!%5!'Q%&!);@()'!0&!);0&(50KG;!&'0)'%53!@(%5'&!<)(A!RQ%1Q!@)(Y;1'!&@;1%<%1!M;)%<%10'%(5!()!A(6%<%10'%(5!R(4G6!(114)"!!DQ;!);1(AA;56;6!'0)3;'!M0G4;&!%5!'Q%&!);@()'!0);!%5';56;6!'(!K;!;&'%A0';&!'Q0'!5;;6!'(!K;!M;)%<%;6!0&!0@@)(@)%0';!<()!&@;1%<%1!@)(Y;1'&"!!
DQ;!6)0<'!&@;1%<%10'%(5!@)(641;6!K*!'Q%&!@)(Y;1'!R%GG!K;!<4)'Q;)!);<%5;6!056!%51()@()0';6!%5'(!H5],VD`&!Standard Specifications, Grading and Base Manual, and Geotech and Pavement ManualZ!0&!R;GG!0&!'Q;!%5&@;1'()!056!';1Q5%1%05!1;)'%<%10'%(5!1G0&&;&!0G);06*!);?4%);6!<()!,-.!056!89,!4&;"!X&!'Q;!K;5;<%'&!(<!'Q;&;!';1Q5(G(3%;&!K;1(A;!%51);0&%53G*!0@@0);5'Z!A();!1(45'%;&Z!1%'%;&Z!056!1(5&4G'05'&!0);!;L@;1';6!'(!01?4%);!'Q;&;!'((G&"!
:E!
M%(%/%*5%,&!!XJDH!a+PPBb!Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using
Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600kN-m/m3))Z!XJDH!,!BOE^PP0Z!XA;)%105!J(1%;'*!<()!D;&'%53!056!H0';)%0G&Z!9;&'!-(5&Q(Q(12;5Z!.XZ!\JX"!
!XJDH!a+PPBb!Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of
SoilsZ!XJDH!,!:7#E^P=Z!XA;)%105!J(1%;'*!<()!D;&'%53!056!H0';)%0G&Z!9;&'!-(5&Q(Q(12;5Z!.XZ!\JX"!
!XJDH!a+PPCb!Standard Test Method for Measuring Deflections with a Light Weight
DeflectometerZ!XJDH!>!+=E7^PCZ!XA;)%105!J(1%;'*!<()!D;&'%53!056!H0';)%0G&Z!9;&'!-(5&Q(Q(12;5Z!.XZ!\JX"!
!XJDH!a+PP=b!Standard Test Method for Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Shallow
Pavement Applications, XJDH!,!BO=#^P7Z!XA;)%105!J(1%;'*!<()!D;&'%53!056!H0';)%0G&Z!9;&'!-(5&Q(Q(12;5Z!.XZ!\JX"!
!/;*;)Z!H"Z!I"!-0A0)3(Z!."!,0M%1QZ!056!-"!V`S;0G!a+PPCb!Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD)
User’s GuideZ!V<<%1;!(<!H0';)%0G&Z!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!H0@G;R((6Z!HSZ!\JX!aN5';)50G!,)0<'!W;@()'b"!
!/G012Z!9"."H"!a#OB+b!A Method of Estimating the California Bearing Ratio of Cohesive Soils
from Plasticity DataZ!F;(';1Q5%?4;Z!,;1;AK;), 1962"!!-0A0)3(Z!I"Z!/"!80)&;5Z!W"!W(K;)&(5Z!056!T"!J%;2A;%;)!a+PPBb!cN5';GG%3;5'!-(A@01'%(5_!X!
H%55;&('0!-0&;!$%&'()*Zd!.)(1;;6%53&Z!=:'Q!X5540G!\5%M;)&%'*!(<!H%55;&('0!F;(';1Q5%10G!-(5<;);51;Z!I;K)40)*!#CZ!+PPBZ!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
!,0&Z!/"H"!a+PP=b!Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, Second EditionZ!DQ(A&(5!-05060!
8%A%';6Z!D()(5'(Z!V5'0)%(Z!-05060"!!,0M%1QZ!."Z!I"!-0A0)3(Z!/"!80)&;5Z!W"!W(K;)&(5Z!056!T"!J%;2A;%;)!a+PPBb!Validation of DCP and
LWD Moisture Specifications for Granular MaterialsZ!W;@()'!S("!+PPB^+PZ!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
!IG;A%53Z!."W"Z!H"9"!I)(&'Z!056!T"."!80AK;)'!a+PPCb!Review of Lightweight Deflectometer for
Routine In Situ Assessment of Pavement Material Stiffness,!D)05&@()'0'%(5!W;&;0)1Q!W;1()6!S("!+PP:Z!D)05&@()'0'%(5!W;&;0)1Q!/(0)6Z!90&Q%53'(5Z!,"-"Z!\JX"!
!F;()3;Z!U"."!a+PPBb!Portable FWD (PRIMA 100) for In Situ Subgrade EvaluationZ!W;@()'!S("!
HJ^,VD^W,^PB^#COZ!H%&&%&&%@@%!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!T012&(5Z!HJZ!\JX"!!!F)06%53!056!/0&;!\5%'!a+PP+b!Grading and Base ManualZ!V<<%1;!(<!H0';)%0G&Z!H%55;&('0!
,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!H0@G;R((6Z!HSZ!\JX"!
:O!
F4@'0Z!J"Z!X"!W050%M(&(5Z!D"!>6%GZ!-"!/;5&(5Z!X"!J0R053&4)%*0!a+PPCb!Pavement Design Using Unsaturated Soil D;1Q5(G(3*Z!W;@()'!S("!+PPC^##Z!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
!$(<<A055Z!V"Z!/"!F4[%50Z!056!X"!,);&1Q;)!a+PP7b!Enhancements and Verification Tests for
Portable DeflectometersZ!W;@()'!S("!+PP7^#PZ!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
!U;)&';5Z!H"!J"!a#O::b!Progress Report of Special Project on Structural Design of Nonrigid
PavementsZ!.)(1;;6%53&Z!DR;5'*^I(4)'Q!X5540G!H;;'%53Z!$%3QR0*!W;&;0)1Q!/(0)6Z!90&Q%53'(5Z!,"-"Z!\JX"!
!8(12R((6Z!,"Z!e"H"."!6;!I)0510Z!/"!W%53R((6Z!056!H"!6;/;;)!a#OO+b!Analysis and
Classification of DCP Survey DataZ!D;1Q5(G(3*!056!N5<()A0'%(5!H0503;A;5'!.)(3)0AA;Z!-JNW!D)05&@()';2Z!.);'()%0Z!J(4'Q!X<)%10"!
!H(Q0AA06Z!8"S"Z!U"!F0&@0)6Z!X"!$;)0'QZ!056!H"!S0[[0G!a+PPCb!Comparative Evaluation of
Subgrade Resilient Modulus from Non-destructive, In Situ, and Laboratory MethodsZ!8(4%&%050!D)05&@()'0'%(5!W;&;0)1Q!-;5';)Z!/0'(5!W(43;Z!8XZ!\JX"!
!H((5;*Z!H"X"!056!."U"!H%GG;)!a+PPOb!Analysis of Light Weight Deflectometer Test Based on In
Situ Stress and Strain Response,!T(4)50G!(<!F;(';1Q5%10G!056!F;(;5M%)(5A;5'0G!>53%5;;)%53Z!e(G"!#7=Z!S("!+Z!XA;)%105!J(1%;'*!(<!-%M%G!>53%5;;)&Z!90&Q%53'(5Z!,"-"Z!\JX"!
!H((5;*Z!H"X"Z!-"J"!S(12&Z!U"8"!J;G6;5Z!F"D"!/;;Z!056!-"D"!J;5&;5;*!a+PPOb!Improving Quality
Assurance of MSE Wall and Bridge Approach Earthwork CompactionZ!W;@()'!S("!-,VD^+PPE^##Z -(G()06(!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!,;5M;)Z!-VZ!\JX"!
!S;R1(AKZ!,">"!056!/"!/%)3%&&(5!a#OOOb!Measuring In Situ Mechanical Properties of Pavement
Subgrade SoilsZ!S-$W.!J*5'Q;&%&!(<!$%3QR0*!.)01'%1;!W;@()'!+CEZ!S0'%(50G!X106;A*!.);&&Z!90&Q%53'(5!,"-"Z!\JX"!
!VA05Z!H"!a+PP:b!Advancement of Grading & Base Material Testing, V<<%1;!(<!H0';)%0G&Z!
H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!H0@G;R((6Z!HSZ!\JX"!!J(%G&!80K()0'()*!aT0540)*!#OO+!'(!,;1;AK;)!#OOEb!Minnesota Soil Tests.xlsZ!V<<%1;!(<!H0';)%0G&Z!
H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!H0@G;R((6Z!HSZ!\JX"!!JR05K;)3Z!T"$"!056!-"-"!$05&;5!a#O:Bb!Development of a Procedure for the Design of Flexible
BasesZ!.)(1;;6%53&Z!DR;5'*^&%L'Q!X5540G!H;;'%53Z!$%3QR0*!W;&;0)1Q!/(0)6Z!90&Q%53'(5Z!,"-"Z!\JX"!
!JR;5&(5Z!T"!S"Z!/"!F4[%50Z!T"!80K4[Z!056!X"!,);&1Q;)!a+PPBb!Moisture Effects on PVD and DCP
MeasurementsZ!W;@()'!S("!+PPB^+PZ!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
=P!
e;550@4&0Z!.!056!,"!9Q%';!a+PPOb!%5!@);&&Z!Comparison of Light Weight Deflectometer Measurements for Pavement Foundation MaterialsZ!F;(';1Q5%10G!D;&'%53!T(4)50GZ!XA;)%105!J(1%;'*!<()!D;&'%53!056!H0';)%0G&Z!9;&'!-(5&Q(Q(12;5Z!.XZ!\JX"!
!9Q%';Z!,"Z!H"!DQ(A@&(5Z!056!."!e;550@4&0!a+PPCb!Field Validation of Intelligent Compaction
Monitoring Technology for Unbound MaterialsZ!W;@()'!S("!+PPC^#PZ!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
!9Q%';Z!,"Z!."!e;550@4&0Z!T"!gQ053Z!056!$"!F%;&;GA05!a+PPOb!%5!@);&&Z!Implementation of
Intelligent Compaction Performance Based Specifications in MinnesotaZ!W;@()'!S("!+PPO^ttZ!H%55;&('0!,;@0)'A;5'!(<!D)05&@()'0'%(5Z!J0%5'!.04GZ!HSZ!\JX"!
!9((6&Z!U"/"!056!W"W"!8%';Q%&;)!a#O7Eb!Soil Mechanics Applied to Highway Engineering in
Ohio,!/4GG;'%5!S("!OOZ!VQ%(!J'0';!\5%M;)&%'*Z!-(G4AK4&Z!V$Z!\JX"!
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A-1
A.1 Discussion Light weight deflectometer (LWD) devices are becoming established tools for estimating moduli during quality control and quality assurance procedures in the United States. These devices are appealing because they provide a relatively accurate estimation of a soil’s modulus from a mechanically simple test. For a more detailed description of a LWD, see Chapter 1. The physics of such a system are readily understood. The potential energy of the raised mass is converted into kinetic energy as it falls. As the mass strikes the plate’s buffer, some of its energy is transferred to the soil, which deflects. However, because energy is stored in the buffer, only a fraction of the initial potential energy is transferred to the soil (Equation A.1). Figure A.1 contains a plot of the energy ratio (Equation A.2) versus deflection measured by the LWD’s geophone in contact with the ground. SOILBUFFER WWKEPE [A.1]
PEW
RatioEnergy SOIL [A.2]
where: PE = potential energy KE = kinetic energy WBUFFER = work done by the buffer WSOIL = work done by the soil
y = 0.0817x1.1183
R2 = 0.9517
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Deflection [mm]
Ene
rgy
Rat
io [%
]
Figure A.1. Energy ration versus deflection
A-2
The potential energy is: mghPE [A.3] where: PE = potential energy [N·m] m = mass [10 kg] g = acceleration of gravity [9.81 m/s2] h = drop height of falling mass [0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 m] The energy transferred to the soil can be calculated from the work done by the soil, which is the integral of the force measured over the observed deflection range, shown in Figure A.2. This integral was estimated using the area under the curve for the force versus deflection plot for a particular drop. An example of this trapezoidal integration is included in Figure A.3 and is defined by Equation A.4. This method consists of approximating the region under the curve of a given function using many trapezoids and summing their respective areas.
)(2)(
12
12
xxffdxFWSOIL [A.4]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7Deflection [mm]
Load
[kN
] Loading
Unloading
Figure A.2. Load versus deflection
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!!
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y = 7.9709x-0.0533
y = 5.4984x-0.0414
y = 3.34x-0.0303
0
1
23
4
5
6
78
9
10
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Peak Deflection [mm]
Peak
For
ce [k
N]
25 cm50 cm75 cmSlab
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!!DQ;!');56!G%5;&!%5!I%34);!/"#!A02;!%'!1G;0)!'Q0'!'Q;!A;0&4);6!@;02!<()1;!M0G4;&!&G(RG*!6;1);0&;6!0&!'Q;!@;02!6;<G;1'%(5!(<!'Q;!&(%G!%51);0&;6"!!DQ%&!6;1);0&;!R0&!C"E!@;)1;5'!<)(A!'Q;!K;3%55%53!'(!'Q;!;56!(<!'Q;!';&'!)053;!<()!'Q;!C=!1A!6)(@!Q;%3Q'Z!C"+!@;)1;5'!<()!=P!1AZ!056!C"P!@;)1;5'!<()!+=!1A"!!J(A;!89,!6;M%1;&!6(!5('!4'%G%[;!0!G(06!1;GGZ!K4'!%5&';06!;&'%A0';!0!A(64G4&!<)(A!<%L;6!G(06!M0G4;&!A;0&4);6!0'!5;0)
/^7!
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Peak Deflection [mm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
25 cm (Measured Load) 50 cm (Measured Load) 75 cm (Measured Load)
25 cm (Estimated Load) 50 cm (Estimated Load) 75 cm (Estimated Load)!
I%34);!/"+"!!H(64G4&!M0G4;&!<)(A!A;0&4);6!056!;&'%A0';6!G(06&!&&
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Deflection [mm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
25 cm (Slab Load) 50 cm (Slab Load) 75 cm (Slab Load)25 cm (Estimated Load) 50 cm (Estimated Load) 75 cm (Estimated Load)
!I%34);!/"7"!!H(64G4&!M0G4;&!<)(A!&G0K!056!;&'%A0';6!G(06&!
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!+b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
!7b H;0&4);!()!;&'%A0';!'Q;!0M;)03;!6*50A%1!<()1;!0'!'Q;!A(&'!1(AA(5!G;M;G!(<!6;<G;1'%(5!;L@;)%;51;6!64)%53!45K(456!A0';)%0G!';&'%53!)0'Q;)!'Q05!'Q;
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-"#! N5')(641'%(5!!DQ;!@);M%(4&!X@@;56%L!/!6%&14&&;6!G%3Q'!R;%3Q'!6;<G;1'(A;';)!a89,b!G(06!;&'%A0'%(5!<()!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!056!);1(AA;56;6!'Q0'!0!&%A%G0)!050G*&%&!K;!1(A@G;';6!<()!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G"!!DQ%&!0@@;56%L!%5M;&'%30';&!%<!'Q;);!%&!0!5;;6!'(!1());1'!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!<()!89,!6;M%1;&!'Q0'!;&'%A0';!G(06!RQ;5!'Q;&;!6;M%1;&!0);!4&;6!(5!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G"!!DQ;!89,!4&;6!%5!'Q%&!&'46*!R0&!'Q;!.)%A0!#PP!A(6;G!A054<01'4);6!K*!-0)G!/)("!!DQ;!&'0560)6!';&'!&;?4;51;!<()!'Q;!6;M%1;!%51G46;6!'R(!&;0'%53!6)(@&!<(GG(R;6!K*!'Q);;!A;0&4);A;5'!6)(@&!0'!;01Q!(<!'Q;!<(GG(R%53!6)(@!Q;%3Q'&_!#P!1AZ!=P!1AZ!056!OP!1A"!!DQ;!89,!60'0!4&;6!%5!'Q%&!0@@;56%L!R0&!1(GG;1';6!K*!JR;5&(5!et al.Z!+PPB"!!!-"+! W;&4G'&!!DQ;!G(06&!0@@G%;6!'(!'Q;!&@;1%A;5&!M0)%;6!K;'R;;5!#"C!056!O"7!2Si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et al.Z!+PPB"!!DQ%&!A0*!K;!64;!'(!&(A;RQ0'!G0)3;!M0)%0'%(5&!%5!6;5&%'*!5('!011(45';6!<()!%5!I%34);!-"+"!!
y = 7.7614x-0.0327
y = 5.4804x0.0075
y = 3.9425x0.1287
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Peak Deflection [mm]
Peak
For
ce [k
N] 10 cm
50 cm90 cmSlab
!I%34);!-"#"!!89,!@;02!6;<G;1'%(5!M;)&4&!@;02!<()1;!
-^+!
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Peak Deflection [mm]
Spec
imen
Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt
[%]
MnROAD Duluth Red Wing Red Lake Falls!
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a,0M%1Q!et al.Z!+PPBb"!!D(!10G14G0';!'Q;!5;0)^[;)(!6;<G;1'%(5!<()1;!A(64G4&!M0G4;&Z!'Q;!89,!R0&!4&;6!'(!);1()6!<()1;!A;0&4);A;5'&!(5!0!1(51);';!&G0K"!!DQ;!0M;)03;!M0G4;&!);1()6;6!64)%53!'Q0'!';&'%53!0);!%51G46;6!%5!I%34);!-"#!0'!0GG!'Q);;!6)(@&!Q;%3Q'&!%5!'Q;!c&G0Kd!&;)%;&"!!DQ;!&G0K!M0G4;&!<)(A!<%34);!/"#!0);!4&;6!%5!<%34);!-"#!K;104&;!'Q;!.)%A0!89,!R0&!5('!4&;6!(5!0!1(51);';!&G0K!K*!JR;5&;5!et. al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
-^7!
';56!'(!(M;);&'%A0';!A(64G4&!M0G4;&!K0&;6!(5!'Q;!);&4G'&!(<!'Q%&!&'46*"!!I()!=P!1A!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!'Q;!A(64G4&!R(4G6!K;!;L@;1';6!'(!K;!(M;);&'%A0';6!K*!0K(4'!O!@;)1;5'"!!
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Peak Deflection [mm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
10 cm (Measured Load) 50 cm (Measured Load) 90 cm (Measured Load)10 cm (Estimated Load) 50 cm (Estimated Load) 90 cm (Estimated Load)
!I%34);!-"7"!!H(64G4&!M0G4;&!<)(A!A;0&4);6!056!;&'%A0';6!G(06&!
!!
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Peak Deflection [mm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
10 cm (Slab Load) 50 cm (Slab Load) 90 cm (Slab Load)10 cm (Estimated Load) 50 cm (Estimated Load) 90 cm (Estimated Load)
!I%34);!-":"!!H(64G4&!M0G4;&!<)(A!&G0K!056!;&'%A0';6!G(06&!
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-"7! -(51G4&%(5!!DQ;!1(51G4&%(5&!<)(A!X@@;56%L!/!);A0%5!M0G%6!<()!'Q;!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G&!6;&1)%K;6!%5!'Q%&!0@@;56%L"!!DQ;!60'0!<)(A!'Q;&;!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G!';&'&!%56%10';&!'Q0'!'Q;!A(64G%!;&'%A0';6Z!4&%53!&G0K!<()1;!M0G4;&Z!0);!(M;);&'%A0';6!K*!0K(4'!O!@;)1;5'!<()!'Q;!=P!1A!6)(@!Q;%3Q'"!!DQ%&!1(A@0);&!'(!'Q;!=^B!@;)1;5'!(M;);&'%A0'%(5!64)%53!'Q;!3)054G0)!';&'%53!6;&1)%K;6!%5!X@@;56%L!/"!
!
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,^#!
,"#!! N5')(641'%(5!!D;&'&!@;)<()A;6!<()!'Q;!8WW/!&@(5&();6!N5M;&'%30'%(5!E+O!ce0G%60'%(5!(<!,-.!056!89,!H(%&'4);!J@;1%<%10'%(5&!<()!F)054G0)!H0';)%0G&d!a,0M%1Q!et al.Z!+PPBb!4&;6!0!G%3Q'!R;%3Q'!6;<G;1'A;';)!a89,b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a/;*;)!et al.,!+PPCb"!!!
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aob!,S! J;G;1'!F)054G0)! ="#! C"B! #O:+":! E"#!I$T! F)054G0)! B"#! #B"P! #C=7":! #P"7!U8V! J;G;1'!F)054G0)! =":! #P"B! #EC:"+! E"E!
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chd!%5!'Q;!50A;!%56%10';!'Q;!A4G'%@G%10'%(5!1Q053;!%5!1(A@01'%(5!;<<()'"!!N<!'Q;);!R0&!5(!&;1(56!54AK;)Z!'Q;5!'Q;!1(A@01'%(5!;<<()'!R0&!'0)3;';6!0'!#+Z:PP!GK<^<']<'7!a&'0560)6!.)(1'()!;<<()'b"!!I()!;L0A@G;Z!';&'!,S#Ph+!%&!<)(A!'Q;!,S!&0A@G;!R%'Q!0!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!(<!#P!@;)1;5'!056!1(A@01'%(5!;5;)3*!'R%1;!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!;<<()'!a+:ZEPP!GK<^<']<'7b"!
,^+!
,"+! .)(1;64);!!X&!6;&1)%K;6!%5!,0M%1Q!et al.Z!+PPBZ!'Q;!';&'%53!R0&!6(5;!%5!'Q;!K(''(A!Q0G<!(<!0!==^30GG(5!&';;G!6)4A"!!DQ;!);?4%);6!0A(45'!(<!R0';)!'(!01Q%;M;!'Q;!'0)3;'!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!R0&!10G14G0';6!056!;M;5G*!&@)%52G;6!(M;)!'Q;!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!@)%()!'(!@G01%53!%'!%5!'Q;!6)4A!%5!()6;)!'(!'Q()(43QG*!056!;M;5G*!6%&')%K4';!A(%&'4);!'Q)(43Q(4'!'Q;!&0A@G;"!!DQ;!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!R0&!066;6!%5'(!'Q;!6)4A!%5!'Q);;!G0*;)&"!!>01Q!G0*;)!R0&!1(A@01';6!R%'Q!O7!6)(@&!K*!0!=#^GK!Q0AA;)"!!DQ;!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!R0&!'Q;5!';&';6!R%'Q!'Q;!89,!'(!A;0&4);!'Q;!<()1;!056!6;<G;1'%(5"!!!,"7!! ,%&14&&%(5!(<!W;&4G'&!!DQ;!60'0!'02;5!<)(A!,0M%1Q!et al.Z!+PPB!%&!050G*[;6!Q;);!'(!1(A@0);!Q(R!'Q;!A;0&4);A;5'&!R;);!0<<;1';6!K*!6%<<;);5'!6)(@!Q;%3Q'&"!!DQ;!60'0!<)(A!'Q;!3)054G0)!';&'&!I$T#7!056!';&'!U8V##!R;);!5('!%51G46;6!%5!'Q%&!050G*&%&!64;!'(!'Q;%)!Q%3Q!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!);&4G'%53!%5!@0)'%14G0)G*!G0)3;!6;<G;1'%(5!);06%53&!056!&A0GG!A(64G4&!);06%53&"!!DQ;!,S#PJ!';&'!R0&!0G&(!;L1G46;6!<)(A!'Q;!60'0!64;!'(!6)4A!%5&'0K%G%'*!64)%53!';&'%53"!!DQ;!A;05!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!R;);!10G14G0';6!4&%53!';&'!);&4G'&!<)(A!0!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!(<!=P!1A"!!!!
Meanforce = samplesofnumber
valuemeasured ba j,"#k!
CoeVarforce = samplesofmean
valuesmeasuredstdev ba j,"+k
Medianforce = middle value measured j,"7k!
Mean CoeVarforce = samplesofnumber
CoeVarba j,":k!
!!:R;R0&&C'/5%&DQ;!A;0&4);6!<()1;!j2Sk!R0&!1(A@0);6!'(!'Q;!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!j1Ak!<()!;01Q!6%<<;);5'!3)054G0)!';&'!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);&!,"#^,"7"!!X!K;&'^<%'!');56!G%5;!R0&!4&;6!'(!);@);&;5'!'Q;!1());G0'%(5!K;'R;;5!<()1;!056!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!;01Q!&(%G!&@;1%A;5!aI%34);!,":b"!!
,^7!
I%34);!,"#"!!I()1;!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!,S!!!
I%34);!,"+"!!I()1;!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!I$T!
y(DN7) = 0.0947x + 0.8778
R2 = 0.9976
y(DN10) = 0.0947x + 0.3667
R2 = 0.9792
y(DN5) = 0.0867x + 1.0889
R2 = 0.999
y(DN10X2) = 0.0867x + 1.089
R2 = 0.9905
y(DN10C) = 0.092x + 0.8222
R2 = 0.9964
y(DN05) = 0.092x + 1.1889
R2 = 0.9978
y(DN07) = 0.082x + 1.3333
R2 = 0.7487
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Forc
e [k
N]
DN5 Mean- 5.40 CoeVar-1.85%DN7 Mean- 5.50 CoeVar- 0.0%
DN10 Mean- 5.23 CoeVar- 1.1%
DN10X2 Mean- 5.20 CoeVar- 1.9%
DN10C Mean- 5.40 CoeVar- 0.0%
DN05 Mean- 5.77 CoeVar- 1.0%
y(FHJ8) = 0.094x + 0.956
R2 = 0.994
y(FHJ10) = 0.094x + 1.01
R2 = 0.998
y(FHJ11) = 0.091x + 1.156
R2 = 0.998
y(FHJ11X.5) = 0.095x + 1
R2 = 0.999
y(FHJ8X2) = 0.095x + 1.04
R2 = 0.989
y(FHJ8X4/ 3) = 0.097x + 1.11
R2 = 0.994
y(FHJ8X1.125) = 0.093x + 1.11
R2 = 0.999
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Forc
e [k
N]
FHJ8 M ean- 5.47 CoeVar- 1.1%FHJ10 M ean- 5.63 CoeVar- 1.0%FHJ11 M ean- 5.60 CoeVar- 0.0%FHJ11X.5 M ean- 5.67 CoeVar- 1.0%FHJ8X2 M ean- 5.53 CoeVar- 1.0%FHJ8X4/3 M ean- 5.80 CoeVar- 1.7%FHJ8X1.125 M ean- 5.73 CoeVar- 1.0%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PJ!';&'!60'0!
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!I$T#7!';&'!60'0!
,^:!
I%34);!,"7"!!I()1;!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!U8V!!!
I%34);!,":"!!I()1;!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!0GG!'Q);;!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!!
y(KLO9) = 0.0967x + 1.033
R2 = 0.9983
y(KLO10) = 0.0933x + 0.878
R2 = 0.9947
y(KLO8X1.5) = 0.096x + 1.11
R2 = 0.9992
y(KLO7) = 0.0926x + 1.1696
R2 = 0.9856
y(KLO9X.5) = 0.0933x + 1.1
R2 = 0.9972
y(KLO10X.5) = 0.093x + 1.09
R2 = 0.9977
y(KLOX1.33) = 0.101x + 0.74
R2 = 0.9984
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Forc
e [k
N]
KLO7 Mean- 5.6 CoeVar- 0.0%KLO9 Mean- 5.77 CoeVar- 1.0%KLO10 Mean- 5.37 CoeVar- 1.1%KLO8X1.5 Mean- 5.87 CoeVar- 1.0%KLO9X.5 Mean- 5.63 CoeVar- 1.0%KLO10X.5 Mean- 5.67 CoeVar- 2.0%KLO7X1.33 Mean- 5.70 CoeVar- 0.0%
yDN = 0.0902x + 0.9736
R2 = 0.9488
yFHJ = 0.0949x + 0.9542
R2 = 0.9698
yKLO = 0.0904x + 1.0699
R2 = 0.8931
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Forc
e [k
N]
DN Median- 5.40 CoeVar- 35.55%
FHJ Median- 5.63 coeVar- 2.0%
KLO Median- 5.67 Coevar- 2.8%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!U8V##!';&'!60'0!
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PJZ!I$T#7Z!056!I$T#7!';&'&!60'0!
,^=!
DQ;!A;05!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!<()!;01Q!';&'!&@;1%A;5!%&!A0)2;6!456;)!'Q;!';&'&!50A;!%5!'Q;!G;3;56"!!DQ;!A;6%05!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!0);!K0&;6!(5!'Q;!M0G4;&!<)(A!0!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!(<!=P!1A!<()!0GG!';&'&"!!DQ;!A;6%05!<()1;!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!<()!'Q;!&0A@G;!,S!R0&!=":P!2S!056!:"=:!@;)1;5'Z!);&@;1'%M;G*"!!J0A@G;!I$T!R0&!<(456!'(!Q0M;!0!A;6%05!<()1;!(<!="B7!2S!056!0!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!(<!P"EO!@;)1;5'"!!X!A;6%05!<()1;!(<!="BC!2S!056!0!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!(<!P"EC!@;)1;5'!R0&!<(456!<()!'Q;!&0A@G;!U8V"!!XGG!'Q);;!(<!'Q;!6%<<;);5'!A0';)%0G!&0A@G;&!1(AK%5;6!Q06!0!A;6%05!<()1;!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!(<!="BP!2S!056!+"#7!@;)1;5'Z!);&@;1'%M;G*"!!DQ;&;!);&4G'&!0);!&4AA0)%[;6!%5!D0KG;!,"+"!!!
D0KG;!,"+"!!H;6%05!<()1;!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!);&4G'&!J0A@G;! ,S! I$T! U8V! X88!
H;6%05!I()1;!j2Sk! =":P! ="B7! ="BC! ="BP!-(;<<%1%;5'!(<!e0)%0'%(5!jok! :"=:! P"EO! P"EC! +"#7!!!XGG!'Q);;!(<!'Q;!6%<<;);5'!&0A@G;&!0);!3)0@Q;6!%5!'Q;!&0A;!3)0@Q!aI%34);!,":b"!!DQ;!'Q);;!6%<<;);5'!3)054G0)!'*@;&!Q06!0!&%A%G0)!%51);0&;!(<!<()1;!<()!%51);0&%53!6)(@!Q;%3Q'"!!DQ;!0M;)03;!<()1;!%51);0&;!<()!'Q;!'Q);;!3)054G0)!'*@;&!R0&!<(456!'(!K;!0K(4'!P"PO+!2S]1A!%51);0&;!%5!Q;%3Q'!6)(@"!!DQ;!@;)1;5'!1Q053;!(<!'Q;!<()1;!R0&!10G14G0';6!'(!K;!#"B!@;)1;5'!@;)!1;5'%A;';)!K0&;6!(5!'Q;!A;6%05!<()1;!A;0&4);6!(<!="BP!2S!0'!=P!1A!6)(@!Q;%3Q'"!!
Percent change!l!cmforcemedian
slopeaverage
=P
! ! ! j,"=k!
!
,^B!
:R;R7&&:%($%5+6'*&DQ;!6;<G;1'%(5!jAAk!R0&!0G&(!1(A@0);6!'(!'Q;!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!j1Ak!<()!;01Q!3)054G0)!';&'!%5!I%34);&!,"=^,"E"!!X!K;&'^<%'!');56!G%5;!R0&!4&;6!'(!);@);&;5'!'Q;!1());G0'%(5!K;'R;;5!6;<G;1'%(5!056!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!;01Q!';&'!&@;1%A;5!0&!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);!,"O"!!!!!
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aI%34);!,"Bb"!!$(R;M;)Z!'Q;&;!Q%3Q!A(%&'4);!,S!&0A@G;&!R;);!%51G46;6!%5!'Q;!@);M%(4&!6%&14&&%(5!(<!<()1;!056!'Q;!<(GG(R%53!6%&14&&%(5!(<!A(64G4&"!!
y(DN5) = 9.52x + 936.8
R2 = 0.9152
y(DN7) = 5.48x + 723.9
R2 = 0.7618
y(DN10) = -3.01x + 2111
R2 = 0.4013
y(DN10X2) = -3.5x + 1796
R2 = 0.1703
y(DN10C) = -0.46x + 1830
R2 = 0.0147
y(DN05) = 6.04x + 247.4
R2 = 0.9662
y(DN07) = 5.85x + 252
R2 = 0.7041
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Def
lect
ion
[mm
]
DN5 Mean- 1.47 CoeVar- 4.68%DN7 Mean-1.025 CoeVar- 7.8%DN10 Mean- 1.955 CoeVar- 2.5%DN10X2 Mean- 1.686 CoeVar- 11.9%DN10C Mean- 1.764 CoeVar- 1.7%DN05 Mean- 0.566 CoeVar- 5.5%DN07 Mean- 0.529 CoeVar-23.4%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PJ!';&'!60'0!
,^C!
I%34);!,"B"!!,;<G;1'%(5!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!,S!!!
I%34);!,"C"!!,;<G;1'%(5!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!I$T!
y(DN5) = 9.52x + 936.8
R2 = 0.9152
y(DN7) = 5.48x + 723.9
R2 = 0.7618
y(DN05) = 6.04x + 247.4
R2 = 0.9662
y(DN07) = 5.85x + 252
R2 = 0.7041
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Def
lect
ion
[mm
]
DN5 Mean- 1.47 CoeVar- 4.68%DN7 Mean- 1.026 CoeVar- 7.8%DN05 Mean- 0.566 CoeVar- 5.5%DN07 Mean- 0.529 CoeVar-23.4%
y(FHJ11X.5) = 6.49x + 347.89
R2 = 0.8431
y(FHJ11) = 6.733x + 164.11
R2 = 0.9393
y(FHJ8X2) = 4.793x + 102.89
R2 = 0.987
y(FHJ8X4/3) = 5.67x + 174.1
R2 = 0.9039
y(FHJ8X1.125) = 6.71x + 193.2
R2 = 0.8824
y(FHJ10) = 6.547x + 136.67
R2 = 0.8781
y(FHJ8) = 6.94x + 84.89
R2 = 0.9927
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Def
lect
ion
[mm
]
FHJ8 Mean- 0.432 CoeVar- 4.9%FHJ10 Mean- 0.498 CoeVar- 12.7%FHJ11 Mean- 0.522 CoeVar- 9.6%FHJ11X.5 Mean- 0.703 CoeVar- 11.2%FHJ8X2 Mean- 0.353 CoeVar- 1.3%FHJ8X4/3 Mean- 0.483 CoeVar- 10.6%FHJ8X1.125 Mean- 0.558 CoeVar- 11.7%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PZ!,S#Ph+Z!,S#PJZ!056!,S#P-!';&'&!60'0!
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!I$T#7!';&'!60'0!!
,^E!
!I%34);!,"E"!!,;<G;1'%(5!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!U8V!
!!
I%34);!,"O"!!,;<G;1'%(5!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!0GG!'Q);;!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
y(KLO7) = 6.17x + 251.8
R2 = 0.9393
y(KLO9) = 5.68x + 219
R2 = 0.9667
y(KLO10) = 5.69x + 422
R2 = 0.9543
y(KLO8X1.5) = 5.61x + 134
R2 = 0.958
y(KLO9X.5) = 6.53x + 247
R2 = 0.8757
y(KLO10X.5) = 5.47x + 371
R2 = 0.9041
y(KLO7X1.33) = 5.26x + 192
R2 = 0.9108
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Def
lect
ion
[mm
]
KLO7 Mean- 0.577 CoeVar- 5.9%
KLO9 Mean- 0.514 CoeVar- 7.0%
KLO10 Mean- 0.707 CoeVar- 6.7%
KLO8X1.5 Mean- 0.426 CoeVar- 8.6%
KLO9X.5 Mean- 0.602 CoeVar- 12.0%
KLO10X.5 Mean- 0.652 CoeVar- 4.6%
KLO7X1.33 Mean- 0.476 CoeVar- 10.2%
yFHJ = 0.0053x + 0.3822R2 = 0.0462
yKLO = 0.0066x + 0.3287R2 = 0.1023
yDN = 0.0067x + 0.54R2 = 0.1228
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop height [cm]
Def
lect
ion
[mm
]
FHJ Median- 0.50 CoeVar- 21.51%
KLO Median- 0.58 CoeVar- 17.56%
DN Median- 0.80 CoeVar- 49.35%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!U8V##!';&'!60'0!!
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PZ!,S#Ph+Z!,S#PJZ!,S#P-Z!I$T#7Z!056!U8V##!';&'&!60'0!
,^O!
I()!;01Q!';&'!&@;1%A;5Z!'Q;!A;05!6;<G;1'%(5!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!%&!G(10';6!%5!'Q;!G;3;56!456;)!'Q;!';&'&!50A;"!!DQ;!A;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!R0&!0G&(!A;0&4);6!<)(A!0!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!(<!=P!1A!<()!;01Q!3)(4@!&0A@G;"!!DQ;!A;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!<()!&0A@G;!,S!R0&!<(456!'(!K;!P"EP!AA!R%'Q!0!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!(<!#P"7:!@;)1;5'"!!DQ;!A;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!<()!&0A@G;!I$T!R0&!P"=P!AA!056!E"E=!@;)1;5'Z!);&@;1'%M;G*"!!J0A@G;!U8V!Q06!0!A;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!(<!P"=E!AA!056!0!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!(<!C"EB!@;)1;5'"!!!XGG!'Q);;!(<!'Q;!&0A@G;&!1(AK%5;6!R;);!<(456!'(!Q0M;!0!A;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!(<!P"=:!AA!056!0!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!(<!E"E!@;)1;5'"!!DQ;&;!);&4G'&!0);!&4AA0)%[;6!%5!D0KG;!,"7"!!!!
D0KG;!,"7"!!H;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!);&4G'&!J0A@G;! ,S! I$T! U8V! X88!
H;6%05!,;<G;1'%(5!jAAk! P"EP! P"=P! P"=E! P"=:!-(;<<%1%;5'!(<!e0)%0'%(5!jok! #P"7:! E"E=! C"EB! E"EP!
!!DQ;!'Q);;!6%<<;);5'!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!056!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!Q06!0!&%A%G0)!%51);0&;!%5!6;<G;1'%(5!R%'Q!%51);0&%53!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!RQ;5!;L1G46%53!'Q;!';&'&!R%'Q!Q%3Q!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'&"!!DQ;!0M;)03;!6;<G;1'%(5!%51);0&;!<()!'Q;!'Q);;!3)054G0)!'*@;&!R0&!<(456!'(!K;!0K(4'!P"PPB+!AA]1A"!!DQ;!@;)1;5'!1Q053;!(<!'Q;!6;<G;1'%(5!R0&!10G14G0';6!'(!K;!#"+!@;)1;5'!@;)!1;5'%A;';)!K0&;6!(5!'Q;!A;6%05!6;<G;1'%(5!(<!P"=:!AA!A;0&4);6!0'!0!=P!1A!6)(@!Q;%3Q'"!
!
Percent change = cmdeflectionmedian
slopeaverage
=P
! ! j,"Bk!
!!!
,^#P!
:R;R;&&>'34$4,&DQ;!A(64G4&!jH.0k!R0&!1(A@0);6!'(!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!j1Ak!<()!;01Q!6%<<;);5'!3)054G0)!';&'!%5!I%34);&!,"#P^,"#+"!!X!K;&'^<%'!');56!G%5;!R0&!4&;6!'(!);@);&;5'!'Q;!1());G0'%(5!K;'R;;5!A(64G4&!056!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!;01Q!&(%G!&@;1%A;5!aI%34);!,"#7b"!!!
I%34);!,"#P"!!H(64G4&!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!,S!!
!
I%34);!,"##"!!H(64G4&!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!I$T!
y(DN5) = 0.162x + 8.408
R2 = 0.9635
y(DN7) = 0.288x + 9.864
R2 = 0.9392
y(DN10) = 0.232x + 0.041
R2 = 0.9772
y(DN10X 2) = 0.273x + 1.485
R2 = 0.9322
y(DN10C) = 0.2245x + 2.06
R2 = 0.9871
y(DN05) = 0.241x + 33.42
R2 = 0.8791
y(DN07) = 0.191x + 33.48
R2 = 0.852
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
DN5 M ean- 16.27 CoeVar- 5.81%
DN7 M ean- 23.76 CoeVar- 7.7%
DN10 M ean- 11.82 CoeVar- 2.4%
DN10X2 M ean- 13.75 CoeVar- 12.6%
DN10C M ean- 13.51 CoeVar- 1.7%
DN05 M ean- 45.09 CoeVar- 6.3%
DN07 M ean- 42.65 CoeVar- 3.2%
y(FHJ8X2) = 0.16x + 66.05
R2 = 0.3953
y(FHJ8) = 0.0198x + 56.7
R2 = 0.0316
y(FHJ10) = 0.119x + 48.25
R2 = 0.171
y(FHJ11) = 0.123x + 43.81
R2 = 0.3576
y(FHJ11X.5) = 0.27x + 23.3
R2 = 0.7842
y(FHJ8X4/ 3) = 0.226x + 45.3
R2 = 0.4674
y(FHJ8X1.125) = 0.18x + 38.97
R2 = 0.4321
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
FHJ8 M ean- 55.95 CoeVar- 5.8%
FHJ10 M ean- 50.47 CoeVar- 12.9%
FHJ11 M ean- 47.66 coeVar- 9.3%
FHJ11X.5 M ean- 35.89 CoeVar- 11.7%
FHJ8X2 M ean- 69.25 CoeVar- 0.7%
FHJ8X4/3 M ean- 53.44 CoeVar- 11.8%
FHJ8X1.125 M ean- 45.80 CoeVar- 12.0%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PJ!';&'!60'0!!
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!I$T#7!';&'!60'0!!
,^##!
I%34);!,"#+"!!H(64G4&!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!U8V!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!
I%34);!,"#7"!!H(64G4&!M;)&4&!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!<()!0GG!'Q);;!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!!!!!!
yDN = 0.2433x + 11.123
R2 = 0.1324
yFHJ = 0.1635x + 41.371
R2 = 0.0389
yKLO = 0.2301x + 32.14
R2 = 0.1041
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
DN M edian- 16.27 CoeVar- 65.64%
FHJ M edian- 50.47 CoeVar- 20.01%
KLO M edian- 42.95 CoeVar- 20.57%
y(KLO7) = 0.24x + 30.65
R2 = 0.8963
y(KLO9) = 0.282x + 36.1
R2 = 0.9165
y(KLO10) = 0.313x + 18.01
R2 = 0.9507
y(KLO8X1.5) = 0.18x + 52.975
R2 = 0.5561
y(KLO9X.5) = 0.22x + 32.66
R2 = 0.6061
y(KLO10X.5) = 0.317x + 22.51
R2 = 0.9126
y(KLO7X1.33) = 0.35x + 37.4
R2 = 0.8108
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Drop Height [cm]
Mod
ulus
[MPa
]
KLO7 M ean- 42.95 CoeVar- 5.8%
KLO9 M ean- 49.62 CoeVar- 6.1%
KLO10 M ean- 33.62 CoeVar- 7.7%
KLO8X1.5 M ean- 61.14 CoeVar- 9.2%
KLO9X.5 M ean- 41.67 CoeVar- 11.8%
KLO10X.5 M ean- 38.40 CoeVar- 2.5%
KLO7X1.33 M ean- 53.17 CoeVar- 9.9%
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!U8V##!';&'!60'0!!
pI%34);!;L1G46;&!0GG!,S#PJZ!I$T#7Z!056!I$T#7!';&'!60'0!
,^#+!
N5!'Q;!G;3;56!456;)!'Q;!';&';6!&0A@G;`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
D0KG;!,":"!!H;6%05!A(64G4&!056!1(;<<%1%;5'!(<!M0)%0'%(5!);&4G'&!J0A@G;! ,S! I$T! U8V! X88!
H;6%05!H(64G4&!jH.0k! #B"+C! =P":C! :+"O=! :+"B=!-(;<<%1%;5'!(<!e0)%0'%(5!jok! ="BB! O"#E! C"=B! C"==!
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
Percent change = cmulusmodmedian
slopeaverage
=P
! ! ! j,"Ck!
!!:R;R?&&HI"K.$%&N5!()6;)!'(!K;'';)!456;)&'056!'Q;!%5<G4;51;!(<!'Q;!6)(@!Q;%3Q'Z!05!;L0A@G;!%&!@);&;5';6!%5!D0KG;!,"="!!I()!0!89,!A054<01'4);6!R%'Q!'Q;!H5],VD!&'0560)6!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!(<!=P!1AZ!'Q;!;L@;1';6!M0G4;!<()!'Q;!<()1;!%&!)(43QG*!="BP!2S!aK4<<;)!056!A0';)%0G!&'%<<5;&&!0G&(!&Q(4G6!0G&(!K;!'02;5!%5'(!1(5&%6;)0'%(5b"!!N5!1(A@0)%&(5Z!%<!'Q;!89,!Q06!0!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!(<!==!1A!'Q;5!'Q;!M0G4;!(<!'Q;!<()1;!R(4G6!Q0M;!05!;L@;1';6!6%<<;);51;!(<!P":B!2S"!!DQ%&!<()1;!6%<<;);51;!);&4G'&!%5!0!@;)1;5'!1Q053;!(<!E"+!@;)1;5'"!!DQ;!6;<G;1'%(5!<()!'Q;!&0A;!&%'40'%(5!R(4G6!Q0M;!0!6%<<;);51;!(<!P"P7!AAZ!RQ%1Q!;?40';&!'(!0!@;)1;5'!1Q053;!(<!0K(4'!="C!@;)1;5'"!!DQ;!A(64G4&!Q0&!0!6%<<;);51;!(<!#"PB!H.0!<()!'Q;!&0A;!&%'40'%(5!056!0!+"=!@;)1;5'!1Q053;!<)(A!'Q;!0M;)03;!=P!1A!6)(@!Q;%3Q'"!!!
,^#7!
D0KG;!,"="!!>L0A@G;!(<!6)(@!Q;%3Q'!%5<G4;51;! Force Deflection E [kN] [mm] [MPa]
Expected value at 50 cm drop 5.60 0.54 42.65
Slope [unit per cm increase in drop
height] 0.0918 0.0062 0.2123
Calculated for a 55 cm drop height 6.06 0.57 43.72
Difference 0.46 0.03 1.06 % change 8.2% 5.7% 2.5%
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
!
N..%*36I&H&1&S,6*F&+-%&<$",+65&@6K6+&+'&H,+6K"+%&T.+6K4K&>'6,+4/%&)'*+%*+&
>^#!
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-4));5'G*!'Q;!A(&'!1(AA(5!A;'Q(6!<()!;&'%A0'%53!'Q;!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!<()!'Q;!1(A@01'%(5!(<!0!&(%G!%&!'(!4&;!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!';&'Z!0&!6;<%5;6!K*!XJDH!,!BOE!f!PP0"!!/*!6;';)A%5%53!'Q;!6)*!45%'!R;%3Q'!(<!0!&(%G!<()!A05*!6%<<;);5'!R0';)!1(5';5'&Z!0!1(A@01'%(5!14)M;!%&!<(456"!!V5!'Q%&!14)M;Z!'Q;!R0';)!1(5';5'!'Q0'!1());&@(56&!'(!'Q;!A0L%A4A!6)*!45%'!R;%3Q'!%&!25(R5!0&!'Q;!(@'%A4A!R0';)!1(5';5'!<()!'Q0'!&@;1%<%;6!1(A@01'%(5!;5;)3*!056!A;'Q(6!(<!1(A@01'%(5"!!"!!!X5('Q;)!(@'%(5!<()!6;';)A%5%53!'Q;!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!%&!'(!4&;!0!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!';&'"!!DQ%&!';&'Z!RQ%1Q!%&!&'0560)6%[;6!K*!XJDH!,!:7#E!f!P=Z!A;0&4);&!'Q;!&(%G`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`&!@;)1;5'03;!1(A@(&%'%(5!(<!1G0*Z!&%G'!056!&056"!!DQ;&;!@)(@;)'%;&!0);!<(456!K*!@;)<()A%53!0!3)0%5^&%[;!050G*&%&Z!0&!6;<%5;6!%5!H5],VD`&!F)06%53!056!/0&;!H0540G!f!=^BO+"BPP"!!!!
!I%34);!>"#"!!D)%0L%0G!1Q0)'!<()!H5],VD!';L'4)0G!1G0&&%<%10'%(5!(<!&(%G&!
!!X'!'Q;!H5],VD!V<<%1;!(<!H0';)%0G&!056!W(06!W;&;0)1QZ!A(&'!&(%G!&0A@G;&!0);!';&';6!<()!A05*!@)(@;)'%;&Z!%51G46%53!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!';&'!056!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'"!!N5!066%'%(5Z!;01Q!&(%G!%&!6;&1)%K;6!K*!%'&!H5],VD!D;L'4)0G!-G0&&%<%10'%(5"!!DQ%&!60'0!%&!&'();6!%5!0!1;5')0G!60'0K0&;!056!4&;6!%5!'Q;!<(GG(R%53!050G*&%&"!
>^+!
>"+! -(A@0)%&(5!!
DQ;);!0);!'R(!A0%5!3(0G&!64)%53!'Q;!1(A@0)%&(5!(<!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!';&'!056!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!';&'!<()!6;';)A%5%53!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'"!!DQ;!<%)&'!3(0G!%&!'Q;!&Q(R!'Q0'!'Q;);!%&!0!);0&(50KG;!?40G%'0'%M;!);G0'%(5&Q%@!K;'R;;5!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!056!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'"!!DQ;!&;1(56!3(0G!%&!'(!&Q(R!'Q0'!'Q%&!);G0'%(5&Q%@!%&!0114)0';!;5(43Q!'(!%A@G;A;5'!456;)!<%;G6!1(56%'%(5&"!!J%51;!'Q%&!@)(@(&;6!A;'Q(6!%&!A0%5G*!<()!<%;G6!4&;Z!%'!R0&!6;1%6;6!'Q0'!0!G%5;0)!);G0'%(5&Q%@!R(4G6!K;!6;&%)0KG;!%<!%'!105!K;!&Q(R5!'Q0'!'Q;!60'0!%&!R;GG!);@);&;5';6!K*!0!G%5;0)!);G0'%(5&Q%@"!!N<!'Q%&!105!K;!6(5;Z!'Q;5!%5&@;1'()&!R(4G6!5;;6!(5G*!(5;!&%A@G;!;?40'%(5!'(!;&'%A0';!'Q;!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!<()!1(A@01'%(5!<)(A!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'"!!N5!()6;)!'(!6;';)A%5;!'Q%&!1());G0'%(5Z!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!R0&!@G('';6!030%5&'!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);"!!XGG!&(%G!&@;1%A;5&!';&';6!K*!'Q;!V<<%1;!(<!H0';)%0G&!056!W(06!W;&;0)1Q!<)(A!T0540)*!#OO+!'(!,;1;AK;)!#OOE!R;);!@G('';6!%5!I%34);!>"+"!!I()!1G0)%<%10'%(5Z!;01Q!&(%G!'*@;!R0&!<%'';6!R%'Q!0!G%5;0)!');06!G%5;"!!DQ%&!R0&!6(5;!%5!()6;)!'(!3;'!05!%5%'%0G!<;;G!<()!'Q;!60'0!0&!R;GG!0&!'(!&Q(R!&(A;!@(&&%KG;!60'0!@)(KG;A&"!!!
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imim
Moi
stur
e [%
] C
CL
L
SaL
SiCL
SiL
LSa
Sa
SaCL
SiC
!I%34);!>"+"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!0M0%G0KG;!&(%G!'*@;&!!!X&!105!K;!&;;5!<)(A!I%34);!>"+Z!'Q;);!%&!0!Q%3Q!6;3);;!(<!6%&@0)%'*!K;'R;;5!'Q;!&G(@;&!(<!;01Q!(<!'Q;!6%<<;);5'!&(%G!'*@;&"!!N5!@0)'Z!'Q;&;!@)(KG;A&!0);!104&;6!K*!%506;?40';!60'0"!!/*!);M%;R%53!;01Q!&(%G`&!60'0Z!<(4)!&(%G!'*@;&!6(5`'!Q0M;!&4<<%1%;5'!60'0!'(!);@);&;5'!0!@)(@;)!');56!G%5;"!!DQ;&;!<(4)!&(%G&!0);_!8(0A*!J056!a8J0bZ!J056!aJ0bZ!J056*!-G0*!8(0A!aJ0-8bZ!056!J%G'*!-G0*!aJ%-b"!!>01Q!(<!'Q;&;!&(%G&!Q0M;!<;R;)!'Q05!';5!60'0!@(%5'&Z!K;104&;!'Q;&;!&(%G!'*@;&!0);!5('!M;)*!1(AA(5!
>^7!
%5!H%55;&('0!)(06!1(5&')41'%(5!()!0);!5(5^@G0&'%1!056!'Q;);<();!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!';&'!%&!5('!@);<;));6"!!>01Q!(<!'Q;&;!<(4)!&(%G&!&0A@G;&!Q0M;!0!A41Q!6%<<;);5'!&G(@;!'Q05!'Q0'!(<!'Q;!A0Y()%'*"!!I()!'Q%&!);0&(5Z!%'!R0&!6;1%6;6!'Q0'!'Q;!60'0!<()!'Q;&;!<(4)!&(%G&Z!a8J0Z!J0Z!J0-8Z!056!J%-bZ!R(4G6!5('!K;!%51G46;6!%5!'Q%&!&'46*"!!X!A(6%<%;6!M;)&%(5!(<!'Q;!@G('!105!K;!&;;5!%5!I%34);!>"7"!!I%34);!>"7!0G&(!&Q(R&!'Q;!;?40'%(5&!(<!'Q;!');56!G%5;&Z!0&!'Q;*!R%GG!K;!4&;6!'(!6;';)A%5;!'Q;!);G0'%(5&Q%@!K;'R;;5!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!056!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);"!!
!
Y(C) = 0.70x + 5.33R2 = 0.47
Y(CL) = 0.56x + 6.18R2 = 0.44
Y(L) = 0.50x + 5.28R2 = 0.30
Y(SaL) = 0.45x + 3.53R2 = 0.37
Y(SiCL) = 0.69x + 1.95R2 = 0.51
Y(SiL) = 0.44x + 5.59R2 = 0.44
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
] C
CL
L
SaL
SiCL
SiL
!I%34);!>"7"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0!!!
X&!105!K;!&;;5!%5!I%34);!>"7Z!'Q;!');56!G%5;&!0);!A();!&%A%G0)!'(!(5;!05('Q;)!(51;!'Q;!5(5^);@);&;5'0'%M;!60'0!%&!);A(M;6!<)(A!'Q;!&'46*"!!I)(A!'Q;&;!');56!G%5;&Z!05!u0M;)03;`!');56!G%5;!105!K;!A06;!'Q0'!R%GG!;&'%A0';!'Q;!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!(<!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!';&'!4&%53!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!';&'"!!DQ%&!%&!6(5;!K*!K);02%53!;01Q!(<!'Q;!%56%M%640G!');56!G%5;!;?40'%(5&!%5'(!'Q;%)!&G(@;!056!*^%5';)1;@'"!!DQ;!0M;)03;!(<!;01Q!1(;<<%1%;5'!%&!'02;5!056!'Q;!;56!);&4G'!%&!'Q;!u0M;)03;!');56!G%5;"`!!N5!'Q%&!&'46*Z!'Q;!');56!G%5;!%&!<(456!'(!K;_!
!B":=B"Pb#a XYAVE !! ! ! ! j>"#k!
! RQ;);_!!! ! h!!!!!!!!l!!!!.G0&'%1!8%A%'!jok!! ! nXe>!!!l!!!J'0560)6!.)(1'()!V@'%A4A!H(%&'4);!jok!!
>^:!
X!<4)'Q;)!&%A@G%<%10'%(5!'Q0'!A0*!K;!0114)0';!;5(43Q!<()!'Q;!%5';56;6!4&;!%&_!!
=="Pb+a XYAVE ! ! ! ! ! j>"+k!!DQ%&!);G0'%(5&Q%@!K;'R;;5!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!056!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!105!@)(M%6;!<0%)G*!0114)0';!);&4G'&Z!K4'!'Q;!G0)3;)!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!%&Z!'Q;!G;&&!0114)0';!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!;&'%A0';!R%GG!K;1(A;"!!I%34);!>":!&Q(R&!'Q;&;!0@@)(L%A0'%(5&!<()!'Q;!);G0'%(5&Q%@!056!0GG!(<!'Q;!&(%G!@(%5'&!R%'Q!06;?40';!60'0"!
!!
EQ2: YAVE = 0.5x + 5
EQ1: YAVE = 0.56x + 4.6
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>":"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0!056!0@@)(L%A0'%(5&!<()!'Q;!0M;)03;!');56!G%5;!!
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
>^=!
EQ3: YSTAT = 0.76x + 0.16R2 = 0.46
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30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"="!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0!056!'Q;!&'0'%&'%10G!');56!G%5;!!
!I)(A!I%34);!>"=Z!'Q;!06;?40';!&(%G&!60'0!@(%5'&!Q0M;!0!');56!G%5;!R%'Q!'Q;!;?40'%(5_!
!! #B"PCB"P XYSTAT !! ! ! ! j>"7k!
!X!'Q%)6!A;'Q(6!<()!6;';)A%5%53!0!');56!G%5;!'Q0'!R%GG!K;&'!<%'!'Q;!60'0!%&!'(!0@@)(L%A0';!(5;!K*!6%&);30)6%53!0!<;R!(4'G%;)&"!!\@(5!);M%;R%53!0!3)0@Q%10G!);@);&;5'0'%(5!(<!'Q;!60'0Z!(5;!105!;&'%A0';!05!0@@)(@)%0';!G%5;0)!');56!G%5;!'Q0'!R%GG!K('Q!<%'!'Q;!60'0!056!K;!;0&*!'(!%A@G;A;5'!%5!'Q;!<%;G6"!!I)(A!0GG!(<!'Q;!&(%G&!R%'Q!&4<<%1%;5'!60'0Z!05!;&'%A0';6!');56!G%5;Z!>?40'%(5!>":Z!R0&!<(456"!!X!3)0@Q%10G!);@);&;5'0'%(5!(<!'Q%&!');56!G%5;!105!K;!&;;5!%5!I%34);!>"B"!
!! =XYEST ! ! ! ! ! j>":k!
!
>^B!
EQ4: YEST = x - 5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"B"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0!056!'Q;!;&'%A0';6!');56!G%5;!!
!X&!0!&4AA0)*!056!1(A@0)%&(5Z!0GG!(<!'Q;!');56!G%5;&!a0M;)03;Z!&'0'%&'%10GZ!056!;&'%A0';6b!0&!R;GG!0&!0GG!60'0!@(%5'&!R%'Q!&4<<%1%;5'!&(%G!&0A@G;&!0);!@G('';6!(5!I%34);!>"C"!!N5!066%'%(5Z!'Q;!)053;!(<!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'!&Q(R5!(5!'Q;!'0KG;!R0&!);641;6!'(!K;'R;;5!#=!'(!7P!@;)1;5'!K;104&;!Q%3QR0*!&(%G!@G0&'%1!G%A%'&!0);!A(&'!1(AA(5G*!<(456!K;'R;;5!'Q;&;!K(4560)%;&"!!
>^C!
EQ4: YEST = x - 5
EQ3: YSTAT = 0.76x + 0.16
EQ1: YAVE = 0.56x + 4.6
5
10
15
20
25
30
15 20 25 30
Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"C"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0!056!'Q;!0@@)(L%A0'%(5&!'(!'Q;!0M;)03;!');56!G%5;Z!'Q;!&'0'%&'%10G!');56!G%5;Z!056!'Q;!;&'%A0';6!');56!G%5;!
&!>"7! X50G*&%&!
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i!%<!'Q;!60'0!<%'&!'Q;!');56!G%5;Z!'Q;5!'Q%&!5;R!A;'Q(6!%&!M0G%6!<()!4&;"!!N5!()6;)!'(!6;';)A%5;!Q(R!0114)0';!'Q;&;!);&4G'&!0);Z!;01Q!(<!'Q;!');56!G%5;&!%&!0&&%35;6!0!);0&(50KG;!)053;!(<!M0G4;&!a +!@;)1;5'!R%'Q!);&@;1'!'(!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);bi!'Q;!1(5<%6;51;!%5';)M0G&!(<!'Q;&;!uK(4560)%;&`!(5!'Q;!60'0!0);!1(A@4';6!056!1(A@0);6"!!DQ%&!%&!6(5;!K*!6;';)A%5%53!'Q;!)0'%(!(<!60'0!@(%5'&!'Q0'!<0GG!R%'Q%5!'Q;!&;'!K(4560)%;&!056!'Q;!'('0G!
>^E!
0A(45'!(<!60'0!@(%5'&"!!X!M%&40G!);@);&;5'0'%(5!(<!'Q%&!050G*&%&!%&!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);&!>"E!'Q)(43Q!>"#P"!
!!
EQ1: YAVE = 0.56x + 4.6
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"E"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0Z!0M;)03;!');56!G%5;Z!056!0114)01*!K(4560)%;&!!!
EQ3: YSTAT = 0.76x + 0.16
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"O"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0Z!&'0'%&'%10G!');56!G%5;Z!056!0114)01*!K(4560)%;&!!
>^O!
EQ4: YEST = x - 5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"#P"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
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`&!>L1;GZ!RQ%1Q!0GG(R;6!'Q;!&G(@;!056!*^0L%&!%5';)1;@'!'(!1Q053;!45'%G!'Q;!1(5<%6;51;!%5';)M0G!R0&!A0L%A%[;6!%5!I%34);!>"##"!!I)(A!'Q%&!@)(1;&&Z!>?40'%(5!>"=!R0&!<(456!'(!Q0M;!'Q;!Q%3Q;&'!1(5<%6;51;!%5';)M0G!a=="=!@;)1;5'b"!
!! +"=XY ESTMOD ! ! ! ! ! j>"=k!
!
>^#P!
EQ7: YMOD-EST = x - 5.2
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Plastic Limit [%]
Stan
dard
Pro
ctor
Opt
imum
Moi
stur
e [%
]
!I%34);!>"##"!!.G0&'%1!G%A%'!M;)&4&!&'0560)6!@)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!<()!0GG!&(%G!'*@;&!R%'Q!
06;?40';!60'0Z!A(6%<%;6^;&'%A0';6!');56!G%5;Z!056!0114)01*!K(4560)%;&!!!
>":! -(51G4&%(5!056!W;1(AA;560'%(5!!
/0&;6!(5!'Q;!@);M%(4&!6%&14&&%(5Z!%'!%&!1(51G46;6!'Q0'!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!105!K;!;&'%A0';6!K*!6;';)A%5%53!'Q;!@G0&'%1!G%A%'"!!N'!%&!);1(AA;56;6!'Q0'!'Q;!<(GG(R%53!);G0'%(5&Q%@!K;!4&;6_!!
=XY j>^Bk!RQ;);_
! h!!!l!!!.G0&'%1!8%A%'!jok!! n!!!l!!!J'0560)6!.)(1'()!V@'%A4A!H(%&'4);!jok!!/*!4&%53!'Q%&!;&'%A0'%(5Z!'Q;);!%&!0!1(5<%6;51;!%5';)M0G!(<!==!@;)1;5'!'Q0'!'Q;!;&'%A0'%(5!R%GG!K;!R%'Q%5! +!@;)1;5'Z!<()!'Q%&!&;'!(<!60'0Z!RQ%1Q!%&!K;'';)!'Q05!('Q;)!A;'Q(6&!1(5&%6;);6"!N'!R0&!6;1%6;6!'(!4&;!>?40'%(5!>":!)0'Q;)!'Q05!'Q;!A();!0114)0';!>?40'%(5!>"=!<%)&'!K;104&;!%'!%&!&%A@G;)!'(!4&;!056!'Q;);!%&!(5G*!0!P"=!@;)1;5'!6%<<;);51;!%5!'Q;!1(5<%6;51;!%5';)M0G"!!W;10GG!'Q0'!'Q;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!c(@'%A4Ad!A(%&'4);!%&!0G&(!(5G*!05!;&'%A0';!(<!'Q;!0@@)(@)%0';!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!<()!<%;G6!1(A@01'%(5"!!N'!Q0&!G(53!K;;5!25(R5!'Q0'!'Q%&!c(@'%A4Ad!A0*!K;!'((!R;'!<()!&(A;!&(%G&!056!<()!&(A;!A(6;)5!Q%3Q^;5;)3*!1(A@01'()&Z!RQ%1Q!A0*!4&;!0!1(AK%50'%(5!(<!25;06%53!056!M%K)0'%(5!'(!1(A@01'!&(%G&"!!DQ;!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!';&'!6(;&!5('!);@G%10';!'Q;!01'40G!<%;G6!1(A@01'%(5!1(56%'%(5&"!!
!
N..%*36I&C&1&)'KK%*+"/L&'(&@A:&@'"36*F&>%+-'3&
I^#!
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a$(<<A05!et al.Z!+PP7b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
!#b 8(06!@4G&;!@;02!056!64)0'%(5!<()!6%<<;);5'!89,!K4<<;)!1(5<%34)0'%(5&"!+b X114)01*!056!@);1%&%(5!(<!G(06!1;GG"!7b X114)01*!056!@);1%&%(5!(<!3;(@Q(5;!
!
!
N..%*36I&=&1&:<2&J%/,4,&:%.+-&)-"/+,&('/&:L*"K65&)'*%&&&<%*%+/'K%+%/&!%,+,&
!
F^#
F"#! N5')(641'%(5!!I%34);&!F"+^F"7O!0);!0!M%&40G!);@);&;5'0'%(5!(<!'Q;!6*50A%1!1(5;!@;5;')(A;';)!a,-.b!@;5;')0'%53!'Q;!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!056!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G!&0A@G;&"!!DQ;!*^0L%&!%&!0!A;0&4);A;5'!(<!'Q;!,-.`&!6;@'QZ!RQ%G;!'Q;!L^0L%&!%&!'Q;!6;@'Q!'Q0'!'Q;!,-.!@;5;')0';6!@;)!6)(@Z!0G&(!25(R5!0&!'Q;!,-.!@;5;')0'%(5!%56;L!a,.Nb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c,S=vXv:"OOd!);@);&;5'&!&0A@G;!,S!R%'Q!0!'0)3;'!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!(<!=!@;)1;5'Z!,-.!';&'!G(10'%(5!XZ!056!05!01'40G!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'!(<!:"OO!@;)1;5'"!!,-.!';&'%53!G(10'%(5&!XZ!/Z!056!-!0);!&Q(R5!%5!I%34);!F"#"!!I%34);&!F"#+^F#:!1(5&(G%60';!0GG!(<!'Q;!3)054G0)!056!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!';&'&!%5'(!'Q);;!3)0@Q&Z!(5;!<()!;01Q!3)054G0)!A0';)%0G!'*@;i!,SZ!I$TZ!056!U8VZ!);&@;1'%M;G*"!!!
!I%34);!F"#"!!/0));G!G(10'%(5&!XZ!/Z!056!-!
!!
DQ;!&;1(56!&;'!(<!3)0@Q&Z!I%34);!F"#=^F"7+Z!0);!<()!'Q;!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&(%G"!!DQ;!G0K;G%53!(5!;01Q!(<!'Q;!&(%G!&0A@G;&!K)%;<G*!6;&1)%K;&!'Q;!&(%G!'*@;Z!,-.!';&'!54AK;)Z!@;)1;5'!(<!(@'%A4A!A(%&'4);!1(5';5'Z!056!&'0560)6!.)(1'()!6;5&%'*"!!I()!;L0A@G;!cXv#v#P+"7vOC"Cd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
!
F^+
'*@;!>Z!RQ%1Q!%&!1G0&&%<%;6!0&!1G0*Z!&056*!1G0*Z!056!1G0*!056!&%G'"!!,0'0!<)(A!J';;G;!D^#:=!%&!);@);&;5';6!0&!&(%G!'*@;!IZ!RQ%1Q!%&!1G0&&%<%;6!0&!&056*!1G0*"!!!F"+! F)054G0)!056!J;G;1'!F)054G0)!,.N!-Q0)'&!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
DN5_A_4.99
DN5_B_5.07
DN5_C_5.17
DN05_A_4.81
DN05_B_5.22
DN05_C_5.28
!I%34);!F"+"!!,S=!056!,SP=!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!
!
F^7
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
DN7_A_7.07
DN7_B_7.30
DN7_C_7.33
DN07_A_6.47
DN07_B_6.43
DN07_C_6.35
!I%34);!F"7"!!,SC!056!,SPC!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
FHJ8_A_7.79
FHJ8_B_7.75
FHJ8_C_8.08
FHJ8X2_A_7.79
FHJ8X2_B_8.18
FHJ8X2_C_8.04
!I%34);!F":"!!I$TE!056!I$TEh+!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!
F^:
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
FHJ8X4/3_A_7.88
FHJ8X4/3_B_8.02
FHJ8X4/3_C_7.99
FHJ8X9/8_A_7.47
FHJ8X9/8_B_7.65
FHJ8X9/8_C_7.38
!I%34);!F"="!!I$TEh#"77!056!I$UEh#"#+=!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
FHJ10_A_9.53
FHJ10_B_9.65
FHJ10_C_9.45
!I%34);!F"B"!!I$T#P!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!
!
F^=
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
FHJ11_A_10.73
FHJ11_B_10.72
FHJ11_C_10.75
FHJ11X1/2_A_10.89
FHJ11X1/2_B_12.06
FHJ11X1/2_C_11.57
!I%34);!F"C"!!I$T##!056!I$T##hP"=!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
KLO7_A_7.25
KLO7_B_7.13
KLO7_C_6.99
KLO7X4/3_A_6.96
KLO7X4/3_B_7.13
KLO7X4/3_C_7.24
!I%34);!F"E"!!U8VC!056!U8VCh#"77!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!
F^B
0
50
100
150
200
2500 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
DPI per Drop [mm/blow]
Dep
th [m
m]
KLO8X3/2_A_7.87
KLO8X3/2_B_8.06
KLO8X3/2_C_7.90
!I%34);!F"O"!!U8VEh#"=!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;!
!0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
KLO9_A_8.93
KLO9_B_9.04
KLO9_C_9.04
KLO9X1/2_A_8.73
KLO9X1/2_B_8.86
KLO9X1/2_C_8.98
!I%34);!F"#P"!!U8VO!056!U8VOhP"=!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!
F^C
0
50
100
150
200
2500 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
KLO10_A_10.67
KLO10_B_10.69
KLO10_C_10.56
KLO10X1/2_A_10.04
KLO10X1/2_B_10.65
KLO10X1/2_C_10.49
!I%34);!F"##"!!U8V#P!056!U8V#Ph#P"=!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
DN5_A_4.99
DN5_B_5.10
DN_C_5.17
DN05_A_4.81
DN05_B_5.22
DN05_C_5.28
DN7_A_7.07
DN7_B_7.30
DN7_C_7.33
DN07_A_6.47
DN07_B_6.43
DN07_C_6.35
!I%34);!F"#+"!!XGG!,S!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!
F^E
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100 120
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dept
h [m
m]
FHJ11_A_10.73
FHJ11_B_10.72
FHJ11_C_10.75
FHJ11X1/2_A_10.89
FHJ11X1/2_B_12.06
FHJ11X1/2_C_11.57
FHJ10_A_9.53
FHJ10_B_9.65
FHJ10_C_9.45
FHJ8_A_7.79
FHJ8_B_7.75
FHJ8_C_8.08
FHJ8X2_A_7.79
FHJ8X2_B_8.18
FHJ8X2_C_8.04
FHJ8X4/3_A_7.88
FHJ8X4/3_B_8.02
FHJ8X4/3_C_7.99
FHJ8X9/8_A_7.47
FHJ8X9/8_B_7.65
FHJ8X9/8_C_7.38
!I%34);!F"#7"!!XGG!I$T!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!!
!
F^O
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100 120
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
KLO9_A_8.93
KLO9_B_9.04
KLO9_C_9.04
KLO9X1/2_A_8.73
KLO9X1/2_B_8.86
KLO9X1/2_C_8.98
KLO7_A_7.25
KLO7_B_7.13
KLO7_C_6.99
KLO7X4/3_A_6.96
KLO7X4/3_B_7.13
KLO7X4/3_C_7.24
KLO10_A_10.67
KLO10_B_10.69
KLO10_C_10.56
KLO10X1/2_A_10.04
KLO10X1/2_B_10.65
KLO10X1/2_C_10.49
KLO8X3/2_A_7.87
KLO8X3/2_B_8.06
KLO8X3/2_C_7.90
!I%34);!F"#:"!!XGG!U8V!&;G;1'!3)054G0)!&0A@G;&!
!
F^#P
F"7! I%5;!F)0%5;6!,.N!-Q0)'&!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
A_1_102.3_97.7 A_1_75.4_99.2 A_1_71.5_93.5A_2_102.3_97.7 A_2_75.4_99.2 A_2_71.5_93.5
!I%34);!F"#="!!H5WVX,!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
!
F^##
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
A_1_92.5_103.2 A_1_73.4_98.8 A_1_50.5_98.3A_2_92.5_103.2 A_2_73.4_98.8 A_2_50.5_98.3
!I%34);!F"#B"!!H5WVX,!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
B_1_97.6_97.0 B_1_82.2_96.2 B_1_60.9_97.7B_2_97.6_97.0 B_2_82.2_96.2 B_2_60.9_97.7
!I%34);!F"#C"!!,4G4'Q!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!
!
F^#+
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
B_1_88.2_102.7 B_1_71.8_100.2 B_1_65.0_104.4B_2_88.2_102.7 B_2_71.8_100.2 B_2_65.0_104.4
!I%34);!F"#E"!!,4G4'Q!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
C_1_93.9_89.9 C_1_76.5_95.9 C_1_63.6_95.0C_2_93.9_89.9 C_2_76.5_95.9 C_2_63.6_95.0
!I%34);!F"#O"!!W;6!9%53!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!
F^#7
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
C_1_85.6_94.8 C_1_71.2_99.1 C_1_63.6_96.2C_2_85.6_94.8 C_2_71.2_99.1 C_2_63.6_96.2
!I%34);!F"+P"!!W;6!9%53!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
D_1_85.2_97.5 D_1_65.0_97.8 D_1_49.0_90.5D_2_85.2_97.5 D_2_65.0_97.8 D_2_49.0_90.5
!I%34);!F"+#"!!W;6!802;!I0GG&!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!
F^#:
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
D_1_74.7_99.4 D_1_60.9_102.9 D_1_48.6_100.9D_2_74.7_99.4 D_2_60.9_102.9 D_2_48.6_100.9
!I%34);!F"++"!!W;6!802;!I0GG&!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_166_90 E_1_101_93 E_1_73_94E_2_166_90 E_2_101_93 E_2_73_94
!I%34);!F"+7"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!aOP^O:ob!
!
F^#=
0
100
200
300
400
500
6000 25 50 75 100 125 150
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_148_95 E_1_87_96 E_1_109_99
E_2_148_95 E_2_87_96 E_2_109_99!
I%34);!F"+:"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!aO=^OOob!!!
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
7000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_78_100 E_1_86_100 E_1_75_101
E_2_78_100 E_2_86_100 E_2_75_101!
I%34);!F"+="!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!a#PP^#P#ob!
!
F^#B
0
100
200
300
4000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_73_102 E_1_102_102 E_1_112_102E_2_73_102 E_2_102_102 E_2_112_102
!I%34);!F"+B"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!a#P+ob!
!!
0
100
200
300
400
500
6000 25 50 75 100 125 150
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_92_103 E_1_96_103 E_1_87_104E_2_92_103 E_2_96_103 E_2_87_104
!I%34);!F"+C"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!a#P7^#P:ob!
!
!
F^#C
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_75_106 E_1_87_106 E_1_88_106E_2_75_106 E_2_87_106 E_2_88_106
!I%34);!F"+E"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!a#PBob!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_92_106 E_1_85_107 E_1_73_108
E_2_92_106 E_2_85_107 E_2_73_108!
I%34);!F"+O"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!a#PB^#PEob!!
!
F^#E
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 20 40 60 80 100
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dept
h [m
m]
E_1_81_110 E_1_97_112E_2_81_110 E_2_97_112
!I%34);!F"7P"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!a##P^##+ob!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
F_1_115_98 F_1_122_98F_2_115_98 F_2_122_98
!I%34);!F"7#"!!J';;G;!D^#:=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!
!
F^#O
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
F_1_119_101 F_1_100_102 F_1_104_104F_2_119_101 F_2_100_102 F_2_104_104
!I%34);!F"7+"!!J';;G;!D^#:=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dept
h [m
m]
A_1_102.3_97.7
A_2_102.3_97.7
A_1_75.4_99.2
A_2_75.4_99.2
A_1_71.5_93.5
A_2_71.5_93.5
A_1_92.5_103.2
A_2_92.5_103.2
A_1_73.4_98.8
A_2_73.4_98.8
A_1_50.5_98.3
A_2_50.5_98.3
!I%34);!F"77"!!XGG!H5WVX,!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!
!
F^+P
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3500 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dept
h [m
m]
B_1_97.6_97.0
B_2_97.6_97.0
B_1_82.2_96.2
B_2_82.2_96.2
B_1_60.9_97.7
B_2_60.9_97.7
B_1_88.2_102.7
B_2_88.2_102.7
B_1_71.8_100.2
B_2_71.8_100.2
B_1_65.0_104.4
B_2_65.0_104.4
!I%34);!F"7:"!!XGG!,4G4'Q!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
C_1_93.9_89.9
C_2_93.9_89.9
C_1_76.5_95.9
C_2_76.5_95.9
C_1_63.6_95.0
C_2_63.6_95.0
C_1_85.6_94.8
C_2_85.6_94.8
C_1_71.2_99.1
C_2_71.2_99.1
C_1_63.6_96.2C_2_63.6_96.2
!I%34);!F"7="!!XGG!W;6!9%53!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!
!
!
F^+#
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
D_1_85.2_97.5
D_2_85.2_97.5
D_1_65.0_97.8
D_2_65.0_97.8
D_1_49.0_90.5
D_2_49.0_90.5
D_1_74.7_99.4
D_2_74.7_99.4
D_1_60.9_102.9
D_2_60.9_102.9
D_1_48.6_100.9
D_2_48.6_100.9
!I%34);!F"7B"!!XGG!W;6!802;!I0GG&!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!
!!
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
7000 25 50 75 100 125 150
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_166_90E_2_166_90E_1_101_93E_2_101_93E_1_73_94E_2_73_94
E_1_148_95E_2_148_95E_1_87_96E_2_87_96E_1_109_99E_2_109_99E_1_78_100E_2_78_100E_1_86_100E_2_86_100
E_1_75_101E_2_75_101E_1_73_102E_2_73_102
!I%34);!F"7C"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!G(R!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!
F^++
0
100
200
300
400
500
6000 25 50 75 100 125 150
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
E_1_102_102E_2_102_102E_1_112_102E_2_112_102E_1_92_103E_2_92_103E_1_96_103E_2_96_103E_1_87_104E_2_87_104E_1_75_106E_2_75_106E_1_87_106E_2_87_106E_1_88_106E_2_88_106E_1_92_106E_2_92_106E_1_85_107E_2_85_107E_1_73_108E_2_73_108E_1_81_110E_2_81_110E_1_97_112E_2_97_112
!I%34);!F"7E"!!J';;G;!-JX$!7=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&!Q%3Q!'0)3;'!6;5&%'*!
!!
0
50
100
150
200
250
3000 10 20 30 40 50
DPI per Drop [mm/drop]
Dep
th [m
m]
F_1_115_98
F_2_115_98
F_1_122_98
F_2_122_98
F_1_119_101
F_2_119_101
F_1_100_102F_2_100_102
F_1_104_104
F_2_104_104
!I%34);!F"7O"!!XGG!J';;G;!D^#:=!<%5;!3)0%5;6!&0A@G;&
!
!
!
N..%*36I&P&1&9%$%5+&=/"*4$"/&"*3&=/"*4$"/&>"+%/6"$&:"+"&!
!
$^#!
!
$^+!
!!
!
$^7!
!!
!
$^:!
!
$^=!
!
$^B!
!
$^C!
!
$^E!
!
$^O!
!
$^#P!
!
$^##!
!
$^#+!
!
$^#7!
!
$^#:!
!
$^#=!
!
$^#B!
!
$^#C!
!
$^#E!
!
$^#O!
!
$^+P!
!
$^+#!
!
$^++!
!
$^+7!
!
$^+:!
!!
!
!
N..%*36I&2&1&C6*%&=/"6*%3&9'6$&:"+"&
!
N!^!#!
!Dynamic Cone Penetrometer! Soil Target Actual! Actual! TrialOrigin Density Moisture! Desnity! No.
MnROAD 100% 102.3%! 97.7%! 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]:! 10!
Cone! Total! Average! Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted! Average ! DPI xBlow! Reading! Depth! Cone! Cone! DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI*! DPI! Average DPI
From Start! Depth! Depth! Average DPI[mm]! [mm]! [mm]! [mm]! [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow]! [mm/blow]! [mm2/blow2]
0! 10.0! 0.0! 10.0! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --1! 48.0! 38.0! 48.0! 29.0! 38.0 1444.0 -- -- -- --! --2! 83.0! 73.0! 83.0! 65.5! 35.0 1225.0 -- 35.0 35.0 --! --3! 117.0! 107.0! 117.0! 100.0! 34.0 1156.0 35.7 34.5 34.5 34.5! 1173.04! 154.0! 144.0! 154.0! 135.5! 37.0 1369.0 35.4 35.3 35.4 35.5! 1313.55! 190.0! 180.0! 190.0! 172.0! 36.0 1296.0 35.7 35.5 35.5 36.5! 1314.06! 227.0! 217.0! 227.0! 208.5! 37.0 1369.0 36.7 35.8 35.8 36.5! 1350.57! 265.0! 255.0! 265.0! 246.0! 38.0 1444.0 37.0 36.2 36.2 37.5! 1425.08! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --9! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --10! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --11! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --12! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --
*Top layer only, first blow not included! DPI51 [mm/blow]! 36.13E1 [MPa]! 24.75DPI52 [mm/blow]! N/AE2 [MPa]! N/A
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer! Soil Target Actual! Actual! TrialOrigin Density Moisture! Desnity! No.
MnROAD 100% 102.3%! 97.7%! 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]:! 12!
Cone! Total! Average! Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted! Average ! DPI xBlow! Reading! Depth! Cone! Cone! DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI*! DPI! Average DPI
From Start! Depth! Depth! Average DPI[mm]! [mm]! [mm]! [mm]! [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow]! [mm/blow]! [mm2/blow2]
0! 12.0! 0.0! 12.0! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --1! 52.0! 40.0! 52.0! 32.0! 40.0 1600.0 -- -- -- --! --2! 87.0! 75.0! 87.0! 69.5! 35.0 1225.0 -- 35.0 35.0 --! --3! 123.0! 111.0! 123.0! 105.0! 36.0 1296.0 37.1 35.5 35.5 35.5! 1278.04! 160.0! 148.0! 160.0! 141.5! 37.0 1369.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.5! 1350.55! 200.0! 188.0! 200.0! 180.0! 40.0 1600.0 37.7 37.0 37.1 38.5! 1540.06! 239.0! 227.0! 239.0! 219.5! 39.0 1521.0 38.7 37.4 37.5 39.5! 1540.57! 274.0! 262.0! 274.0! 256.5! 35.0 1225.0 38.1 37.0 37.1 37.0! 1295.08! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --9! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --10! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --11! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --12! --! --! --! --! -- -- -- -- -- --! --
*Top layer only, first blow not included! DPI51 [mm/blow]! 37.45E1 [MPa]! 23.83DPI52 [mm/blow]! N/AE2 [MPa]! N/A
!
N!^!+!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 100% 75.4% 99.2% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 8
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 8.0 0.0 8.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 26.0 18.0 26.0 17.0 18.0 324.0 -- -- -- -- --2 37.0 29.0 37.0 31.5 11.0 121.0 -- 11.0 11.0 -- --3 45.0 37.0 45.0 41.0 8.0 64.0 13.8 9.5 9.7 9.5 76.04 56.0 48.0 56.0 50.5 11.0 121.0 10.2 10.0 10.2 9.5 104.55 67.0 59.0 67.0 61.5 11.0 121.0 10.2 10.3 10.4 11.0 121.06 78.0 70.0 78.0 72.5 11.0 121.0 11.0 10.4 10.5 11.0 121.07 90.0 82.0 90.0 84.0 12.0 144.0 11.4 10.7 10.8 11.5 138.08 100.0 92.0 100.0 95.0 10.0 100.0 11.1 10.6 10.7 11.0 110.09 112.0 104.0 112.0 106.0 12.0 144.0 11.4 10.8 10.9 11.0 132.0
10 122.0 114.0 122.0 117.0 10.0 100.0 10.8 10.7 10.8 11.0 110.011 134.5 126.5 134.5 128.3 12.5 156.3 11.6 10.9 11.0 11.3 140.612 147.0 139.0 147.0 140.8 12.5 156.3 11.8 11.0 11.1 12.5 156.313 158.0 150.0 158.0 152.5 11.0 121.0 12.0 11.0 11.1 -- --14 173.0 165.0 173.0 165.5 15.0 225.0 13.0 11.3 11.5 -- --15 187.0 179.0 187.0 180.0 14.0 196.0 13.6 11.5 11.7 -- --16 199.0 191.0 199.0 193.0 12.0 144.0 13.8 11.5 11.8 -- --17 213.0 205.0 213.0 206.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 11.7 11.9 -- --18 224.0 216.0 224.0 218.5 11.0 121.0 12.5 11.6 11.9 -- --19 239.0 231.0 239.0 231.5 15.0 225.0 13.6 11.8 12.1 -- --20 253.0 245.0 253.0 246.0 14.0 196.0 13.6 11.9 12.2 -- --21 269.5 261.5 269.5 261.3 16.5 272.3 15.2 12.2 12.5 -- --22 282.0 274.0 282.0 275.8 12.5 156.3 14.5 12.2 12.5 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 10.58E1 [MPa] 91.23DPI52 [mm/blow] 11.38E2 [MPa] 84.37
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 100% 75.4% 99.2% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 25.0 18.0 25.0 16.0 18.0 324.0 -- -- -- -- --2 35.0 28.0 35.0 30.0 10.0 100.0 -- 10.0 10.0 -- --3 45.0 38.0 45.0 40.0 10.0 100.0 13.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.04 57.0 50.0 57.0 51.0 12.0 144.0 10.8 10.7 10.8 11.0 132.05 66.0 59.0 66.0 61.5 9.0 81.0 10.5 10.3 10.4 10.5 94.56 77.0 70.0 77.0 71.5 11.0 121.0 10.8 10.4 10.5 10.0 110.07 90.0 83.0 90.0 83.5 13.0 169.0 11.2 10.8 11.0 12.0 156.08 100.0 93.0 100.0 95.0 10.0 100.0 11.5 10.7 10.9 11.5 115.09 112.0 105.0 112.0 106.0 12.0 144.0 11.8 10.9 11.0 11.0 132.0
10 125.0 118.0 125.0 118.5 13.0 169.0 11.8 11.1 11.3 12.5 162.511 136.0 129.0 136.0 130.5 11.0 121.0 12.1 11.1 11.3 12.0 132.012 148.0 141.0 148.0 142.0 12.0 144.0 12.1 11.2 11.3 11.5 138.013 160.0 153.0 160.0 154.0 12.0 144.0 11.7 11.3 11.4 -- --14 172.0 165.0 172.0 166.0 12.0 144.0 12.0 11.3 11.4 -- --15 183.0 176.0 183.0 177.5 11.0 121.0 11.7 11.3 11.4 -- --16 196.0 189.0 196.0 189.5 13.0 169.0 12.1 11.4 11.5 -- --17 208.0 201.0 208.0 202.0 12.0 144.0 12.1 11.4 11.6 -- --18 223.0 216.0 223.0 215.5 15.0 225.0 13.5 11.6 11.8 -- --19 236.0 229.0 236.0 229.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 11.7 11.9 -- --20 250.0 243.0 250.0 243.0 14.0 196.0 14.0 11.8 12.0 -- --21 264.0 257.0 264.0 257.0 14.0 196.0 13.7 12.0 12.1 -- --22 277.0 270.0 277.0 270.5 13.0 169.0 13.7 12.0 12.2 -- --23 289.0 282.0 289.0 283.0 12.0 144.0 13.1 12.0 12.2 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 10.77E1 [MPa] 89.45DPI52 [mm/blow] 11.72E2 [MPa] 81.83
!
N!^!7!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 100% 71.5% 93.5% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 21.0 14.0 21.0 14.0 14.0 196.0 -- -- -- -- --2 28.0 21.0 28.0 24.5 7.0 49.0 -- 7.0 7.0 -- --3 35.0 28.0 35.0 31.5 7.0 49.0 10.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 49.04 40.0 33.0 40.0 37.5 5.0 25.0 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.0 30.05 47.0 40.0 47.0 43.5 7.0 49.0 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.0 42.06 55.0 48.0 55.0 51.0 8.0 64.0 6.9 6.8 6.9 7.5 60.07 59.0 52.0 59.0 57.0 4.0 16.0 6.8 6.3 6.6 6.0 24.08 67.0 60.0 67.0 63.0 8.0 64.0 7.2 6.6 6.9 6.0 48.09 75.0 68.0 75.0 71.0 8.0 64.0 7.2 6.8 7.0 8.0 64.0
10 80.0 73.0 80.0 77.5 5.0 25.0 7.3 6.6 6.9 6.5 32.511 89.0 82.0 89.0 84.5 9.0 81.0 7.7 6.8 7.1 7.0 63.012 95.0 88.0 95.0 92.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.5 45.013 102.0 95.0 102.0 98.5 7.0 49.0 7.5 6.8 7.0 -- --14 109.0 102.0 109.0 105.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.8 7.0 -- --15 117.0 110.0 117.0 113.0 8.0 64.0 7.4 6.9 7.1 -- --16 123.0 116.0 123.0 120.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 6.8 7.1 -- --17 131.0 124.0 131.0 127.0 8.0 64.0 7.5 6.9 7.1 -- --18 139.0 132.0 139.0 135.0 8.0 64.0 7.5 6.9 7.2 -- --19 147.0 140.0 147.0 143.0 8.0 64.0 8.0 7.0 7.2 -- --20 155.0 148.0 155.0 151.0 8.0 64.0 8.0 7.1 7.3 -- --21 164.0 157.0 164.0 159.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.2 7.4 -- --22 172.0 165.0 172.0 168.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.2 7.4 -- --23 180.0 173.0 180.0 176.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.2 7.5 -- --24 189.0 182.0 189.0 184.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.3 7.5 -- --25 202.0 195.0 202.0 195.5 13.0 169.0 10.5 7.5 7.9 -- --26 210.0 203.0 210.0 206.0 8.0 64.0 10.5 7.6 7.9 -- --27 219.0 212.0 219.0 214.5 9.0 81.0 10.5 7.6 8.0 -- --28 228.0 221.0 228.0 223.5 9.0 81.0 8.7 7.7 8.0 -- --29 236.0 229.0 236.0 232.0 8.0 64.0 8.7 7.7 8.0 -- --30 244.0 237.0 244.0 240.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.7 8.0 -- --31 255.0 248.0 255.0 249.5 11.0 121.0 9.2 7.8 8.2 -- --32 263.0 256.0 263.0 259.0 8.0 64.0 9.2 7.8 8.2 -- --33 270.0 263.0 270.0 266.5 7.0 49.0 9.0 7.8 8.1 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 6.61E1 [MPa] 150.18DPI52 [mm/blow] 7.01E2 [MPa] 141.08
!
N!^!:!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 100% 71.5% 93.5% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 4
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 4.0 0.0 4.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 19.0 15.0 19.0 11.5 15.0 225.0 -- -- -- -- --2 29.0 25.0 29.0 24.0 10.0 100.0 -- 10.0 10.0 -- --3 36.0 32.0 36.0 32.5 7.0 49.0 11.7 8.5 8.8 8.5 59.54 42.0 38.0 42.0 39.0 6.0 36.0 8.0 7.7 8.0 6.5 39.05 47.0 43.0 47.0 44.5 5.0 25.0 6.1 7.0 7.5 5.5 27.56 55.0 51.0 55.0 51.0 8.0 64.0 6.6 7.2 7.6 6.5 52.07 62.0 58.0 62.0 58.5 7.0 49.0 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.5 52.58 70.0 66.0 70.0 66.0 8.0 64.0 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.5 60.09 76.0 72.0 76.0 73.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 7.1 7.4 7.0 42.0
10 83.0 79.0 83.0 79.5 7.0 49.0 7.1 7.1 7.4 6.5 45.511 88.0 84.0 88.0 85.5 5.0 25.0 6.1 6.9 7.2 6.0 30.012 95.0 91.0 95.0 91.5 7.0 49.0 6.5 6.9 7.2 6.0 42.013 102.0 98.0 102.0 98.5 7.0 49.0 6.5 6.9 7.2 -- --14 110.0 106.0 110.0 106.0 8.0 64.0 7.4 7.0 7.2 -- --15 117.0 113.0 117.0 113.5 7.0 49.0 7.4 7.0 7.2 -- --16 124.0 120.0 124.0 120.5 7.0 49.0 7.4 7.0 7.2 -- --17 130.0 126.0 130.0 127.0 6.0 36.0 6.7 6.9 7.1 -- --18 138.0 134.0 138.0 134.0 8.0 64.0 7.1 7.0 7.2 -- --19 147.0 143.0 147.0 142.5 9.0 81.0 7.9 7.1 7.3 -- --20 155.0 151.0 155.0 151.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.2 7.4 -- --21 163.0 159.0 163.0 159.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.2 7.4 -- --22 171.0 167.0 171.0 167.0 8.0 64.0 8.0 7.2 7.4 -- --23 179.0 175.0 179.0 175.0 8.0 64.0 8.0 7.3 7.5 -- --24 188.0 184.0 188.0 183.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.3 7.5 -- --25 197.0 193.0 197.0 192.5 9.0 81.0 8.7 7.4 7.6 -- --26 205.0 201.0 205.0 201.0 8.0 64.0 8.7 7.4 7.6 -- --27 213.0 209.0 213.0 209.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.5 7.6 -- --28 221.0 217.0 221.0 217.0 8.0 64.0 8.0 7.5 7.7 -- --29 230.0 226.0 230.0 225.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.5 7.7 -- --30 239.0 235.0 239.0 234.5 9.0 81.0 8.7 7.6 7.8 -- --31 248.0 244.0 248.0 243.5 9.0 81.0 9.0 7.6 7.8 -- --32 256.0 252.0 256.0 252.0 8.0 64.0 8.7 7.6 7.8 -- --33 266.0 262.0 266.0 261.0 10.0 100.0 9.1 7.7 7.9 -- --34 272.0 268.0 272.0 269.0 6.0 36.0 8.3 7.7 7.9 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 6.98E1 [MPa] 141.70DPI52 [mm/blow] 6.65E2 [MPa] 149.25
!
N!^!=!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 105% 92.5% 103.2% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 26.0 21.0 26.0 15.5 21.0 441.0 -- -- -- -- --2 39.0 34.0 39.0 32.5 13.0 169.0 -- 13.0 13.0 -- --3 51.0 46.0 51.0 45.0 12.0 144.0 16.4 12.5 12.5 12.5 150.04 65.0 60.0 65.0 58.0 14.0 196.0 13.1 13.0 13.1 13.0 182.05 80.0 75.0 80.0 72.5 15.0 225.0 13.8 13.5 13.6 14.5 217.56 92.0 87.0 92.0 86.0 12.0 144.0 13.8 13.2 13.3 13.5 162.07 105.0 100.0 105.0 98.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 13.2 13.3 12.5 162.58 117.0 112.0 117.0 111.0 12.0 144.0 12.4 13.0 13.1 12.5 150.09 123.0 118.0 123.0 120.0 6.0 36.0 11.3 12.1 12.6 9.0 54.0
10 135.0 130.0 135.0 129.0 12.0 144.0 10.8 12.1 12.6 9.0 108.011 145.5 140.5 145.5 140.3 10.5 110.3 10.2 12.0 12.4 11.3 118.112 157.5 152.5 157.5 151.5 12.0 144.0 11.5 12.0 12.4 11.3 135.013 172.0 167.0 172.0 164.8 14.5 210.3 12.6 12.2 12.614 184.5 179.5 184.5 178.3 12.5 156.3 13.1 12.2 12.6 -- --15 201.0 196.0 201.0 192.8 16.5 272.3 14.7 12.5 12.9 -- --16 211.0 206.0 211.0 206.0 10.0 100.0 13.6 12.3 12.8 -- --17 225.5 220.5 225.5 218.3 14.5 210.3 14.2 12.5 12.9 -- --18 240.5 235.5 240.5 233.0 15.0 225.0 13.6 12.6 13.1 -- --19 255.0 250.0 255.0 247.8 14.5 210.3 14.7 12.7 13.1 -- --20 267.0 262.0 267.0 261.0 12.0 144.0 14.0 12.7 13.1 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 13.24E1 [MPa] 71.85DPI52 [mm/blow] 10.76E2 [MPa] 89.53
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 105% 92.5% 103.2% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 2.5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 2.5 0.0 2.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 26.0 23.5 26.0 14.3 23.5 552.3 -- -- -- -- --2 39.0 36.5 39.0 32.5 13.0 169.0 -- 13.0 13.0 -- --3 50.0 47.5 50.0 44.5 11.0 121.0 17.7 12.0 12.1 12.0 132.04 61.0 58.5 61.0 55.5 11.0 121.0 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.0 121.05 75.0 72.5 75.0 68.0 14.0 196.0 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 175.06 88.0 85.5 88.0 81.5 13.0 169.0 12.8 12.4 12.5 13.5 175.57 99.0 96.5 99.0 93.5 11.0 121.0 12.8 12.2 12.3 12.0 132.08 108.0 105.5 108.0 103.5 9.0 81.0 11.2 11.7 11.9 10.0 90.09 118.5 116.0 118.5 113.3 10.5 110.3 10.2 11.6 11.8 9.8 102.4
10 130.0 127.5 130.0 124.3 11.5 132.3 10.4 11.6 11.7 11.0 126.511 141.0 138.5 141.0 135.5 11.0 121.0 11.0 11.5 11.7 11.3 123.812 155.0 152.5 155.0 148.0 14.0 196.0 12.3 11.7 11.9 12.5 175.013 163.0 160.5 163.0 159.0 8.0 64.0 11.5 11.4 11.7 -- --14 178.0 175.5 178.0 170.5 15.0 225.0 13.1 11.7 12.0 -- --15 187.5 185.0 187.5 182.8 9.5 90.3 11.7 11.5 11.9 -- --16 197.5 195.0 197.5 192.5 10.0 100.0 12.0 11.4 11.8 -- --17 210.5 208.0 210.5 204.0 13.0 169.0 11.1 11.5 11.8 -- --18 223.0 220.5 223.0 216.8 12.5 156.3 12.0 11.6 11.9 -- --19 235.0 232.5 235.0 229.0 12.0 144.0 12.5 11.6 11.9 -- --20 251.0 248.5 251.0 243.0 16.0 256.0 13.7 11.8 12.2 -- --21 266.0 263.5 266.0 258.5 15.0 225.0 14.5 12.0 12.4 -- --22 278.5 276.0 278.5 272.3 12.5 156.3 14.6 12.0 12.4 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 12.26E1 [MPa] 77.99DPI52 [mm/blow] 11.03E2 [MPa] 87.25
!
N!^!B!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 105% 73.4% 98.8% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 20.0 15.0 20.0 12.5 15.0 225.0 -- -- -- -- --2 30.0 25.0 30.0 25.0 10.0 100.0 -- 10.0 10.0 -- --3 40.0 35.0 40.0 35.0 10.0 100.0 12.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.04 47.0 42.0 47.0 43.5 7.0 49.0 9.2 9.0 9.2 8.5 59.55 57.0 52.0 57.0 52.0 10.0 100.0 9.2 9.3 9.4 8.5 85.06 63.0 58.0 63.0 60.0 6.0 36.0 8.0 8.6 9.0 8.0 48.07 70.0 65.0 70.0 66.5 7.0 49.0 8.0 8.3 8.7 6.5 45.58 80.0 75.0 80.0 75.0 10.0 100.0 8.0 8.6 8.9 8.5 85.09 88.0 83.0 88.0 84.0 8.0 64.0 8.5 8.5 8.8 9.0 72.0
10 98.0 93.0 98.0 93.0 10.0 100.0 9.4 8.7 8.9 9.0 90.011 104.0 99.0 104.0 101.0 6.0 36.0 8.3 8.4 8.7 8.0 48.012 112.0 107.0 112.0 108.0 8.0 64.0 8.3 8.4 8.7 7.0 56.013 122.0 117.0 122.0 117.0 10.0 100.0 8.3 8.5 8.8 -- --14 129.0 124.0 129.0 125.5 7.0 49.0 8.5 8.4 8.7 -- --15 136.0 131.0 136.0 132.5 7.0 49.0 8.3 8.3 8.6 -- --16 145.0 140.0 145.0 140.5 9.0 81.0 7.8 8.3 8.6 -- --17 155.0 150.0 155.0 150.0 10.0 100.0 8.8 8.4 8.7 -- --18 163.0 158.0 163.0 159.0 8.0 64.0 9.1 8.4 8.7 -- --19 176.0 171.0 176.0 169.5 13.0 169.0 10.7 8.7 9.0 -- --20 185.0 180.0 185.0 180.5 9.0 81.0 10.5 8.7 9.0 -- --21 193.0 188.0 193.0 189.0 8.0 64.0 10.5 8.7 9.0 -- --22 204.0 199.0 204.0 198.5 11.0 121.0 9.5 8.8 9.1 -- --23 214.0 209.0 214.0 209.0 10.0 100.0 9.8 8.8 9.2 -- --24 222.0 217.0 222.0 218.0 8.0 64.0 9.8 8.8 9.1 -- --25 233.0 228.0 233.0 227.5 11.0 121.0 9.8 8.9 9.2 -- --26 243.0 238.0 243.0 238.0 10.0 100.0 9.8 8.9 9.2 -- --27 254.0 249.0 254.0 248.5 11.0 121.0 10.7 9.0 9.3 -- --28 265.0 260.0 265.0 259.5 11.0 121.0 10.7 9.1 9.4 -- --29 275.0 270.0 275.0 270.0 10.0 100.0 10.7 9.1 9.4 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 8.45E1 [MPa] 115.76DPI52 [mm/blow] 8.36E2 [MPa] 117.13
!
N!^!C!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 105% 73.4% 98.8% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 23.0 18.0 23.0 14.0 18.0 324.0 -- -- -- -- --2 30.0 25.0 30.0 26.5 7.0 49.0 -- 7.0 7.0 -- --3 36.0 31.0 36.0 33.0 6.0 36.0 13.2 6.5 6.5 6.5 39.04 43.0 38.0 43.0 39.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.5 45.55 50.0 45.0 50.0 46.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.8 6.8 7.0 49.06 59.0 54.0 59.0 54.5 9.0 81.0 7.8 7.2 7.3 8.0 72.07 67.0 62.0 67.0 63.0 8.0 64.0 8.1 7.3 7.5 8.5 68.08 73.0 68.0 73.0 70.0 6.0 36.0 7.9 7.1 7.3 7.0 42.09 82.0 77.0 82.0 77.5 9.0 81.0 7.9 7.4 7.5 7.5 67.5
10 88.0 83.0 88.0 85.0 6.0 36.0 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.5 45.011 95.0 90.0 95.0 91.5 7.0 49.0 7.5 7.2 7.4 6.5 45.512 102.0 97.0 102.0 98.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 7.2 7.3 7.0 49.013 108.0 103.0 108.0 105.0 6.0 36.0 6.7 7.1 7.2 -- --14 117.0 112.0 117.0 112.5 9.0 81.0 7.5 7.2 7.4 -- --15 125.0 120.0 125.0 121.0 8.0 64.0 7.9 7.3 7.5 -- --16 133.0 128.0 133.0 129.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.3 7.5 -- --17 140.0 135.0 140.0 136.5 7.0 49.0 7.7 7.3 7.5 -- --18 149.0 144.0 149.0 144.5 9.0 81.0 8.1 7.4 7.6 -- --19 159.0 154.0 159.0 154.0 10.0 100.0 8.8 7.6 7.8 -- --20 167.0 162.0 167.0 163.0 8.0 64.0 9.1 7.6 7.8 -- --21 175.0 170.0 175.0 171.0 8.0 64.0 8.8 7.6 7.8 -- --22 184.0 179.0 184.0 179.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.7 7.8 -- --23 193.0 188.0 193.0 188.5 9.0 81.0 8.7 7.7 7.9 -- --24 200.0 195.0 200.0 196.5 7.0 49.0 8.4 7.7 7.9 -- --25 209.0 204.0 209.0 204.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.8 7.9 -- --26 218.0 213.0 218.0 213.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.8 8.0 -- --27 227.0 222.0 227.0 222.5 9.0 81.0 9.0 7.8 8.0 -- --28 236.0 231.0 236.0 231.5 9.0 81.0 9.0 7.9 8.1 -- --29 245.0 240.0 245.0 240.5 9.0 81.0 9.0 7.9 8.1 -- --30 254.0 249.0 254.0 249.5 9.0 81.0 9.0 8.0 8.1 -- --31 262.0 257.0 262.0 258.0 8.0 64.0 8.7 8.0 8.1 -- --32 272.0 267.0 272.0 267.0 10.0 100.0 9.1 8.0 8.2 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 7.39E1 [MPa] 133.43DPI52 [mm/blow] 7.11E2 [MPa] 138.97
!
N!^!E!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 105% 50.5% 98.3% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 15.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 -- -- -- -- --2 22.0 17.0 22.0 18.5 7.0 49.0 -- 7.0 7.0 -- --3 27.0 22.0 27.0 24.5 5.0 25.0 7.9 6.0 6.2 6.0 30.04 30.0 25.0 30.0 28.5 3.0 9.0 5.5 5.0 5.5 4.0 12.05 34.0 29.0 34.0 32.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 4.8 5.2 3.5 14.06 38.0 33.0 38.0 36.0 4.0 16.0 3.7 4.6 5.0 4.0 16.07 44.0 39.0 44.0 41.0 6.0 36.0 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.0 30.08 49.0 44.0 49.0 46.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.5 27.59 54.0 49.0 54.0 51.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.0 25.0
10 58.0 53.0 58.0 56.0 4.0 16.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 4.5 18.011 63.0 58.0 63.0 60.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 4.5 22.512 67.0 62.0 67.0 65.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.7 5.0 4.5 18.013 72.0 67.0 72.0 69.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 -- --14 77.0 72.0 77.0 74.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 -- --15 83.0 78.0 83.0 80.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 4.9 5.1 -- --16 85.0 80.0 85.0 84.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 4.7 5.0 -- --17 90.0 85.0 90.0 87.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 5.0 -- --18 96.0 91.0 96.0 93.0 6.0 36.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 -- --19 100.0 95.0 100.0 98.0 4.0 16.0 5.1 4.7 5.0 -- --20 106.0 101.0 106.0 103.0 6.0 36.0 5.5 4.8 5.1 -- --21 109.0 104.0 109.0 107.5 3.0 9.0 4.7 4.7 5.0 -- --22 115.0 110.0 115.0 112.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 4.8 5.1 -- --23 120.0 115.0 120.0 117.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.8 5.1 -- --24 125.0 120.0 125.0 122.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.8 5.1 -- --25 129.0 124.0 129.0 127.0 4.0 16.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 -- --26 135.0 130.0 135.0 132.0 6.0 36.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 -- --27 140.0 135.0 140.0 137.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 -- --28 144.0 139.0 144.0 142.0 4.0 16.0 5.1 4.8 5.0 -- --29 149.0 144.0 149.0 146.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 -- --30 154.0 149.0 154.0 151.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 -- --31 160.0 155.0 160.0 157.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 4.8 5.1 -- --32 167.0 162.0 167.0 163.5 7.0 49.0 6.1 4.9 5.2 -- --33 171.0 166.0 171.0 169.0 4.0 16.0 5.9 4.9 5.1 -- --34 175.0 170.0 175.0 173.0 4.0 16.0 5.4 4.8 5.1 -- --35 182.0 177.0 182.0 178.5 7.0 49.0 5.4 4.9 5.2 -- --36 188.0 183.0 188.0 185.0 6.0 36.0 5.9 4.9 5.2 -- --37 192.0 187.0 192.0 190.0 4.0 16.0 5.9 4.9 5.2 -- --38 197.0 192.0 197.0 194.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.9 5.2 -- --39 201.0 196.0 201.0 199.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.9 5.2 -- --40 207.0 202.0 207.0 204.0 6.0 36.0 5.1 4.9 5.2 -- --41 209.0 204.0 209.0 208.0 2.0 4.0 4.7 4.9 5.1 -- --42 218.0 213.0 218.0 213.5 9.0 81.0 7.1 5.0 5.3 -- --43 224.0 219.0 224.0 221.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 5.0 5.3 -- --44 228.0 223.0 228.0 226.0 4.0 16.0 7.0 5.0 5.3 -- --45 234.0 229.0 234.0 231.0 6.0 36.0 5.5 5.0 5.3 -- --46 240.0 235.0 240.0 237.0 6.0 36.0 5.5 5.0 5.3 -- --47 245.0 240.0 245.0 242.5 5.0 25.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 -- --48 250.0 245.0 250.0 247.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 5.0 5.3 -- --49 255.0 250.0 255.0 252.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 -- --50 260.0 255.0 260.0 257.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 -- --51 266.0 261.0 266.0 263.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 5.0 5.3 -- --52 270.0 265.0 270.0 268.0 4.0 16.0 5.1 5.0 5.3 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 4.64E1 [MPa] 218.94DPI52 [mm/blow] 4.83E2 [MPa] 209.81
!
N!^!O!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
MnROAD 105% 50.5% 98.3% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 6
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 6.0 0.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 19.0 13.0 19.0 12.5 13.0 169.0 -- -- -- -- --2 25.0 19.0 25.0 22.0 6.0 36.0 -- 6.0 6.0 -- --3 29.0 23.0 29.0 27.0 4.0 16.0 9.6 5.0 5.2 5.0 20.04 34.0 28.0 34.0 31.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 5.0 5.1 4.5 22.55 38.0 32.0 38.0 36.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.8 4.9 4.5 18.06 42.0 36.0 42.0 40.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.0 16.07 48.0 42.0 48.0 45.0 6.0 36.0 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.0 30.08 52.0 46.0 52.0 50.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.0 20.09 56.0 50.0 56.0 54.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.6 4.8 4.0 16.0
10 62.0 56.0 62.0 59.0 6.0 36.0 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.0 30.011 65.0 59.0 65.0 63.5 3.0 9.0 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.5 13.512 70.0 64.0 70.0 67.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.0 20.013 74.0 68.0 74.0 72.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 4.6 4.8 -- --14 80.0 74.0 80.0 77.0 6.0 36.0 5.1 4.7 4.9 -- --15 85.0 79.0 85.0 82.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.7 4.9 -- --16 89.0 83.0 89.0 87.0 4.0 16.0 5.1 4.7 4.9 -- --17 95.0 89.0 95.0 92.0 6.0 36.0 5.1 4.8 4.9 -- --18 97.0 91.0 97.0 96.0 2.0 4.0 4.7 4.6 4.9 -- --19 101.0 95.0 101.0 99.0 4.0 16.0 4.7 4.6 4.8 -- --20 107.0 101.0 107.0 104.0 6.0 36.0 4.7 4.6 4.9 -- --21 111.0 105.0 111.0 109.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.6 4.9 -- --22 115.0 109.0 115.0 113.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.6 4.8 -- --23 120.0 114.0 120.0 117.5 5.0 25.0 4.4 4.6 4.8 -- --24 125.0 119.0 125.0 122.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.6 4.8 -- --25 130.0 124.0 130.0 127.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.9 -- --26 135.0 129.0 135.0 132.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.9 -- --27 140.0 134.0 140.0 137.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --28 145.0 139.0 145.0 142.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --29 150.0 144.0 150.0 147.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --30 155.0 149.0 155.0 152.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --31 160.0 154.0 160.0 157.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --32 165.0 159.0 165.0 162.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --33 170.0 164.0 170.0 167.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 -- --34 174.0 168.0 174.0 172.0 4.0 16.0 4.7 4.7 4.9 -- --35 178.0 172.0 178.0 176.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.7 4.8 -- --36 184.0 178.0 184.0 181.0 6.0 36.0 4.9 4.7 4.9 -- --37 188.0 182.0 188.0 186.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.7 4.9 -- --38 193.0 187.0 193.0 190.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.7 4.9 -- --39 198.0 192.0 198.0 195.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.7 4.9 -- --40 204.0 198.0 204.0 201.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 4.7 4.9 -- --41 209.0 203.0 209.0 206.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.8 4.9 -- --42 215.0 209.0 215.0 212.0 6.0 36.0 5.7 4.8 4.9 -- --43 219.0 213.0 219.0 217.0 4.0 16.0 5.1 4.8 4.9 -- --44 223.0 217.0 223.0 221.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.7 4.9 -- --45 227.0 221.0 227.0 225.0 4.0 16.0 4.0 4.7 4.9 -- --46 232.0 226.0 232.0 229.5 5.0 25.0 4.4 4.7 4.9 -- --47 237.0 231.0 237.0 234.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.7 4.9 -- --48 244.0 238.0 244.0 240.5 7.0 49.0 5.8 4.8 5.0 -- --49 248.0 242.0 248.0 246.0 4.0 16.0 5.6 4.8 4.9 -- --50 253.0 247.0 253.0 250.5 5.0 25.0 5.6 4.8 4.9 -- --51 258.0 252.0 258.0 255.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.8 4.9 -- --52 262.0 256.0 262.0 260.0 4.0 16.0 4.7 4.8 4.9 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 4.63E1 [MPa] 219.24DPI52 [mm/blow] 4.52E2 [MPa] 224.79
!
N!^!#P!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 103% 88.2% 102.7% 1
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 11Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 11.0 0.0 11.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 45.0 34.0 45.0 28.0 34.0 1156.0 -- -- -- -- --2 79.0 68.0 79.0 62.0 34.0 1156.0 -- 34.0 34.0 -- --3 112.0 101.0 112.0 95.5 33.0 1089.0 33.7 33.5 33.5 33.5 1105.54 144.0 133.0 144.0 128.0 32.0 1024.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 32.5 1040.05 179.0 168.0 179.0 161.5 35.0 1225.0 33.4 33.5 33.5 33.5 1172.56 217.0 206.0 217.0 198.0 38.0 1444.0 35.2 34.4 34.5 36.5 1387.07 255.0 244.0 255.0 236.0 38.0 1444.0 37.1 35.0 35.2 38.0 1444.08 290.0 279.0 290.0 272.5 35.0 1225.0 37.1 35.0 35.1 -- --9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 34.94E1 [MPa] 25.65DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 103% 88.2% 102.7% 2
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 9Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 9.0 0.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 45.0 36.0 45.0 27.0 36.0 1296.0 -- -- -- -- --2 77.0 68.0 77.0 61.0 32.0 1024.0 -- 32.0 32.0 -- --3 112.0 103.0 112.0 94.5 35.0 1225.0 34.4 33.5 33.6 33.5 1172.54 145.0 136.0 145.0 128.5 33.0 1089.0 33.4 33.3 33.4 34.0 1122.05 180.0 171.0 180.0 162.5 35.0 1225.0 34.4 33.8 33.8 34.0 1190.06 215.0 206.0 215.0 197.5 35.0 1225.0 34.4 34.0 34.0 35.0 1225.07 250.0 241.0 250.0 232.5 35.0 1225.0 35.0 34.2 34.2 35.0 1225.08 286.0 277.0 286.0 268.0 36.0 1296.0 35.3 34.4 34.5 -- --9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 34.30E1 [MPa] 26.16DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
!
N!^!##!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 103% 71.8% 100.2% 1
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 40.0 33.0 40.0 23.5 33.0 1089.0 -- -- -- -- --2 70.0 63.0 70.0 55.0 30.0 900.0 -- 30.0 30.0 -- --3 99.0 92.0 99.0 84.5 29.0 841.0 30.8 29.5 29.5 29.5 855.54 125.0 118.0 125.0 112.0 26.0 676.0 28.4 28.3 28.4 27.5 715.05 155.0 148.0 155.0 140.0 30.0 900.0 28.4 28.8 28.8 28.0 840.06 190.0 183.0 190.0 172.5 35.0 1225.0 30.8 30.0 30.3 32.5 1137.57 220.0 213.0 220.0 205.0 30.0 900.0 31.8 30.0 30.2 32.5 975.08 254.0 247.0 254.0 237.0 34.0 1156.0 33.1 30.6 30.8 -- --9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 30.15E1 [MPa] 29.99DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 103% 71.8% 100.2% 2
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 37.0 27.0 37.0 23.5 27.0 729.0 -- -- -- -- --2 65.0 55.0 65.0 51.0 28.0 784.0 -- 28.0 28.0 -- --3 93.0 83.0 93.0 79.0 28.0 784.0 27.7 28.0 28.0 28.0 784.04 117.0 107.0 117.0 105.0 24.0 576.0 26.8 26.7 26.8 26.0 624.05 140.0 130.0 140.0 128.5 23.0 529.0 25.2 25.8 26.0 23.5 540.56 170.0 160.0 170.0 155.0 30.0 900.0 26.0 26.6 26.9 26.5 795.07 195.0 185.0 195.0 182.5 25.0 625.0 26.3 26.3 26.6 27.5 687.58 223.0 213.0 223.0 209.0 28.0 784.0 27.8 26.6 26.8 -- --9 254.0 244.0 254.0 238.5 31.0 961.0 28.2 27.1 27.4 -- --
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 26.39E1 [MPa] 34.55DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
!
N!^!#+!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 103% 65.1% 104.4% 1
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 40.0 30.0 40.0 25.0 30.0 900.0 -- -- -- -- --2 60.0 50.0 60.0 50.0 20.0 400.0 -- 20.0 20.0 -- --3 80.0 70.0 80.0 70.0 20.0 400.0 24.3 20.0 20.0 20.0 400.04 99.0 89.0 99.0 89.5 19.0 361.0 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.5 370.55 115.0 105.0 115.0 107.0 16.0 256.0 18.5 18.8 18.9 17.5 280.06 137.0 127.0 137.0 126.0 22.0 484.0 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.0 418.07 155.0 145.0 155.0 146.0 18.0 324.0 19.0 19.2 19.3 20.0 360.08 170.0 160.0 170.0 162.5 15.0 225.0 18.8 18.6 18.8 16.5 247.59 183.0 173.0 183.0 176.5 13.0 169.0 15.6 17.9 18.3 14.0 182.0
10 195.0 185.0 195.0 189.0 12.0 144.0 13.5 17.2 17.8 12.5 150.011 210.0 200.0 210.0 202.5 15.0 225.0 13.5 17.0 17.6 13.5 202.512 224.0 214.0 224.0 217.0 14.0 196.0 13.8 16.7 17.3 14.5 203.0
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 19.25E1 [MPa] 48.31DPI52 [mm/blow] 14.28E2 [MPa] 66.34
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 103% 65.1% 104.4% 2
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 6Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 6.0 0.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 37.0 31.0 37.0 21.5 31.0 961.0 -- -- -- -- --2 58.0 52.0 58.0 47.5 21.0 441.0 -- 21.0 21.0 -- --3 74.0 68.0 74.0 66.0 16.0 256.0 24.4 18.5 18.8 18.5 296.04 92.0 86.0 92.0 83.0 18.0 324.0 18.6 18.3 18.6 17.0 306.05 107.0 101.0 107.0 99.5 15.0 225.0 16.4 17.5 17.8 16.5 247.56 125.0 119.0 125.0 116.0 18.0 324.0 17.1 17.6 17.8 16.5 297.07 145.0 139.0 145.0 135.0 20.0 400.0 17.9 18.0 18.2 19.0 380.08 161.0 155.0 161.0 153.0 16.0 256.0 18.1 17.7 18.0 18.0 288.09 174.0 168.0 174.0 167.5 13.0 169.0 16.8 17.1 17.5 14.5 188.5
10 186.0 180.0 186.0 180.0 12.0 144.0 13.9 16.6 17.0 12.5 150.011 197.0 191.0 197.0 191.5 11.0 121.0 12.1 16.0 16.6 11.5 126.512 209.0 203.0 209.0 203.0 12.0 144.0 11.7 15.6 16.3 11.5 138.013 220.0 214.0 220.0 214.5 11.0 121.0 11.4 15.3 16.0 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 17.55E1 [MPa] 53.29DPI52 [mm/blow] 13.92E2 [MPa] 68.13
!
N!^!#7!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 98% 97.6% 97.0% 1
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 48.0 41.0 48.0 27.5 41.0 1681.0 -- -- -- -- --2 84.0 77.0 84.0 66.0 36.0 1296.0 -- 36.0 36.0 -- --3 119.0 112.0 119.0 101.5 35.0 1225.0 37.5 35.5 35.5 35.5 1242.54 148.0 141.0 148.0 133.5 29.0 841.0 33.6 33.3 33.6 32.0 928.05 176.0 169.0 176.0 162.0 28.0 784.0 31.0 32.0 32.4 28.5 798.06 204.0 197.0 204.0 190.0 28.0 784.0 28.3 31.2 31.6 28.0 784.07 236.0 229.0 236.0 220.0 32.0 1024.0 29.5 31.3 31.7 30.0 960.08 267.0 260.0 267.0 251.5 31.0 961.0 30.4 31.3 31.6 -- --9 296.0 289.0 296.0 281.5 29.0 841.0 30.7 31.0 31.3 -- --
10 309.0 302.0 309.0 302.5 13.0 169.0 27.0 29.0 30.4 -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 31.00E1 [MPa] 29.12DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 98% 97.6% 97.0% 2
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 17Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 17.0 0.0 17.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 45.0 28.0 45.0 31.0 28.0 784.0 -- -- -- -- --2 79.0 62.0 79.0 62.0 34.0 1156.0 -- 34.0 34.0 -- --3 112.0 95.0 112.0 95.5 33.0 1089.0 31.9 33.5 33.5 33.5 1105.54 138.0 121.0 138.0 125.0 26.0 676.0 31.4 31.0 31.4 29.5 767.05 169.0 152.0 169.0 153.5 31.0 961.0 30.3 31.0 31.3 28.5 883.56 199.0 182.0 199.0 184.0 30.0 900.0 29.2 30.8 31.1 30.5 915.07 227.0 210.0 227.0 213.0 28.0 784.0 29.7 30.3 30.6 29.0 812.08 259.0 242.0 259.0 243.0 32.0 1024.0 30.1 30.6 30.8 -- --9 287.0 270.0 287.0 273.0 28.0 784.0 29.5 30.3 30.5 -- --
10 300.0 283.0 300.0 293.5 13.0 169.0 27.1 28.3 29.6 -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 30.29E1 [MPa] 29.85DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
!
N!^!#:!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 98% 82.2% 96.2% 1
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 11Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 11.0 0.0 11.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 25.0 14.0 25.0 18.0 14.0 196.0 -- -- -- -- --2 40.0 29.0 40.0 32.5 15.0 225.0 -- 15.0 15.0 -- --3 53.0 42.0 53.0 46.5 13.0 169.0 14.0 14.0 14.1 14.0 182.04 65.0 54.0 65.0 59.0 12.0 144.0 13.5 13.3 13.5 12.5 150.05 80.0 69.0 80.0 72.5 15.0 225.0 13.5 13.8 13.9 13.5 202.56 96.0 85.0 96.0 88.0 16.0 256.0 14.5 14.2 14.4 15.5 248.07 109.0 98.0 109.0 102.5 13.0 169.0 14.8 14.0 14.1 14.5 188.58 117.0 106.0 117.0 113.0 8.0 64.0 13.2 13.1 13.6 10.5 84.09 131.0 120.0 131.0 124.0 14.0 196.0 12.3 13.3 13.7 11.0 154.0
10 145.0 134.0 145.0 138.0 14.0 196.0 12.7 13.3 13.7 14.0 196.011 157.0 146.0 157.0 151.0 12.0 144.0 13.4 13.2 13.5 13.0 156.012 170.0 159.0 170.0 163.5 13.0 169.0 13.1 13.2 13.5 12.5 162.513 183.0 172.0 183.0 176.5 13.0 169.0 12.7 13.2 13.5 -- --14 196.0 185.0 196.0 189.5 13.0 169.0 13.0 13.2 13.4 -- --15 210.0 199.0 210.0 203.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 13.2 13.5 -- --16 220.0 209.0 220.0 215.0 10.0 100.0 12.6 13.0 13.3 -- --17 235.0 224.0 235.0 227.5 15.0 225.0 13.4 13.1 13.4 -- --18 251.0 240.0 251.0 243.0 16.0 256.0 14.2 13.3 13.6 -- --19 264.0 253.0 264.0 257.5 13.0 169.0 14.8 13.3 13.6 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 14.07E1 [MPa] 67.36DPI52 [mm/blow] 12.34E2 [MPa] 77.47
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 98% 82.2% 96.2% 2
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 9Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 9.0 0.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 25.0 16.0 25.0 17.0 16.0 256.0 -- -- -- -- --2 39.0 30.0 39.0 32.0 14.0 196.0 -- 14.0 14.0 -- --3 52.0 43.0 52.0 45.5 13.0 169.0 14.4 13.5 13.5 13.5 175.54 64.0 55.0 64.0 58.0 12.0 144.0 13.1 13.0 13.1 12.5 150.05 79.0 70.0 79.0 71.5 15.0 225.0 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.5 202.56 93.0 84.0 93.0 86.0 14.0 196.0 13.8 13.6 13.7 14.5 203.07 105.0 96.0 105.0 99.0 12.0 144.0 13.8 13.3 13.4 13.0 156.08 118.0 109.0 118.0 111.5 13.0 169.0 13.1 13.3 13.4 12.5 162.59 129.0 120.0 129.0 123.5 11.0 121.0 12.1 13.0 13.1 12.0 132.0
10 140.0 131.0 140.0 134.5 11.0 121.0 11.7 12.8 12.9 11.0 121.011 153.0 144.0 153.0 146.5 13.0 169.0 11.7 12.8 12.9 12.0 156.012 168.0 159.0 168.0 160.5 15.0 225.0 13.2 13.0 13.1 14.0 210.013 180.0 171.0 180.0 174.0 12.0 144.0 13.5 12.9 13.1 -- --14 193.0 184.0 193.0 186.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 12.9 13.0 -- --15 207.0 198.0 207.0 200.0 14.0 196.0 13.1 13.0 13.1 -- --16 222.0 213.0 222.0 214.5 15.0 225.0 14.0 13.1 13.3 -- --17 237.0 228.0 237.0 229.5 15.0 225.0 14.7 13.3 13.4 -- --18 252.0 243.0 252.0 244.5 15.0 225.0 15.0 13.4 13.5 -- --19 267.0 258.0 267.0 259.5 15.0 225.0 15.0 13.4 13.6 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 13.44E1 [MPa] 70.73DPI52 [mm/blow] 12.40E2 [MPa] 77.01
!
N!^!#=!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 98% 60.9% 97.7% 1
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 9Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 9.0 0.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 24.0 15.0 24.0 16.5 15.0 225.0 -- -- -- -- --2 33.0 24.0 33.0 28.5 9.0 81.0 -- 9.0 9.0 -- --3 40.0 31.0 40.0 36.5 7.0 49.0 11.5 8.0 8.1 8.0 56.04 49.0 40.0 49.0 44.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.0 72.05 60.0 51.0 60.0 54.5 11.0 121.0 9.3 9.0 9.2 10.0 110.06 69.0 60.0 69.0 64.5 9.0 81.0 9.8 9.0 9.2 10.0 90.07 80.0 71.0 80.0 74.5 11.0 121.0 10.4 9.3 9.5 10.0 110.08 90.0 81.0 90.0 85.0 10.0 100.0 10.1 9.4 9.6 10.5 105.09 100.0 91.0 100.0 95.0 10.0 100.0 10.4 9.5 9.7 10.0 100.0
10 109.0 100.0 109.0 104.5 9.0 81.0 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 85.511 119.0 110.0 119.0 114.0 10.0 100.0 9.7 9.5 9.6 9.5 95.012 128.0 119.0 128.0 123.5 9.0 81.0 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.5 85.513 138.0 129.0 138.0 133.0 10.0 100.0 9.7 9.5 9.6 -- --14 147.0 138.0 147.0 142.5 9.0 81.0 9.4 9.5 9.6 -- --15 158.0 149.0 158.0 152.5 11.0 121.0 10.1 9.6 9.7 -- --16 170.0 161.0 170.0 164.0 12.0 144.0 10.8 9.7 9.9 -- --17 181.0 172.0 181.0 175.5 11.0 121.0 11.4 9.8 10.0 -- --18 190.0 181.0 190.0 185.5 9.0 81.0 10.8 9.8 9.9 -- --19 201.0 192.0 201.0 195.5 11.0 121.0 10.4 9.8 10.0 -- --20 215.0 206.0 215.0 208.0 14.0 196.0 11.7 10.1 10.3 -- --21 225.0 216.0 225.0 220.0 10.0 100.0 11.9 10.1 10.3 -- --22 236.0 227.0 236.0 230.5 11.0 121.0 11.9 10.1 10.3 -- --23 250.0 241.0 250.0 243.0 14.0 196.0 11.9 10.3 10.5 -- --24 260.0 251.0 260.0 255.0 10.0 100.0 11.9 10.3 10.5 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 9.32E1 [MPa] 104.34DPI52 [mm/blow] 9.81E2 [MPa] 98.78
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.Duluth 98% 60.9% 97.7% 2
Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI x
Blow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPIFrom Start Depth Depth Average DPI
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 22.0 12.0 22.0 16.0 12.0 144.0 -- -- -- -- --2 31.0 21.0 31.0 26.5 9.0 81.0 -- 9.0 9.0 -- --3 41.0 31.0 41.0 36.0 10.0 100.0 10.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 95.04 49.0 39.0 49.0 45.0 8.0 64.0 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.0 72.05 60.0 50.0 60.0 54.5 11.0 121.0 9.8 9.5 9.6 9.5 104.56 68.0 58.0 68.0 64.0 8.0 64.0 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.5 76.07 80.0 70.0 80.0 74.0 12.0 144.0 10.6 9.7 9.9 10.0 120.08 92.0 82.0 92.0 86.0 12.0 144.0 11.0 10.0 10.3 12.0 144.09 103.0 93.0 103.0 97.5 11.0 121.0 11.7 10.1 10.4 11.5 126.5
10 115.0 105.0 115.0 109.0 12.0 144.0 11.7 10.3 10.6 11.5 138.011 125.0 115.0 125.0 120.0 10.0 100.0 11.1 10.3 10.5 11.0 110.012 136.0 126.0 136.0 130.5 11.0 121.0 11.1 10.4 10.6 10.5 115.513 145.0 135.0 145.0 140.5 9.0 81.0 10.1 10.3 10.4 -- --14 157.0 147.0 157.0 151.0 12.0 144.0 10.8 10.4 10.6 -- --15 169.0 159.0 169.0 163.0 12.0 144.0 11.2 10.5 10.7 -- --16 180.0 170.0 180.0 174.5 11.0 121.0 11.7 10.5 10.7 -- --17 192.0 182.0 192.0 186.0 12.0 144.0 11.7 10.6 10.8 -- --18 204.0 194.0 204.0 198.0 12.0 144.0 11.7 10.7 10.9 -- --19 216.0 206.0 216.0 210.0 12.0 144.0 12.0 10.8 11.0 -- --20 229.0 219.0 229.0 222.5 13.0 169.0 12.4 10.9 11.1 -- --21 241.0 231.0 241.0 235.0 12.0 144.0 12.4 11.0 11.1 -- --22 255.0 245.0 255.0 248.0 14.0 196.0 13.1 11.1 11.3 -- --23 265.0 255.0 265.0 260.0 10.0 100.0 12.2 11.0 11.3 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 9.54E1 [MPa] 101.76DPI52 [mm/blow] 11.32E2 [MPa] 84.86
!
N!^!#B!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 98% 93.9% 89.9% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 17
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 17.0 0.0 17.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 43.0 26.0 43.0 30.0 26.0 676.0 -- -- -- -- --2 71.0 54.0 71.0 57.0 28.0 784.0 -- 28.0 28.0 -- --3 94.0 77.0 94.0 82.5 23.0 529.0 25.8 25.5 25.7 25.5 586.54 120.0 103.0 120.0 107.0 26.0 676.0 25.8 25.7 25.8 24.5 637.05 144.0 127.0 144.0 132.0 24.0 576.0 24.4 25.3 25.4 25.0 600.06 168.0 151.0 168.0 156.0 24.0 576.0 24.7 25.0 25.1 24.0 576.07 189.0 172.0 189.0 178.5 21.0 441.0 23.1 24.3 24.5 22.5 472.58 210.0 193.0 210.0 199.5 21.0 441.0 22.1 23.9 24.1 21.0 441.09 233.0 216.0 233.0 221.5 23.0 529.0 21.7 23.8 24.0 22.0 506.0
10 254.0 237.0 254.0 243.5 21.0 441.0 21.7 23.4 23.7 22.0 462.011 274.0 257.0 274.0 264.0 20.0 400.0 21.4 23.1 23.3 20.5 410.012 288.0 271.0 288.0 281.0 14.0 196.0 18.9 22.3 22.8 17.0 238.0
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 24.34E1 [MPa] 37.65DPI52 [mm/blow] 20.78E2 [MPa] 44.54
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 98% 93.9% 89.9% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 15
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 15.0 0.0 15.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 36.0 21.0 36.0 25.5 21.0 441.0 -- -- -- -- --2 50.0 35.0 50.0 43.0 14.0 196.0 -- 14.0 14.0 -- --3 83.0 68.0 83.0 66.5 33.0 1089.0 25.4 23.5 27.3 23.5 775.54 107.0 92.0 107.0 95.0 24.0 576.0 26.2 23.7 26.2 28.5 684.05 138.0 123.0 138.0 122.5 31.0 961.0 29.8 25.5 27.7 27.5 852.56 165.0 150.0 165.0 151.5 27.0 729.0 27.6 25.8 27.5 29.0 783.07 191.0 176.0 191.0 178.0 26.0 676.0 28.2 25.8 27.3 26.5 689.08 219.0 204.0 219.0 205.0 28.0 784.0 27.0 26.1 27.4 -- --9 240.0 225.0 240.0 229.5 21.0 441.0 25.3 25.5 26.7 -- --
10 264.0 249.0 264.0 252.0 24.0 576.0 24.7 25.3 26.4 -- --11 283.0 268.0 283.0 273.5 19.0 361.0 21.5 24.7 25.9 -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 26.84E1 [MPa] 33.94DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
!
N!^!#C!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 98% 76.5% 95.9% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 14
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 14.0 0.0 14.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 43.0 29.0 43.0 28.5 29.0 841.0 -- -- -- -- --2 64.0 50.0 64.0 53.5 21.0 441.0 -- 21.0 21.0 -- --3 86.0 72.0 86.0 75.0 22.0 484.0 24.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 473.04 104.0 90.0 104.0 95.0 18.0 324.0 20.5 20.3 20.5 20.0 360.05 120.0 106.0 120.0 112.0 16.0 256.0 19.0 19.3 19.5 17.0 272.06 131.0 117.0 131.0 125.5 11.0 121.0 15.6 17.6 18.5 13.5 148.57 145.0 131.0 145.0 138.0 14.0 196.0 14.0 17.0 17.9 12.5 175.08 161.0 147.0 161.0 153.0 16.0 256.0 14.0 16.9 17.6 15.0 240.09 179.0 165.0 179.0 170.0 18.0 324.0 16.2 17.0 17.7 17.0 306.0
10 194.0 180.0 194.0 186.5 15.0 225.0 16.4 16.8 17.4 16.5 247.511 210.0 196.0 210.0 202.0 16.0 256.0 16.4 16.7 17.3 15.5 248.012 229.0 215.0 229.0 219.5 19.0 361.0 16.8 16.9 17.4 17.5 332.513 249.0 235.0 249.0 239.0 20.0 400.0 18.5 17.2 17.7 -- --14 265.0 251.0 265.0 257.0 16.0 256.0 18.5 17.1 17.6 -- --15 278.0 264.0 278.0 271.5 13.0 169.0 16.8 16.8 17.3 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 17.64E1 [MPa] 53.01DPI52 [mm/blow] 16.36E2 [MPa] 57.42
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 98% 76.5% 95.9% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 13
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 13.0 0.0 13.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 44.0 31.0 44.0 28.5 31.0 961.0 -- -- -- -- --2 70.0 57.0 70.0 57.0 26.0 676.0 -- 26.0 26.0 -- --3 92.0 79.0 92.0 81.0 22.0 484.0 26.8 24.0 24.2 24.0 528.04 107.0 94.0 107.0 99.5 15.0 225.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 18.5 277.55 123.0 110.0 123.0 115.0 16.0 256.0 18.2 19.8 20.8 15.5 248.06 140.0 127.0 140.0 131.5 17.0 289.0 16.0 19.2 20.1 16.5 280.57 159.0 146.0 159.0 149.5 19.0 361.0 17.4 19.2 19.9 18.0 342.08 178.0 165.0 178.0 168.5 19.0 361.0 18.4 19.1 19.8 19.0 361.09 195.0 182.0 195.0 186.5 17.0 289.0 18.4 18.9 19.5 18.0 306.0
10 214.0 201.0 214.0 204.5 19.0 361.0 18.4 18.9 19.4 18.0 342.011 233.0 220.0 233.0 223.5 19.0 361.0 18.4 18.9 19.4 19.0 361.012 251.0 238.0 251.0 242.0 18.0 324.0 18.7 18.8 19.3 18.5 333.013 268.0 255.0 268.0 259.5 17.0 289.0 18.0 18.7 19.1 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 18.83E1 [MPa] 49.44DPI52 [mm/blow] 18.51E2 [MPa] 50.35
!
N!^!#E!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 98% 63.6% 95.0% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 9
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 9.0 0.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 35.0 26.0 35.0 22.0 26.0 676.0 -- -- -- -- --2 55.0 46.0 55.0 45.0 20.0 400.0 -- 20.0 20.0 -- --3 70.0 61.0 70.0 62.5 15.0 225.0 21.3 17.5 17.9 17.5 262.54 85.0 76.0 85.0 77.5 15.0 225.0 17.0 16.7 17.0 15.0 225.05 99.0 90.0 99.0 92.0 14.0 196.0 14.7 16.0 16.3 14.5 203.06 111.0 102.0 111.0 105.0 12.0 144.0 13.8 15.2 15.7 13.0 156.07 125.0 116.0 125.0 118.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 15.0 15.4 13.0 182.08 139.0 130.0 139.0 132.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 14.9 15.2 14.0 196.09 153.0 144.0 153.0 146.0 14.0 196.0 14.0 14.8 15.1 14.0 196.0
10 164.0 155.0 164.0 158.5 11.0 121.0 13.2 14.3 14.7 12.5 137.511 177.0 168.0 177.0 170.5 13.0 169.0 12.8 14.2 14.6 12.0 156.012 190.0 181.0 190.0 183.5 13.0 169.0 12.4 14.1 14.4 13.0 169.013 204.0 195.0 204.0 197.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 14.1 14.4 -- --14 221.0 212.0 221.0 212.5 17.0 289.0 14.9 14.3 14.6 -- --15 233.0 224.0 233.0 227.0 12.0 144.0 14.6 14.1 14.5 -- --16 244.0 235.0 244.0 238.5 11.0 121.0 13.9 13.9 14.3 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 14.69E1 [MPa] 64.34DPI52 [mm/blow] 13.15E2 [MPa] 72.41
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 98% 63.6% 95.0% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 9
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 9.0 0.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 33.0 24.0 33.0 21.0 24.0 576.0 -- -- -- -- --2 51.0 42.0 51.0 42.0 18.0 324.0 -- 18.0 18.0 -- --3 71.0 62.0 71.0 61.0 20.0 400.0 21.0 19.0 19.1 19.0 380.04 85.0 76.0 85.0 78.0 14.0 196.0 17.7 17.3 17.7 17.0 238.05 100.0 91.0 100.0 92.5 15.0 225.0 16.8 16.8 17.1 14.5 217.56 113.0 104.0 113.0 106.5 13.0 169.0 14.0 16.0 16.4 14.0 182.07 128.0 119.0 128.0 120.5 15.0 225.0 14.4 15.8 16.2 14.0 210.08 140.0 131.0 140.0 134.0 12.0 144.0 13.5 15.3 15.7 13.5 162.09 156.0 147.0 156.0 148.0 16.0 256.0 14.5 15.4 15.8 14.0 224.0
10 171.0 162.0 171.0 163.5 15.0 225.0 14.5 15.3 15.7 15.5 232.511 182.0 173.0 182.0 176.5 11.0 121.0 14.3 14.9 15.3 13.0 143.012 193.0 184.0 193.0 187.5 11.0 121.0 12.6 14.5 15.0 11.0 121.013 206.0 197.0 206.0 199.5 13.0 169.0 11.7 14.4 14.9 -- --14 218.0 209.0 218.0 212.0 12.0 144.0 12.1 14.2 14.7 -- --15 230.0 221.0 230.0 224.0 12.0 144.0 12.4 14.1 14.5 -- --16 242.0 233.0 242.0 236.0 12.0 144.0 12.0 13.9 14.4 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 15.94E1 [MPa] 59.01DPI52 [mm/blow] 13.58E2 [MPa] 69.97
!
N!^!#O!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 103% 85.6% 94.8% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 9
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 9.0 0.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 37.0 28.0 37.0 23.0 28.0 784.0 -- -- -- -- --2 57.0 48.0 57.0 47.0 20.0 400.0 -- 20.0 20.0 -- --3 72.0 63.0 72.0 64.5 15.0 225.0 22.4 17.5 17.9 17.5 262.54 87.0 78.0 87.0 79.5 15.0 225.0 17.0 16.7 17.0 15.0 225.05 100.0 91.0 100.0 93.5 13.0 169.0 14.4 15.8 16.2 14.0 182.06 112.0 103.0 112.0 106.0 12.0 144.0 13.5 15.0 15.5 12.5 150.07 124.0 115.0 124.0 118.0 12.0 144.0 12.4 14.5 15.0 12.0 144.08 136.0 127.0 136.0 130.0 12.0 144.0 12.0 14.1 14.7 12.0 144.09 149.0 140.0 149.0 142.5 13.0 169.0 12.4 14.0 14.5 12.5 162.5
10 162.0 153.0 162.0 155.5 13.0 169.0 12.7 13.9 14.3 13.0 169.011 174.0 165.0 174.0 168.0 12.0 144.0 12.7 13.7 14.1 12.5 150.012 184.0 175.0 184.0 179.0 10.0 100.0 11.8 13.4 13.8 11.0 110.013 196.0 187.0 196.0 190.0 12.0 144.0 11.4 13.3 13.7 -- --14 208.0 199.0 208.0 202.0 12.0 144.0 11.4 13.2 13.6 -- --15 220.0 211.0 220.0 214.0 12.0 144.0 12.0 13.1 13.5 -- --16 230.0 221.0 230.0 225.0 10.0 100.0 11.4 12.9 13.3 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 14.38E1 [MPa] 65.83DPI52 [mm/blow] 12.26E2 [MPa] 77.99
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 103% 85.6% 94.8% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 35.0 25.0 35.0 22.5 25.0 625.0 -- -- -- -- --2 53.0 43.0 53.0 44.0 18.0 324.0 -- 18.0 18.0 -- --3 70.0 60.0 70.0 61.5 17.0 289.0 20.6 17.5 17.5 17.5 297.54 83.0 73.0 83.0 76.5 13.0 169.0 16.3 16.0 16.3 15.0 195.05 93.0 83.0 93.0 88.0 10.0 100.0 14.0 14.5 15.2 11.5 115.06 106.0 96.0 106.0 99.5 13.0 169.0 12.2 14.2 14.8 11.5 149.57 120.0 110.0 120.0 113.0 14.0 196.0 12.6 14.2 14.7 13.5 189.08 130.0 120.0 130.0 125.0 10.0 100.0 12.6 13.6 14.2 12.0 120.09 144.0 134.0 144.0 137.0 14.0 196.0 12.9 13.6 14.2 12.0 168.0
10 157.0 147.0 157.0 150.5 13.0 169.0 12.6 13.6 14.0 13.5 175.511 170.0 160.0 170.0 163.5 13.0 169.0 13.4 13.5 13.9 13.0 169.012 184.0 174.0 184.0 177.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 13.5 13.9 13.5 189.013 197.0 187.0 197.0 190.5 13.0 169.0 13.4 13.5 13.9 -- --14 211.0 201.0 211.0 204.0 14.0 196.0 13.7 13.5 13.9 -- --15 226.0 216.0 226.0 218.5 15.0 225.0 14.0 13.6 14.0 -- --16 235.0 225.0 235.0 230.5 9.0 81.0 13.2 13.3 13.7 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 14.12E1 [MPa] 67.12DPI52 [mm/blow] 12.84E2 [MPa] 74.27
!
N!^!+P!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 103% 71.2% 99.1% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 16
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 16.0 0.0 16.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 38.0 22.0 38.0 27.0 22.0 484.0 -- -- -- -- --2 50.0 34.0 50.0 44.0 12.0 144.0 -- 12.0 12.0 -- --3 64.0 48.0 64.0 57.0 14.0 196.0 17.2 13.0 13.1 13.0 182.04 76.0 60.0 76.0 70.0 12.0 144.0 12.7 12.7 12.7 13.0 156.05 90.0 74.0 90.0 83.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 13.0 13.1 13.0 182.06 104.0 88.0 104.0 97.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 13.2 13.3 14.0 196.07 115.0 99.0 115.0 109.5 11.0 121.0 13.2 12.8 12.9 12.5 137.58 125.0 109.0 125.0 120.0 10.0 100.0 11.9 12.4 12.6 10.5 105.09 140.0 124.0 140.0 132.5 15.0 225.0 12.4 12.8 13.0 12.5 187.5
10 152.0 136.0 152.0 146.0 12.0 144.0 12.7 12.7 12.9 13.5 162.011 165.0 149.0 165.0 158.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 12.7 12.9 12.5 162.512 179.0 163.0 179.0 172.0 14.0 196.0 13.1 12.8 13.0 13.5 189.013 190.0 174.0 190.0 184.5 11.0 121.0 12.8 12.7 12.8 -- --14 204.0 188.0 204.0 197.0 14.0 196.0 13.2 12.8 12.9 -- --15 214.0 198.0 214.0 209.0 10.0 100.0 11.9 12.6 12.8 -- --16 227.0 211.0 227.0 220.5 13.0 169.0 12.6 12.6 12.8 -- --17 240.0 224.0 240.0 233.5 13.0 169.0 12.2 12.6 12.8 -- --18 252.0 236.0 252.0 246.0 12.0 144.0 12.7 12.6 12.8 -- --19 262.0 246.0 262.0 257.0 10.0 100.0 11.8 12.4 12.6 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 13.13E1 [MPa] 72.50DPI52 [mm/blow] 12.59E2 [MPa] 75.79
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 103% 71.2% 99.1% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 33.0 23.0 33.0 21.5 23.0 529.0 -- -- -- -- --2 46.0 36.0 46.0 39.5 13.0 169.0 -- 13.0 13.0 -- --3 60.0 50.0 60.0 53.0 14.0 196.0 17.9 13.5 13.5 13.5 189.04 73.0 63.0 73.0 66.5 13.0 169.0 13.4 13.3 13.4 13.5 175.55 89.0 79.0 89.0 81.0 16.0 256.0 14.4 14.0 14.1 14.5 232.06 102.0 92.0 102.0 95.5 13.0 169.0 14.1 13.8 13.9 14.5 188.57 116.0 106.0 116.0 109.0 14.0 196.0 14.4 13.8 13.9 13.5 189.08 130.0 120.0 130.0 123.0 14.0 196.0 13.7 13.9 13.9 14.0 196.09 142.0 132.0 142.0 136.0 12.0 144.0 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.0 156.0
10 157.0 147.0 157.0 149.5 15.0 225.0 13.8 13.8 13.9 13.5 202.511 170.0 160.0 170.0 163.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 13.7 13.8 14.0 182.012 183.0 173.0 183.0 176.5 13.0 169.0 13.7 13.6 13.7 13.0 169.013 195.0 185.0 195.0 189.0 12.0 144.0 12.7 13.5 13.6 -- --14 210.0 200.0 210.0 202.5 15.0 225.0 13.5 13.6 13.7 -- --15 223.0 213.0 223.0 216.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 13.6 13.7 -- --16 237.0 227.0 237.0 230.0 14.0 196.0 14.0 13.6 13.7 -- --17 249.0 239.0 249.0 243.0 12.0 144.0 13.1 13.5 13.6 -- --18 260.0 250.0 260.0 254.5 11.0 121.0 12.5 13.4 13.5 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 13.91E1 [MPa] 68.17DPI52 [mm/blow] 13.51E2 [MPa] 70.31
!
N!^!+#!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 103% 63.6% 96.2% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 8
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 8.0 0.0 8.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 28.0 20.0 28.0 18.0 20.0 400.0 -- -- -- -- --2 38.0 30.0 38.0 33.0 10.0 100.0 -- 10.0 10.0 -- --3 50.0 42.0 50.0 44.0 12.0 144.0 15.3 11.0 11.1 11.0 132.04 65.0 57.0 65.0 57.5 15.0 225.0 12.7 12.3 12.7 13.5 202.55 75.0 67.0 75.0 70.0 10.0 100.0 12.7 11.8 12.1 12.5 125.06 86.0 78.0 86.0 80.5 11.0 121.0 12.4 11.6 11.9 10.5 115.57 97.0 89.0 97.0 91.5 11.0 121.0 10.7 11.5 11.8 11.0 121.08 106.0 98.0 106.0 101.5 9.0 81.0 10.4 11.1 11.4 10.0 90.09 110.0 102.0 110.0 108.0 4.0 16.0 9.1 10.3 11.1 6.5 26.0
10 120.0 112.0 120.0 115.0 10.0 100.0 8.6 10.2 11.0 7.0 70.011 130.0 122.0 130.0 125.0 10.0 100.0 9.0 10.2 10.9 10.0 100.012 140.0 132.0 140.0 135.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.2 10.8 10.0 100.013 150.0 142.0 150.0 145.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.2 10.7 -- --14 160.0 152.0 160.0 155.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.2 10.7 -- --15 169.0 161.0 169.0 164.5 9.0 81.0 9.7 10.1 10.6 -- --16 179.0 171.0 179.0 174.0 10.0 100.0 9.7 10.1 10.5 -- --17 189.0 181.0 189.0 184.0 10.0 100.0 9.7 10.1 10.5 -- --18 199.0 191.0 199.0 194.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.1 10.5 -- --19 209.0 201.0 209.0 204.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.1 10.4 -- --20 220.0 212.0 220.0 214.5 11.0 121.0 10.4 10.1 10.5 -- --21 229.0 221.0 229.0 224.5 9.0 81.0 10.1 10.1 10.4 -- --22 237.0 229.0 237.0 233.0 8.0 64.0 9.5 10.0 10.3 -- --23 245.0 237.0 245.0 241.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 9.9 10.2 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 11.80E1 [MPa] 81.23DPI52 [mm/blow] 8.98E2 [MPa] 108.57
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Wing 103% 63.6% 96.2% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 14
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 14.0 0.0 14.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 29.0 15.0 29.0 21.5 15.0 225.0 -- -- -- -- --2 44.0 30.0 44.0 36.5 15.0 225.0 -- 15.0 15.0 -- --3 54.0 40.0 54.0 49.0 10.0 100.0 13.8 12.5 13.0 12.5 125.04 65.0 51.0 65.0 59.5 11.0 121.0 12.4 12.0 12.4 10.5 115.55 81.0 67.0 81.0 73.0 16.0 256.0 12.9 13.0 13.5 13.5 216.06 88.0 74.0 88.0 84.5 7.0 49.0 12.5 11.8 12.7 11.5 80.57 96.0 82.0 96.0 92.0 8.0 64.0 11.9 11.2 12.2 7.5 60.08 105.0 91.0 105.0 100.5 9.0 81.0 8.1 10.9 11.8 8.5 76.59 115.0 101.0 115.0 110.0 10.0 100.0 9.1 10.8 11.6 9.5 95.0
10 125.0 111.0 125.0 120.0 10.0 100.0 9.7 10.7 11.4 10.0 100.011 135.0 121.0 135.0 130.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.6 11.3 10.0 100.012 145.0 131.0 145.0 140.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.5 11.2 10.0 100.013 155.0 141.0 155.0 150.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.5 11.1 -- --14 165.0 151.0 165.0 160.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.5 11.0 -- --15 175.0 161.0 175.0 170.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.4 10.9 -- --16 185.0 171.0 185.0 180.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.4 10.9 -- --17 195.0 181.0 195.0 190.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 10.4 10.8 -- --18 207.0 193.0 207.0 201.0 12.0 144.0 10.8 10.5 10.9 -- --19 217.0 203.0 217.0 212.0 10.0 100.0 10.8 10.4 10.9 -- --20 227.0 213.0 227.0 222.0 10.0 100.0 10.8 10.4 10.8 -- --21 236.0 222.0 236.0 231.5 9.0 81.0 9.7 10.4 10.7 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 11.48E1 [MPa] 83.61DPI52 [mm/blow] 9.62E2 [MPa] 100.85
!
N!^!++!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 98% 85.2% 97.5% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 45.0 35.0 45.0 27.5 35.0 1225.0 -- -- -- -- --2 81.0 71.0 81.0 63.0 36.0 1296.0 -- 36.0 36.0 -- --3 111.0 101.0 111.0 96.0 30.0 900.0 33.9 33.0 33.3 33.0 990.04 145.0 135.0 145.0 128.0 34.0 1156.0 33.5 33.3 33.5 32.0 1088.05 177.0 167.0 177.0 161.0 32.0 1024.0 32.1 33.0 33.2 33.0 1056.06 205.0 195.0 205.0 191.0 28.0 784.0 31.5 32.0 32.3 30.0 840.07 237.0 227.0 237.0 221.0 32.0 1024.0 30.8 32.0 32.2 30.0 960.08 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 31.63E1 [MPa] 28.51DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 98% 85.2% 97.5% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 8
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 8.0 0.0 8.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 41.0 33.0 41.0 24.5 33.0 1089.0 -- -- -- -- --2 78.0 70.0 78.0 59.5 37.0 1369.0 -- 37.0 37.0 -- --3 107.0 99.0 107.0 92.5 29.0 841.0 33.3 33.0 33.5 33.0 957.04 144.0 136.0 144.0 125.5 37.0 1369.0 34.7 34.3 34.7 33.0 1221.05 174.0 166.0 174.0 159.0 30.0 900.0 32.4 33.3 33.7 33.5 1005.06 200.0 192.0 200.0 187.0 26.0 676.0 31.7 31.8 32.4 28.0 728.07 231.0 223.0 231.0 215.5 31.0 961.0 29.2 31.7 32.2 28.5 883.58 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 31.34E1 [MPa] 28.79DPI52 [mm/blow] N/AE2 [MPa] N/A
!
N!^!+7!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 98% 65.0% 97.8% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 30.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 400.0 -- -- -- -- --2 50.0 40.0 50.0 40.0 20.0 400.0 -- 20.0 20.0 -- --3 69.0 59.0 69.0 59.5 19.0 361.0 19.7 19.5 19.5 19.5 370.54 87.0 77.0 87.0 78.0 18.0 324.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 18.5 333.05 105.0 95.0 105.0 96.0 18.0 324.0 18.3 18.8 18.8 18.0 324.06 121.0 111.0 121.0 113.0 16.0 256.0 17.4 18.2 18.3 17.0 272.07 141.0 131.0 141.0 131.0 20.0 400.0 18.1 18.5 18.6 18.0 360.08 161.0 151.0 161.0 151.0 20.0 400.0 18.9 18.7 18.8 20.0 400.09 182.0 172.0 182.0 171.5 21.0 441.0 20.3 19.0 19.1 20.5 430.5
10 208.0 198.0 208.0 195.0 26.0 676.0 22.6 19.8 20.1 23.5 611.011 229.0 219.0 229.0 218.5 21.0 441.0 22.9 19.9 20.2 23.5 493.512 255.0 245.0 255.0 242.0 26.0 676.0 24.6 20.5 20.9 23.5 611.0
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 18.24E1 [MPa] 51.16DPI52 [mm/blow] 22.33E2 [MPa] 41.25
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 98% 65.0% 97.8% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 30.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 400.0 -- -- -- -- --2 47.0 37.0 47.0 38.5 17.0 289.0 -- 17.0 17.0 -- --3 66.0 56.0 66.0 56.5 19.0 361.0 18.8 18.0 18.1 18.0 342.04 85.0 75.0 85.0 75.5 19.0 361.0 18.4 18.3 18.4 19.0 361.05 102.0 92.0 102.0 93.5 17.0 289.0 18.4 18.0 18.1 18.0 306.06 118.0 108.0 118.0 110.0 16.0 256.0 17.4 17.6 17.7 16.5 264.07 136.0 126.0 136.0 127.0 18.0 324.0 17.0 17.7 17.7 17.0 306.08 155.0 145.0 155.0 145.5 19.0 361.0 17.8 17.9 17.9 18.5 351.59 175.0 165.0 175.0 165.0 20.0 400.0 19.0 18.1 18.2 19.5 390.0
10 195.0 185.0 195.0 185.0 20.0 400.0 19.7 18.3 18.4 20.0 400.011 214.0 204.0 214.0 204.5 19.0 361.0 19.7 18.4 18.5 19.5 370.512 235.0 225.0 235.0 224.5 21.0 441.0 20.0 18.6 18.7 20.0 420.013 256.0 246.0 256.0 245.5 21.0 441.0 20.4 18.8 19.0 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 17.74E1 [MPa] 52.67DPI52 [mm/blow] 19.52E2 [MPa] 47.60
!
N!^!+:!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 98% 49.0% 90.5% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 18.0 13.0 18.0 11.5 13.0 169.0 -- -- -- -- --2 26.0 21.0 26.0 22.0 8.0 64.0 -- 8.0 8.0 -- --3 31.0 26.0 31.0 28.5 5.0 25.0 9.9 6.5 6.8 6.5 32.54 40.0 35.0 40.0 35.5 9.0 81.0 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.0 63.05 43.0 38.0 43.0 41.5 3.0 9.0 6.8 6.3 7.2 6.0 18.06 50.0 45.0 50.0 46.5 7.0 49.0 7.3 6.4 7.1 5.0 35.07 56.0 51.0 56.0 53.0 6.0 36.0 5.9 6.3 6.9 6.5 39.08 63.0 58.0 63.0 59.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.4 7.0 6.5 45.59 67.0 62.0 67.0 65.0 4.0 16.0 5.9 6.1 6.7 5.5 22.0
10 74.0 69.0 74.0 70.5 7.0 49.0 6.3 6.2 6.8 5.5 38.511 80.0 75.0 80.0 77.0 6.0 36.0 5.9 6.2 6.7 6.5 39.012 87.0 82.0 87.0 83.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.5 45.513 91.0 86.0 91.0 89.0 4.0 16.0 5.9 6.1 6.6 -- --14 94.0 89.0 94.0 92.5 3.0 9.0 5.3 5.8 6.4 -- --15 99.0 94.0 99.0 96.5 5.0 25.0 4.2 5.8 6.3 -- --16 103.0 98.0 103.0 101.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 5.7 6.2 -- --17 108.0 103.0 108.0 105.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 5.6 6.2 -- --18 112.0 107.0 112.0 110.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 5.5 6.1 -- --19 120.0 115.0 120.0 116.0 8.0 64.0 6.2 5.7 6.2 -- --20 126.0 121.0 126.0 123.0 6.0 36.0 6.4 5.7 6.2 -- --21 132.0 127.0 132.0 129.0 6.0 36.0 6.8 5.7 6.2 -- --22 137.0 132.0 137.0 134.5 5.0 25.0 5.7 5.7 6.1 -- --23 143.0 138.0 143.0 140.0 6.0 36.0 5.7 5.7 6.1 -- --24 149.0 144.0 149.0 146.0 6.0 36.0 5.7 5.7 6.1 -- --25 157.0 152.0 157.0 153.0 8.0 64.0 6.8 5.8 6.2 -- --26 161.0 156.0 161.0 159.0 4.0 16.0 6.4 5.7 6.2 -- --27 169.0 164.0 169.0 165.0 8.0 64.0 7.2 5.8 6.3 -- --28 175.0 170.0 175.0 172.0 6.0 36.0 6.4 5.8 6.3 -- --29 180.0 175.0 180.0 177.5 5.0 25.0 6.6 5.8 6.2 -- --30 187.0 182.0 187.0 183.5 7.0 49.0 6.1 5.8 6.3 -- --31 193.0 188.0 193.0 190.0 6.0 36.0 6.1 5.8 6.2 -- --32 200.0 195.0 200.0 196.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 5.9 6.3 -- --33 208.0 203.0 208.0 204.0 8.0 64.0 7.1 5.9 6.3 -- --34 215.0 210.0 215.0 211.5 7.0 49.0 7.4 6.0 6.4 -- --35 221.0 216.0 221.0 218.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 6.0 6.4 -- --36 229.0 224.0 229.0 225.0 8.0 64.0 7.1 6.0 6.4 -- --37 235.0 230.0 235.0 232.0 6.0 36.0 6.8 6.0 6.4 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 6.25E1 [MPa] 159.45DPI52 [mm/blow] 6.15E2 [MPa] 162.34
!
N!^!+=!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 98% 49.0% 90.5% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 16.0 11.0 16.0 10.5 11.0 121.0 -- -- -- -- --2 22.0 17.0 22.0 19.0 6.0 36.0 -- 6.0 6.0 -- --3 29.0 24.0 29.0 25.5 7.0 49.0 8.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 45.54 34.0 29.0 34.0 31.5 5.0 25.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.0 30.05 39.0 34.0 39.0 36.5 5.0 25.0 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.0 25.06 45.0 40.0 45.0 42.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 5.8 5.9 5.5 33.07 50.0 45.0 50.0 47.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.5 27.58 56.0 51.0 56.0 53.0 6.0 36.0 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.5 33.09 63.0 58.0 63.0 59.5 7.0 49.0 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.5 45.5
10 69.0 64.0 69.0 66.0 6.0 36.0 6.4 5.9 6.0 6.5 39.011 76.0 71.0 76.0 72.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.0 6.1 6.5 45.512 83.0 78.0 83.0 79.5 7.0 49.0 6.7 6.1 6.2 7.0 49.013 87.0 82.0 87.0 85.0 4.0 16.0 6.3 5.9 6.1 -- --14 91.0 86.0 91.0 89.0 4.0 16.0 5.4 5.8 6.0 -- --15 99.0 94.0 99.0 95.0 8.0 64.0 6.0 5.9 6.2 -- --16 103.0 98.0 103.0 101.0 4.0 16.0 6.0 5.8 6.1 -- --17 111.0 106.0 111.0 107.0 8.0 64.0 7.2 5.9 6.2 -- --18 117.0 112.0 117.0 114.0 6.0 36.0 6.4 5.9 6.2 -- --19 121.0 116.0 121.0 119.0 4.0 16.0 6.4 5.8 6.1 -- --20 129.0 124.0 129.0 125.0 8.0 64.0 6.4 5.9 6.3 -- --21 133.0 128.0 133.0 131.0 4.0 16.0 6.0 5.9 6.2 -- --22 140.0 135.0 140.0 136.5 7.0 49.0 6.8 5.9 6.2 -- --23 149.0 144.0 149.0 144.5 9.0 81.0 7.3 6.0 6.4 -- --24 158.0 153.0 158.0 153.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 6.2 6.6 -- --25 164.0 159.0 164.0 161.0 6.0 36.0 8.3 6.2 6.6 -- --26 168.0 163.0 168.0 166.0 4.0 16.0 7.0 6.1 6.5 -- --27 175.0 170.0 175.0 171.5 7.0 49.0 5.9 6.1 6.5 -- --28 183.0 178.0 183.0 179.0 8.0 64.0 6.8 6.2 6.6 -- --29 190.0 185.0 190.0 186.5 7.0 49.0 7.4 6.2 6.6 -- --30 199.0 194.0 199.0 194.5 9.0 81.0 8.1 6.3 6.7 -- --31 204.0 199.0 204.0 201.5 5.0 25.0 7.4 6.3 6.7 -- --32 210.0 205.0 210.0 207.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 6.3 6.6 -- --33 220.0 215.0 220.0 215.0 10.0 100.0 7.7 6.4 6.8 -- --34 227.0 222.0 227.0 223.5 7.0 49.0 8.0 6.4 6.8 -- --35 233.0 228.0 233.0 230.0 6.0 36.0 8.0 6.4 6.8 -- --36 239.0 234.0 239.0 236.0 6.0 36.0 6.4 6.4 6.8 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 5.75E1 [MPa] 174.21DPI52 [mm/blow] 6.42E2 [MPa] 154.86
!
N!^!+B!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 103% 74.7% 99.4% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 24.0 17.0 24.0 15.5 17.0 289.0 -- -- -- -- --2 37.0 30.0 37.0 30.5 13.0 169.0 -- 13.0 13.0 -- --3 51.0 44.0 51.0 44.0 14.0 196.0 14.9 13.5 13.5 13.5 189.04 68.0 61.0 68.0 59.5 17.0 289.0 14.9 14.7 14.9 15.5 263.55 83.0 76.0 83.0 75.5 15.0 225.0 15.4 14.8 14.9 16.0 240.06 98.0 91.0 98.0 90.5 15.0 225.0 15.7 14.8 14.9 15.0 225.07 110.0 103.0 110.0 104.0 12.0 144.0 14.1 14.3 14.5 13.5 162.08 124.0 117.0 124.0 117.0 14.0 196.0 13.8 14.3 14.4 13.0 182.09 136.0 129.0 136.0 130.0 12.0 144.0 12.7 14.0 14.2 13.0 156.0
10 150.0 143.0 150.0 143.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 14.0 14.2 13.0 182.011 165.0 158.0 165.0 157.5 15.0 225.0 13.8 14.1 14.2 14.5 217.512 178.0 171.0 178.0 171.5 13.0 169.0 14.0 14.0 14.1 14.0 182.013 191.0 184.0 191.0 184.5 13.0 169.0 13.7 13.9 14.1 -- --14 204.0 197.0 204.0 197.5 13.0 169.0 13.0 13.8 14.0 -- --15 220.0 213.0 220.0 212.0 16.0 256.0 14.1 14.0 14.1 -- --16 234.0 227.0 234.0 227.0 14.0 196.0 14.4 14.0 14.1 -- --17 250.0 243.0 250.0 242.0 16.0 256.0 15.4 14.1 14.3 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 14.79E1 [MPa] 63.91DPI52 [mm/blow] 13.52E2 [MPa] 70.27
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 103% 74.7% 99.4% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 23.0 16.0 23.0 15.0 16.0 256.0 -- -- -- -- --2 38.0 31.0 38.0 30.5 15.0 225.0 -- 15.0 15.0 -- --3 51.0 44.0 51.0 44.5 13.0 169.0 14.8 14.0 14.1 14.0 182.04 66.0 59.0 66.0 58.5 15.0 225.0 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.0 210.05 80.0 73.0 80.0 73.0 14.0 196.0 14.0 14.3 14.3 14.5 203.06 95.0 88.0 95.0 87.5 15.0 225.0 14.7 14.4 14.4 14.5 217.57 110.0 103.0 110.0 102.5 15.0 225.0 14.7 14.5 14.5 15.0 225.08 122.0 115.0 122.0 116.0 12.0 144.0 14.1 14.1 14.2 13.5 162.09 135.0 128.0 135.0 128.5 13.0 169.0 13.5 14.0 14.1 12.5 162.5
10 147.0 140.0 147.0 141.0 12.0 144.0 12.4 13.8 13.9 12.5 150.011 161.0 154.0 161.0 154.0 14.0 196.0 13.1 13.8 13.9 13.0 182.012 175.0 168.0 175.0 168.0 14.0 196.0 13.4 13.8 13.9 14.0 196.013 189.0 182.0 189.0 182.0 14.0 196.0 14.0 13.8 13.9 -- --14 201.0 194.0 201.0 195.0 12.0 144.0 13.4 13.7 13.8 -- --15 216.0 209.0 216.0 208.5 15.0 225.0 13.8 13.8 13.9 -- --16 232.0 225.0 232.0 224.0 16.0 256.0 14.5 13.9 14.0 -- --17 245.0 238.0 245.0 238.5 13.0 169.0 14.8 13.9 14.0 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 14.41E1 [MPa] 65.69DPI52 [mm/blow] 13.12E2 [MPa] 72.59
!
N!^!+C!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 103% 60.9% 102.9% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 7
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 7.0 0.0 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 19.0 12.0 19.0 13.0 12.0 144.0 -- -- -- -- --2 27.0 20.0 27.0 23.0 8.0 64.0 -- 8.0 8.0 -- --3 35.0 28.0 35.0 31.0 8.0 64.0 9.7 8.0 8.0 8.0 64.04 42.0 35.0 42.0 38.5 7.0 49.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.5 52.55 50.0 43.0 50.0 46.0 8.0 64.0 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.5 60.06 56.0 49.0 56.0 53.0 6.0 36.0 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.0 42.07 64.0 57.0 64.0 60.0 8.0 64.0 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.0 56.08 72.0 65.0 72.0 68.0 8.0 64.0 7.5 7.6 7.6 8.0 64.09 81.0 74.0 81.0 76.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.8 7.8 8.5 76.5
10 89.0 82.0 89.0 85.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.8 7.9 8.5 68.011 95.0 88.0 95.0 92.0 6.0 36.0 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.0 42.012 100.0 93.0 100.0 97.5 5.0 25.0 6.6 7.4 7.5 5.5 27.513 109.0 102.0 109.0 104.5 9.0 81.0 7.1 7.5 7.7 -- --14 118.0 111.0 118.0 113.5 9.0 81.0 8.1 7.6 7.8 -- --15 126.0 119.0 126.0 122.0 8.0 64.0 8.7 7.6 7.8 -- --16 132.0 125.0 132.0 129.0 6.0 36.0 7.9 7.5 7.7 -- --17 141.0 134.0 141.0 136.5 9.0 81.0 7.9 7.6 7.8 -- --18 149.0 142.0 149.0 145.0 8.0 64.0 7.9 7.6 7.8 -- --19 156.0 149.0 156.0 152.5 7.0 49.0 8.1 7.6 7.8 -- --20 165.0 158.0 165.0 160.5 9.0 81.0 8.1 7.7 7.9 -- --21 174.0 167.0 174.0 169.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.8 7.9 -- --22 183.0 176.0 183.0 178.5 9.0 81.0 9.0 7.8 8.0 -- --23 190.0 183.0 190.0 186.5 7.0 49.0 8.4 7.8 7.9 -- --24 199.0 192.0 199.0 194.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.8 8.0 -- --25 207.0 200.0 207.0 203.0 8.0 64.0 8.1 7.8 8.0 -- --26 215.0 208.0 215.0 211.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 7.8 8.0 -- --27 224.0 217.0 224.0 219.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 7.9 8.0 -- --28 235.0 228.0 235.0 229.5 11.0 121.0 9.5 8.0 8.2 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 7.42E1 [MPa] 132.92DPI52 [mm/blow] 7.72E2 [MPa] 127.38
!
N!^!+E!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 103% 60.9% 102.9% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 5
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 5.0 0.0 5.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 20.0 15.0 20.0 12.5 15.0 225.0 -- -- -- -- --2 27.0 22.0 27.0 23.5 7.0 49.0 -- 7.0 7.0 -- --3 35.0 30.0 35.0 31.0 8.0 64.0 11.3 7.5 7.5 7.5 60.04 44.0 39.0 44.0 39.5 9.0 81.0 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.5 76.55 55.0 50.0 55.0 49.5 11.0 121.0 9.5 8.8 9.0 10.0 110.06 64.0 59.0 64.0 59.5 9.0 81.0 9.8 8.8 9.0 10.0 90.07 72.0 67.0 72.0 68.0 8.0 64.0 9.5 8.7 8.8 8.5 68.08 80.0 75.0 80.0 76.0 8.0 64.0 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.0 64.09 88.0 83.0 88.0 84.0 8.0 64.0 8.0 8.5 8.6 8.0 64.0
10 97.0 92.0 97.0 92.5 9.0 81.0 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.5 76.511 103.0 98.0 103.0 100.0 6.0 36.0 7.9 8.3 8.5 7.5 45.012 110.0 105.0 110.0 106.5 7.0 49.0 7.5 8.2 8.4 6.5 45.513 120.0 115.0 120.0 115.0 10.0 100.0 8.0 8.3 8.5 -- --14 127.0 122.0 127.0 123.5 7.0 49.0 8.3 8.2 8.4 -- --15 135.0 130.0 135.0 131.0 8.0 64.0 8.5 8.2 8.4 -- --16 145.0 140.0 145.0 140.0 10.0 100.0 8.5 8.3 8.5 -- --17 153.0 148.0 153.0 149.0 8.0 64.0 8.8 8.3 8.5 -- --18 160.0 155.0 160.0 156.5 7.0 49.0 8.5 8.2 8.4 -- --19 170.0 165.0 170.0 165.0 10.0 100.0 8.5 8.3 8.5 -- --20 179.0 174.0 179.0 174.5 9.0 81.0 8.8 8.4 8.6 -- --21 188.0 183.0 188.0 183.5 9.0 81.0 9.4 8.4 8.6 -- --22 195.0 190.0 195.0 191.5 7.0 49.0 8.4 8.3 8.5 -- --23 203.0 198.0 203.0 199.0 8.0 64.0 8.1 8.3 8.5 -- --24 213.0 208.0 213.0 208.0 10.0 100.0 8.5 8.4 8.6 -- --25 223.0 218.0 223.0 218.0 10.0 100.0 9.4 8.5 8.6 -- --26 234.0 229.0 234.0 228.5 11.0 121.0 10.4 8.6 8.8 -- --27 243.0 238.0 243.0 238.5 9.0 81.0 10.1 8.6 8.8 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 8.99E1 [MPa] 108.41DPI52 [mm/blow] 7.76E2 [MPa] 126.67
!
N!^!+O!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 103% 48.6% 100.9% 1Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 10
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 10.0 0.0 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 20.0 10.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 100.0 -- -- -- -- --2 25.0 15.0 25.0 22.5 5.0 25.0 -- 5.0 5.0 -- --3 30.0 20.0 30.0 27.5 5.0 25.0 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 25.04 35.0 25.0 35.0 32.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 25.05 38.0 28.0 38.0 36.5 3.0 9.0 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.0 12.06 42.0 32.0 42.0 40.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 4.4 4.5 3.5 14.07 46.0 36.0 46.0 44.0 4.0 16.0 3.7 4.3 4.5 4.0 16.08 50.0 40.0 50.0 48.0 4.0 16.0 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.0 16.09 53.0 43.0 53.0 51.5 3.0 9.0 3.7 4.1 4.3 3.5 10.510 60.0 50.0 60.0 56.5 7.0 49.0 5.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 35.011 65.0 55.0 65.0 62.5 5.0 25.0 5.5 4.5 4.8 6.0 30.012 69.0 59.0 69.0 67.0 4.0 16.0 5.6 4.5 4.7 4.5 18.013 75.0 65.0 75.0 72.0 6.0 36.0 5.1 4.6 4.9 -- --14 80.0 70.0 80.0 77.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.6 4.9 -- --15 85.0 75.0 85.0 82.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.6 4.9 -- --16 88.0 78.0 88.0 86.5 3.0 9.0 4.5 4.5 4.8 -- --17 90.0 80.0 90.0 89.0 2.0 4.0 3.8 4.4 4.7 -- --18 94.0 84.0 94.0 92.0 4.0 16.0 3.2 4.4 4.7 -- --19 100.0 90.0 100.0 97.0 6.0 36.0 4.7 4.4 4.8 -- --20 103.0 93.0 103.0 101.5 3.0 9.0 4.7 4.4 4.7 -- --21 108.0 98.0 108.0 105.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.4 4.7 -- --22 114.0 104.0 114.0 111.0 6.0 36.0 5.0 4.5 4.8 -- --23 118.0 108.0 118.0 116.0 4.0 16.0 5.1 4.5 4.8 -- --24 122.0 112.0 122.0 120.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.4 4.7 -- --25 128.0 118.0 128.0 125.0 6.0 36.0 4.9 4.5 4.8 -- --26 132.0 122.0 132.0 130.0 4.0 16.0 4.9 4.5 4.8 -- --27 135.0 125.0 135.0 133.5 3.0 9.0 4.7 4.4 4.7 -- --28 139.0 129.0 139.0 137.0 4.0 16.0 3.7 4.4 4.7 -- --29 144.0 134.0 144.0 141.5 5.0 25.0 4.2 4.4 4.7 -- --30 148.0 138.0 148.0 146.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.4 4.7 -- --31 153.0 143.0 153.0 150.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.4 4.7 -- --32 158.0 148.0 158.0 155.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.5 4.7 -- --33 164.0 154.0 164.0 161.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 4.5 4.8 -- --34 169.0 159.0 169.0 166.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.5 4.8 -- --35 174.0 164.0 174.0 171.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.5 4.8 -- --36 179.0 169.0 179.0 176.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.5 4.8 -- --37 182.0 172.0 182.0 180.5 3.0 9.0 4.5 4.5 4.8 -- --38 188.0 178.0 188.0 185.0 6.0 36.0 5.0 4.5 4.8 -- --39 190.0 180.0 190.0 189.0 2.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.8 -- --40 197.0 187.0 197.0 193.5 7.0 49.0 5.9 4.5 4.9 -- --41 204.0 194.0 204.0 200.5 7.0 49.0 6.4 4.6 4.9 -- --42 210.0 200.0 210.0 207.0 6.0 36.0 6.7 4.6 5.0 -- --43 214.0 204.0 214.0 212.0 4.0 16.0 5.9 4.6 5.0 -- --44 220.0 210.0 220.0 217.0 6.0 36.0 5.5 4.7 5.0 -- --45 225.0 215.0 225.0 222.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.7 5.0 -- --46 230.0 220.0 230.0 227.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.7 5.0 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 4.38E1 [MPa] 232.52DPI52 [mm/blow] 4.76E2 [MPa] 212.87
!
N!^!7P!
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Soil Target Actual Actual TrialOrigin Density Moisture Desnity No.
Red Lake Falls 103% 48.6% 100.9% 2Depth of cone below surface at start [mm]: 3
Cone Total Average Three Blow Non-Weighted Weighted Average DPI xBlow Reading Depth Cone Cone DPI DPI2 Weighted Average DPI* Average DPI* DPI Average DPI
From Start Depth Depth Average DPI[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm/blow] [mm2/blow2]
0 3.0 0.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 16.0 13.0 16.0 9.5 13.0 169.0 -- -- -- -- --2 20.0 17.0 20.0 18.0 4.0 16.0 -- 4.0 4.0 -- --3 25.0 22.0 25.0 22.5 5.0 25.0 9.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 22.54 30.0 27.0 30.0 27.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.0 25.05 33.0 30.0 33.0 31.5 3.0 9.0 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.0 12.06 37.0 34.0 37.0 35.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.5 14.07 42.0 39.0 42.0 39.5 5.0 25.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.5 22.58 45.0 42.0 45.0 43.5 3.0 9.0 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 12.09 50.0 47.0 50.0 47.5 5.0 25.0 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.0 20.0
10 55.0 52.0 55.0 52.5 5.0 25.0 4.5 4.3 4.5 5.0 25.011 59.0 56.0 59.0 57.0 4.0 16.0 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.5 18.012 65.0 62.0 65.0 62.0 6.0 36.0 5.1 4.5 4.6 5.0 30.013 70.0 67.0 70.0 67.5 5.0 25.0 5.1 4.5 4.7 -- --14 75.0 72.0 75.0 72.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.5 4.7 -- --15 78.0 75.0 78.0 76.5 3.0 9.0 4.5 4.4 4.6 -- --16 81.0 78.0 81.0 79.5 3.0 9.0 3.9 4.3 4.5 -- --17 86.0 83.0 86.0 83.5 5.0 25.0 3.9 4.4 4.6 -- --18 90.0 87.0 90.0 88.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 4.4 4.5 -- --19 95.0 92.0 95.0 92.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.4 4.6 -- --20 99.0 96.0 99.0 97.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.4 4.5 -- --21 104.0 101.0 104.0 101.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.4 4.6 -- --22 108.0 105.0 108.0 106.0 4.0 16.0 4.4 4.4 4.5 -- --23 113.0 110.0 113.0 110.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.4 4.6 -- --24 118.0 115.0 118.0 115.5 5.0 25.0 4.7 4.4 4.6 -- --25 124.0 121.0 124.0 121.0 6.0 36.0 5.4 4.5 4.7 -- --26 130.0 127.0 130.0 127.0 6.0 36.0 5.7 4.6 4.7 -- --27 135.0 132.0 135.0 132.5 5.0 25.0 5.7 4.6 4.7 -- --28 140.0 137.0 140.0 137.5 5.0 25.0 5.4 4.6 4.8 -- --29 145.0 142.0 145.0 142.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.8 -- --30 150.0 147.0 150.0 147.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.8 -- --31 155.0 152.0 155.0 152.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.8 -- --32 157.0 154.0 157.0 156.0 2.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.7 -- --33 162.0 159.0 162.0 159.5 5.0 25.0 4.5 4.6 4.8 -- --34 167.0 164.0 167.0 164.5 5.0 25.0 4.5 4.6 4.8 -- --35 172.0 169.0 172.0 169.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.6 4.8 -- --36 175.0 172.0 175.0 173.5 3.0 9.0 4.5 4.5 4.7 -- --37 179.0 176.0 179.0 177.0 4.0 16.0 4.2 4.5 4.7 -- --38 185.0 182.0 185.0 182.0 6.0 36.0 4.7 4.6 4.8 -- --39 188.0 185.0 188.0 186.5 3.0 9.0 4.7 4.5 4.7 -- --40 193.0 190.0 193.0 190.5 5.0 25.0 5.0 4.5 4.7 -- --41 196.0 193.0 196.0 194.5 3.0 9.0 3.9 4.5 4.7 -- --42 202.0 199.0 202.0 199.0 6.0 36.0 5.0 4.5 4.8 -- --43 209.0 206.0 209.0 205.5 7.0 49.0 5.9 4.6 4.8 -- --44 212.0 209.0 212.0 210.5 3.0 9.0 5.9 4.6 4.8 -- --45 218.0 215.0 218.0 215.0 6.0 36.0 5.9 4.6 4.8 -- --
*Top layer only, first blow not included DPI51 [mm/blow] 4.36E1 [MPa] 233.50DPI52 [mm/blow] 4.57E2 [MPa] 222.56
!
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GRADING & BASE CONSTUCTION Project No: T.H. Page No: Test No. Date Inspector Initials or Cert. No.
Location Data Station Roadway Lane and Offset Depth from Grading Grade
Material Data Material Type Dry Density Measured (pcf) Dry Measured Moisture Content (%) Proctor Max Dry Density (pcf) Proctor Optimum Moisture (%)
LWD Data LWD Plate Diameter (mm) LWD Drop Height (mm) LWD Falling Mass (kg)
4th Drop K& 5th Drop K& Deflection 6th Drop K&
Modulus (Evd) Average MPa 4th Drop kN 5th Drop kN Force (if measured) 6th Drop kN
Notes: (1) Locate the weakest area to be tested. (2) Upper 50 to 100 mm (2” – 4”) of soil should be removed to produce a flat testing area, especially on non-granular soils. (3) The surface should be level so that the shaft is vertical and plate must be in full contact with the surface. (4) The LWD should be turned on for at least 1 minute prior to testing. (5) Drop the LWD weight three (3) times for seating [1st, 2nd, 3rd drop]. (6) Drop the LWD weight three (3) times for testing and collect & record the data points for the 4th, 5th, 6th drop. (7) The deflection range should be between 0.3 to 3.0 mm to obtain reliable measurements. (8) Plate diameter should be 200 mm (8”), drop height should be 500 mm (19.7”), and mass should be 10 kg (22.1 lbs). (9) The soil influenced by the LWD extends about 1 plate diameter deep and 1 plate diameter laterally.
DCP Data mm mm/blow mm mm/blow mm mm/blow mm mm/blow
Initial Reading 2nd Blow 5th Blow
10th Blow 15th Blow 20th Blow
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100 4 7,854 12 5 1.12 0.64 92150 6 17,671 27 5 1.12 0.28 41200 8 31,416 49 5 1.12 0.16 23300 12 70,686 110 5 1.12 0.07 10
100 4 7,854 12 6 1.35 0.76 111150 6 17,671 27 6 1.35 0.34 49200 8 31,416 49 6 1.35 0.19 28300 12 70,686 110 6 1.35 0.08 12
100 4 7,854 12 7 1.57 0.89 129150 6 17,671 27 7 1.57 0.40 57200 8 31,416 49 7 1.57 0.22 32300 12 70,686 110 7 1.57 0.10 14
100 4 7,854 12 8 1.79 1.02 148150 6 17,671 27 8 1.79 0.45 66200 8 31,416 49 8 1.79 0.25 37300 12 70,686 110 8 1.79 0.11 16
100 4 7,854 12 9 2.02 1.15 166150 6 17,671 27 9 2.02 0.51 74200 8 31,416 49 9 2.02 0.29 42300 12 70,686 110 9 2.02 0.13 18
cm inches kN kips kN kips
25 10 4.2 0.9550 20 5.5 1.23 6.0 1.3475 30 7.3 1.6490 35 8.0 1.79
Plate Diameter Force StressPlate Area
LWD Plate Force and Stress
Drop Height Estimated Force
Steel SpringDynatest
Rubber BufferZorn
Estimated Force
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Construction Site Analysis of Light Weight Deflectometer and Dynamic Cone
Penetrometer Target Values !!!!!!!!
Prepared for:
Minnesota Department of Transportation !!!!
January 30, 2009
Prepared by: Ryan L. Peterson
Mike A. Davis CNA Consulting Engineers 2800 University Avenue SE
Minneapolis, MN 55414 (612) 379-8805
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Table of Contents !1! Introduction...................................................................................... 4!
1.1! Report Background and Purpose ........................................................ 4!2! Testing Protocol................................................................................. 5!
2.1! Site Location and Schedule .............................................................. 5!2.2! Description of Field Tests................................................................ 5!
2.2.1! Test Sequence ................................................................... 5!2.2.2! Test Locations ................................................................... 5!2.2.3! Zorn Light Weight Deflectometer............................................. 7!2.2.4! Dynatest Light Weight Deflectometer ....................................... 7!2.2.5! Dynamic Cone Penetrometer .................................................. 8!2.2.6! Nuclear Gauge ................................................................... 8!2.2.7! Sand Cone ........................................................................ 8!
2.3! Description of Laboratory Tests......................................................... 8!2.3.1! Sieve Analysis and Plasticity................................................... 8!2.3.2! Moisture-Density Relationship................................................. 8!2.3.3! Gravimetric Moisture Content................................................. 8!
3! Measurements and Analysis ................................................................... 9!3.1! Field Test Results ......................................................................... 9!
3.1.1! Density ............................................................................ 9!3.1.2! Moisture Content ............................................................... 11!3.1.3! Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ................................................. 12!3.1.4! Light Weight Deflectometer .................................................. 15!
3.2! Laboratory Test Results ................................................................. 17!3.3! Target Value Analysis.................................................................... 21!
3.3.1! DPI Target Values............................................................... 21!3.3.2! Zorn Deflection Target Values ............................................... 22!3.3.3! Comparison of Pass/Fail Criteria............................................. 24!
4! Summary......................................................................................... 26!!
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List of Tables !Table 1 - Test Locations........................................................................... 5 Table 2 - Summary of Density Testing .........................................................10 Table 3 - Summary of Gravimetric Moisture Contents ......................................11 Table 4 - Summary of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing ...............................14 Table 5 - LWD Deflection ........................................................................16 Table 6 – Mn/DOT Standard Proctor and Plastic Limit Testing.............................18 Table 7 – AET Standard Proctor Testing .......................................................18 Table 8 – Comparison of Tests...................................................................19 Table 9 – Pass/Fail Comparison of Plastic Soils...............................................24 Table 10 – Pass/Fail Comparison of Non-Plastic Soils .......................................25
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List of Figures !Figure 1 - Comparison of Density Measurements.............................................. 9 Figure 2 - Comparison of Nuclear and Oven Dried Moisture Contents ....................12 Figure 3 – DCP Soil Profile .......................................................................13 Figure 4 – Comparison of Dry Density and DPI ................................................15 Figure 5 - Comparison of Deflection Measurements .........................................17 Figure 6 – Mn/DOT and AET Proctors...........................................................19 Figure 7 - Comparison of DPI and Zorn Deflection ...........................................21 Figure 8 - DPI vs. Moisture Content and Target Values .....................................22 Figure 9 - Zorn Deflection vs. Moisture Content and Target Values ......................23
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Introduction
Report Background and Purpose The objective of this project is to implement data analysis procedures for the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) and the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), comparing the test results to companion moisture content tests and to proposed LWD and DCP target values developed by Mn/DOT. The goal is to relate the quality control and quality assurance on the job site to the material properties used during the pavement design. The LWD and DCP testing methods provide an effective way to make this link. This report discusses the testing and the results from a site located in Olmsted County, near Rochester. American Engineering Testing, Inc. (AET) provided the nuclear density testing as well as the moisture content of the samples. AET also provided the use of a Dynatest LWD. Mn/DOT provided the use of a Zorn LWD. CNA Engineers performed the LWD and DCP testing.
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Testing Protocol
Site Location and Schedule The test site was located along a portion of County State Aid Highway (CSAH) 2 in Rochester, Minnesota. The CSAH 2 Reconstruction project consisted of expanding a portion of the existing two-lane road to a four-lane road with center median and turn lanes. Visits were made to the site on September 10, 18, and 26 and on October 1 and 2. During the site visits, subgrade soils were tested using the methods discussed in Section 0. AET was onsite during each visit performing all density tests and many companion laboratory tests.
Description of Field Tests
Test Sequence A test area approximately 100 feet long by 10 feet wide was chosen upon arriving at the site. Within this test area, three test pads were marked and prepared for testing. These test pads were approximately five feet by five feet with one test at each corner. The test pads were prepared by scraping off the top two to three inches of soil to make a flat level surface. After preparing the surface, in-situ testing was completed at each location using the LWD (Zorn and Dynatest), followed by nuclear gauge, sand cone, and DCP. Approximately two sand cones were performed each day. The sand cones were generally performed at locations containing seemingly inconsistent or irregular soils and were used to verify the nuclear gauge readings. After testing, representative soil samples were collected for gravimetric moisture content testing by AET and for plastic limit testing by Mn/DOT. Representative soil samples were taken from each five foot by five foot test pad for standard moisture-density Proctor, sieve analysis and plasticity testing by Mn/DOT. AET took additional representative soil samples according to industry standard practice for moisture-density Proctor testing.
Test Locations The test pads were prepared with 4 tests at each pad. The test pads were labeled A to O for a total of 15 test pads and each test within a pad was numbered 1 to 4 for a total of 60 tests. Tests are referred to in this report and in all field and laboratory notes by test number followed by pad letter (e.g. the test location of test 2 in the third test pad is labeled 2C). Table 1 lists each test location.
Table 1 - Test Locations
Date Test Station Offset 9/10/2008 1A 152+00 Back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 2A 152+05 Back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 3A 152+05 5' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 4A 152+00 5' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 1B 152+40 Back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 2B 152+45 Back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 3B 152+45 5' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 4B 152+40 5' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 1C 152+80 Back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 2C 152+85 Back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 3C 152+85 5' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/10/2008 4C 152+80 5' right of the back of the westbound curb
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Date Test Station Offset 9/18/2008 1D 150+49 10' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 2D 150+54 10' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 3D 150+54 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 4D 150+49 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 1E 151+00 10' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 2E 151+05 10' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 3E 151+05 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 4E 151+00 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 1F 151+71 10' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 2F 151+76 10' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 3F 151+76 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/18/2008 4F 151+71 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 1G 148+00 16' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 2G 148+05 16' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 3G 148+05 21' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 4G 148+00 21' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 1H 148+50 16' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 2H 148+55 16' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 3H 148+55 21' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 4H 148+50 21' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 1I 149+00 16' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 2I 149+05 16' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 3I 149+05 21' right of the back of the westbound curb 9/26/2008 4I 149+00 21' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 1J 145+00 15' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 2J 145+05 15' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 3J 145+05 10' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 4J 145+00 10' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 1K 145+50 15' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 2K 145+55 15' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 3K 145+55 10' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 4K 145+50 10' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 1L 146+00 15' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 2L 146+05 15' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 3L 146+05 10' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/1/2008 4L 146+00 10' left of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 1M 139+50 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 2M 139+57 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 3M 139+57 18' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 4M 139+50 18' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 1N 140+00 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 2N 140+08 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 3N 140+08 18' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 4N 140+00 18' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 1O 140+50 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 2O 140+58 15' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 3O 140+58 18' right of the back of the westbound curb 10/2/2008 4O 140+50 18' right of the back of the westbound curb
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Zorn Light Weight Deflectometer The Zorn LWD is a portable, light falling weight deflectometer which can be used to measure in-situ material deflection. The device consists of a control box, falling mass, guide rod, and a 200 mm diameter loading plate containing an imbedded accelerometer. A mass freely falls from a preset fixed height along the guide rod and impacts a steel spring at the lower end of the rod. On the rebound the mass is caught by the operator to control the amount of energy imparted to the soil. The deflection is a calculation based on an accelerometer measurement using the manufacturer’s hard wired calibrated method. Following is the testing procedure used for this project: 1. Locate a relatively smooth and level spot for the test. Assemble Zorn and turn it on. Place the Zorn on the testing location, and then rotate it slightly to smooth out the contact
surface. Verify that the trigger mechanism is set to the calibrated drop height (approximately 50 cm). Press the start button on the control box. Lift the weight until it connects with the trigger mechanism. Activate the trigger mechanism while holding the top of the guide rod to keep the instrument
steady and vertical. Record the displacement displayed. Repeat steps 6 through 8 until three drops have been performed. Record the average displacement and modulus. Repeat steps 6 through 10 until a total of six drops have been performed. The first three drops are seating drops. The reason for the seating drops is that in general, deflections decrease after each drop is performed. Typically after three drops, the deflections become uniform and repeatable. During testing, the Zorn must be held steady and vertical. The operator should ensure that surface is even and smooth.
Dynatest Light Weight Deflectometer The Dynatest 3031 LWD is a portable, light falling weight deflectometer which can be used to measure in-situ material stiffness. The device consists of a handheld computer, mass, guide rod, load cell, velocity transducer and a 200 mm diameter plate. A mass freely falls from a known height along the guide rod and impacts a rubber buffer, which transfers the load to a load cell at the lower end of the rod. A velocity transducer, which protrudes through the center of the plate, measures velocity. Velocity is integrated to determine displacement and a time history of the impact load and displacement are displayed. The Dynatest weighs about 40 lbs with approximately half of its weight being in the falling mass (i.e. 22 lbs). Following is the testing procedure used for this project: 2. Assemble the Dynatest and turn it on. Turn on the handheld computer and load the program. Place the Dynatest in the footprint of the Zorn. Set the trigger mechanism to a 50cm drop height. Lift the weight until it connects with the trigger mechanism. Press the go button on the handheld computer. Release the trigger mechanism while holding the top of the guide rod to keep the instrument
steady. Record the load and displacement displayed. Repeat steps 5 through 8 until three tests have been performed. Turn the Dynatest and handheld computer off and place them back in the case.
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Seating drops were not completed for the Dynatest, since measurements were performed in the same footprint as the Zorn.
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) measurements were performed according to ASTM D 6951-03. The DCP is a device that measures soil shear strength. It functions by striking a cone-tipped rod with an 8 kg mass, thereby driving the cone into the soil. The distance the cone penetrates is measured and the process is repeated until the desired depth is achieved. The recorded data is most commonly plotted as the penetration of the cone divided by the number of drops. This value is referred to as the DCP Penetration Index (DPI). The DPI is inversely proportional to strength.
Nuclear Gauge A Troxler nuclear gauge was used to determine soil density and moisture at all test locations. AET performed all nuclear density testing according to ASTM D2922 standards. At each location, the probe was extended 12 inches into the soil and the measurement was performed.
Sand Cone Sand cones were performed by AET to determine soil density and moisture according to ASTM D1556 standards.
Description of Laboratory Tests
Sieve Analysis and Plasticity Sieve Analysis and plasticity was performed by Mn/DOT on select samples according to Mn/DOT standards.
Moisture-Density Relationship Standard Proctor tests were performed by both Mn/DOT and AET. AET performed all Proctor tests according to ASTM D698 method A standards. Mn/DOT Proctor tests were performed according to Mn/DOT modified AASHTO T-99 method "C" standards. Soil samples collected by AET for Proctor testing were independent of the samples taken by Mn/DOT. The AET samples were collected using industry standard practice. The Mn/DOT samples were collected at a much higher frequency than typical of industry standards in order to better assess the soil variability. The test results from Mn/DOT Proctor tests are found in Table 6. Test results from Proctor tests performed by AET are found in Table 7. The variability in the results is very distinct and may be attributed to a number of reasons ranging from technique to sampling.
Gravimetric Moisture Content Gravimetric moisture content was determined at all test locations by the oven dry method following ASTM D2216 standards. Samples were collected below the LWD footprint to a depth of approximately 6 inches immediately after field tests were complete. Table 3 lists the gravimetric moisture content as measured by the oven dry method and the nuclear density gauge method.
Mn/DOT - Field Analysis of LWD and DCP Target Values L-9
Measurements and Analysis
Field Test Results
Density
The nuclear gauge method was used by AET to measure dry density and moisture at all
locations. The sand cone method was used by AET to measure dry density and moisture
content at selected locations. A comparison of the companion density measurements is shown
in Figure 1. This comparison demonstrates that the nuclear density method estimates a
slightly lower density than does the sand cone method. The depth at which the test is taken
may play a part in the difference. The sand cone method only samples the soil up to
approximately six inches while the nuclear gauge is run at a depth of twelve inches. This
difference in depth may account for the variability of the density results. The DCP results
indicate that there is increased penetration per drop at greater depth. This may be due to a
lower density at depths greater than about six inches. Therefore, since the nuclear density
gauge includes this deeper material, the nuclear density tends to be lower than the sand cone
density.
1 to 1
y = 0.74x + 31.97R2 = 0.63
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125
Nuclear Gauge Density (pcf)
San
d C
one
Den
sity
(pcf
)
Figure 1 - Comparison of Density Measurements
Mn/DOT - Field Analysis of LWD and DCP Target Values L-10
Table 2 lists the results of density testing performed for the project.
Table 2 - Summary of Density Testing
Date Sampled: 9/10/2008 Date Sampled: 9/18/2008
Test
Sand Cone Density
(pcf)
Nuclear Gauge Density
(pcf) Test
Sand Cone Density
(pcf)
Nuclear Gauge Density
(pcf) 1A - 110.70 1D - 106.20 2A - 109.20 2D - 105.00 3A 118.2 118.50 3D - 107.60 4A - 118.60 4D - 108.70 1B - 113.50 1E 110.5 103.10 2B - 113.20 2E - 106.50 3B - 117.20 3E - 110.20 4B - 114.90 4E - 108.50 1C 123.5 112.80 1F - 96.90 2C - 113.50 2F - 95.20 3C - 118.50 3F - 97.60 4C - 120.20 4F 100.5 93.60
Date Sampled: 9/26/2008 Date Sampled: 10/1/2008
Test
Sand Cone Density
(pcf)
Nuclear Gauge Density
(pcf) Test
Sand Cone Density
(pcf)
Nuclear Gauge Density
(pcf) 1G - 107.30 1J - 104.70 2G 116.5 112.90 2J - 109.00 3G - 108.30 3J - 109.30 4G - 107.50 4J - 111.60 1H - 104.20 1K 108.9 109.10 2H - 105.70 2K - 107.50 3H - 107.80 3K - 109.30 4H - 106.80 4K - 111.20 1I - 110.20 1L 107.3 107.00 2I - 110.40 2L - 107.50 3I 114.7 105.60 3L - 107.00 4I - 106.60 4L - 107.00
Date Sampled: 10/2/2008
Test
Sand Cone Density
(pcf)
Nuclear Gauge Density
(pcf) 1M - 131.30 2M - 128.30 3M - 128.40 4M - 130.90 1N - 128.10 2N - 132.80 3N - 134.70 4N - 128.80 1O - 111.10 2O 113.3 111.10 3O - 114.00 4O 111.2 111.60
Mn/DOT - Field Analysis of LWD and DCP Target Values L-11
Moisture Content
In addition to field moisture measurements determined by the nuclear density gauge soil
samples were obtained from each test location for determination of moisture content using
the oven dry method. Table 3 summarizes the moisture content results by date and test
location.
Table 3 - Summary of Gravimetric Moisture Contents Date Sampled: 9/10/2008 Date Sampled: 9/18/2008
Test
Oven Dried Method
(%)
Nuclear Density Gauge Method
(%) Test
Oven Dried Method
(%)
Nuclear Density Gauge Method
(%) 1A 24.6 14.7 1D 24.5 18.1 2A 19.5 14.9 2D 22.9 19 3A 14.8 12.7 3D 22.5 16.6 4A 15.7 12.6 4D 20.8 17.2 1B 15.1 15.8 1E 21.1 19.1 2B 14.1 14.5 2E 21.4 19 3B 13.6 14.4 3E 19.5 17.5 4B 16.8 16.6 4E 20.9 18.6 1C 12.7 13.7 1F 24.9 21.9 2C 17 13.5 2F 24.9 23.7 3C 16.7 15.4 3F 24.1 22.9 4C 17.2 15.6 4F 24.9 24.9
Date Sampled: 9/26/2008 Date Sampled: 10/1/2008
Test
Oven Dried Method
(%)
Nuclear Density Gauge Method
(%) Test
Oven Dried Method
(%)
Nuclear Density Gauge Method
(%) 1G 15.8 15.1 1J 16.2 15 2G 15.1 13.9 2J 17.2 15.7 3G 15.2 14.1 3J 15.4 13.1 4G 14.2 14.2 4J 14.9 11.7 1H 15 15.6 1K 17.9 15.8 2H 15.6 14.7 2K 19.1 16.8 3H 14.9 12.9 3K 17.5 15 4H 14.8 13.5 4K 16.2 13.6 1I 13.8 12.9 1L 17.7 15.9 2I 15 13.9 2L 18.1 15.3 3I 14.9 13.5 3L 16.8 13.3 4I 14 12.7 4L 17.7 15
Date Sampled: 10/2/2008
Test
Oven Dried Method
(%)
Nuclear Density Gauge Method
(%) 1M 11.8 10.4 2M 11.7 11.4 3M 11.1 11 4M 11.3 10.2 1N 11.1 11.3 2N 10.9 11.1 3N 10.9 9.8 4N 11.1 11 1O 19.2 16.9 2O 18.8 17.3 3O 15.7 14.2 4O 17.6 14.7
Mn/DOT - Field Analysis of LWD and DCP Target Values L-12
Figure 2 shows the comparison of gravimetric moisture contents as measured by the nuclear
density gauge and the oven dry method. The soil samples collected for the oven dry method
were taken to a depth of roughly six inches. This sampling depth is roughly twice the
measurement depth of the nuclear density gauge. This difference in depth may account for
some of the variation in the moisture content values. This comparison indicates that the
nuclear density gauge tends to measure lower moisture contents, especially in soils that have
high moisture content.
1 to 1
y = 0.72x + 2.95R2 = 0.78
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Gravimetric Moisture Content - Oven (%)
Gra
vim
etric
Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt -
Nuc
lear
Gau
ge (%
)
Figure 2 - Comparison of Nuclear and Oven Dried Moisture Contents
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
A DCP test was conducted at each test location. Total penetration depths were generally 13
to 14 inches. Test procedures followed those described in Section 0.
The DCP is the sole device used in the demonstration that provides a profile of soil
characteristics with depth in a near nondestructive manner. The soil profiles obtained by the
DCP are useful for determining whether soft layers are present and at what depth the soft
layers occur.
Figure 3 shows two soil profiles sampled with the DCP during this project. Note that the soil
strength decreased in the first couple inches. This decrease in strength near the surface
occurred in several of the tests and is likely a result of the surface having less confinement
than the underlying soil. Because of this phenomenon, the first 3 drops were not included in
the calculation of DPI for any of the tests.
Mn/DOT - Field Analysis of LWD and DCP Target Values L-13
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
DPI (mm/drop)
Dep
th (m
m)
012345678910111213141516171819
Dep
th (i
n)
1A 1J
Figure 3 – DCP Soil Profile
Measuring the soil profile is a benefit of the DCP; however, comparing the many DPI values obtained during each test to target values can be cumbersome. Other testing devices such as the LWD and nuclear density gauge obtain one value for each test. This value can be seen as a weighted average of the thickness of soil being measured based on the depth of influence of the measurement in the case of the LWD, or depth of the probe in the case of the nuclear density gauge. We used a simple weighted average method to obtain a single DPI value for each test based on drops 4 to 13. A weighting factor was determined for each drop based on the depth of penetration per drop. The weighted average for the test was then calculated by summing the product of weighting factors and corresponding DPI values. Weighted average DPI values ranged from 11.8 mm/drop to 68.3 mm/drop.
Mn/DOT - Field Analysis of LWD and DCP Target Values L-14
Table 4 summarizes the DCP measurements.
Table 4 - Summary of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing
9/10/2008 9/18/2008 9/26/2008
Test
DPI Weighted Average
(mm/drop) Test
DPI Weighted Average
(mm/drop) Test
DPI Weighted Average
(mm/drop) 1A 26.2 1D 22.2 1G 15.6 2A 42.4 2D 25.4 2G 13.7 3A 12.2 3D 20.8 3G 14.4 4A 12.4 4D 22.4 4G 14.0 1B 25.5 1E 63.1 1H 13.8 2B 26.2 2E 49.7 2H 13.7 3B 33.9 3E 32.9 3H 14.4 4B 30.8 4E 44.2 4H 14.7 1C 15.2 1F 50.3 1I 12.9 2C 19.0 2F 68.3 2I 13.9 3C 21.8 3F 49.8 3I 15.3 4C 21.2 4F 49.6 4I 16.2
10/1/2008 10/2/2008
Test
DPI Weighted Average
(mm/drop) Test
DPI Weighted Average
(mm/drop) 1J 26.4 1M 12.5 2J 35.6 2M 17.5 3J 26.4 3M 14.4 4J 21.9 4M 12.6 1K 53.6 1N 12.9 2K 44.7 2N 11.8 3K 54.0 3N 12.3 4K 23.8 4N 16.9 1L 39.7 1O 22.0 2L 38.6 2O 22.0 3L 27.1 3O 16.9 4L 32.9 4O 21.6
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Figure 4 shows the comparison of dry density and DPI. As the soil strength increases, the soil density tends to increase as well.
90
100
110
120
130
140
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DPI (mm/drop)
Nuc
lear
Den
sity
(lbs
/ft3 )
Figure 4 – Comparison of Dry Density and DPI
Light Weight Deflectometer LWD tests were conducted at all 60 test locations, producing the results shown in Table 5. The tests followed the procedures identified in Sections 0 and 0. The deflection value for the Zorn is the average of drops 4, 5, and 6 (drops 1, 2, and 3 being seating drops) and the deflection value of the Dynatest is the average of drops 1, 2, and 3. The LWD tests may be conducted at various drop heights, yielding different stress states during testing. The Zorn is calibrated to deliver a force of 6.28 kN at a drop height of about 50 cm. Therefore, the height used for testing during this project using this particular Zorn LWD was 53 cm. To obtain similar surface stress, the Dynatest was set at the same drop height as the Zorn. Actual surface stress can be estimated using the recorded load cell data.
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Table 5 - LWD Deflection
9/10/2008 9/18/2008
Test
Zorn LWD Deflection
(mm)
Dynatest LWD Deflection
(mm) Test
Zorn LWD Deflection
(mm)
Dynatest LWD Deflection
(mm) 1A 1.47 0.74 1D 1.75 0.97 2A 1.58 0.81 2D 2.15 1.39 3A 1.81 0.91 3D 1.65 0.96 4A 1.22 0.49 4D 1.13 0.59 1B 1.65 0.99 1E 2.72 1.22 2B 1.23 0.65 2E 2.81 1.65 3B 3.98 2.22 3E 4.57 n/a 4B 4.58 n/a 4E 5.67 n/a 1C 0.84 0.27 1F 2.24 1.01 2C 1.06 0.57 2F 3.63 1.68 3C 2.56 1.25 3F 1.98 0.91
4C 3.14 2.00 4F 2.08 1.08
9/26/2008 10/1/2008
Test
Zorn LWD Deflection
(mm)
Dynatest LWD Deflection
(mm) Test
Zorn LWD Deflection
(mm)
Dynatest LWD Deflection
(mm) 1G 1.12 0.43 1J 1.51 0.70 2G 0.94 0.38 2J 3.28 2.08 3G 1.21 0.50 3J 1.24 0.70 4G 1.33 0.59 4J 1.97 0.70 1H 0.69 0.31 1K 6.02 n/a 2H 0.83 0.44 2K 7.66 n/a 3H 1.04 0.50 3K 3.21 2.04 4H 0.89 0.31 4K 1.39 0.76 1I 1.18 0.57 1L 2.6 1.45 2I 1.33 0.56 2L 2.14 1.45 3I 0.86 0.47 3L 1.86 1.08 4I 0.97 0.31 4L 2.16 1.23
10/2/2008
Test
Zorn LWD Deflection
(mm)
Dynatest LWD Deflection
(mm) 1M 1.32 0.59 2M 2.09 1.29 3M 2.06 1.19 4M 1.44 0.64 1N 1.41 0.70 2N 1.71 0.97 3N 1.65 1.16 4N 2.32 1.34 1O 2.28 1.19 2O 1.71 0.93 3O 1.45 0.63 4O 2.01 1.02
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The scope of this project called for the use of the Zorn LWD, however, a Dynatest unit was made available by AET for no additional cost and was used at all test locations. A comparison of measured deflection between the Zorn and the Dynatest is shown in Figure 5. This relationship is generally consistent with previous measurements and is believed to be due to the different buffers which results in different load pulses. Recall that the Zorn LWD uses a steel spring buffer where as the Dynatest LWD uses rubber buffers. Also note that for both LWD instruments deflection measurements are independently verified by the manufacturer and that the drop height, falling mass, and plate sizes are identical.
y = 0.61x - 0.16R2 = 0.91
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Zorn Deflection (mm)
Dyn
ates
t Def
lect
ion
(mm
)
Figure 5 - Comparison of Deflection Measurements
Laboratory Test Results The laboratory tests consisted of Proctor tests and plastic limit tests. Table 6 lists the Mn/DOT plastic limit and Proctor test results from each test area. One plastic limit test was performed for each test pad. The target values are based on the plastic limit of the soils and are used to determine if the soil passes or fails based on the combination of LWD or DCP and the gravimetric moisture content of the soil. Mn/DOT samples were collected at a rate of one sample per test pad.
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Table 6 – Mn/DOT Standard Proctor and Plastic Limit Testing
Date Sampled
Test Pad Sampled
Maximum Dry
Density (pcf)
Optimum Moisture
(%) AASHTO Group
Group Index
Mn/DOT Class Plastic Limit*
9/10/2008 A 115.0 13.3 A-4 4 SiL 23.2 9/10/2008 B 115.3 12.9 A-4 3 SiL 23.2 9/10/2008 C 112.7 13.5 A-4 5 SiL 23.2 9/18/2008 D 104.9 18.4 A-4 0 Si non-plastic 9/18/2008 E 109.5 16.8 A-4 11 Si 24.2 9/18/2008 F 105.2 18.0 A-6 13 SiCL 27.2 9/26/2008 G 112.2 14.3 A-4 0 Si non-plastic 9/26/2008 H 109.3 15.3 A-4 0 Si non-plastic 9/26/2008 I 110.8 14.2 A-4 0 Si non-plastic 10/1/2008 J 110.9 15.6 A-4 1 SiL 25.5 10/1/2008 K 111.8 15.5 A-4 0 Si non-plastic 10/1/2008 L 110.0 15.6 A-4 0 Si non-plastic 10/2/2008 M 123.0 11.0 A-4 1 SiL 18.7 10/2/2008 N 122.7 10.8 A-4 1 SiL 17.6 10/2/2008 O 109.7 15.1 A-4 5 Si 21.2
* Plastic limit testing was performed on samples collected from test number 2 at each of the test pads.
The results from AET Proctor tests can be found in Table 7. AET Proctor testing and sampling was independent of the Mn/DOT sampling and testing. AET performed a Proctor test when the soil seemed to change in the field and a previous Proctor could not be applied to the current soil condition. As a result only 5 Proctors were performed by AET.
Table 7 – AET Standard Proctor Testing
Date Sampled
Proctor Number
Maximum Dry Density
(pcf)
Optimum Moisture
(%) AASHTO Group Description
9/10/2008 1 111.7 16.8 A-7 Clay, brown 9/18/2008 2 101.5 20.2 A-6 Silty clay loam, brown 9/26/2008 3 109.1 16.0 A-4 Silt, brown 10/1/2008 4 109.5 16.7 A-4 Silt, brown 10/2/2008 5 106.6 18.3 A-4 Silt loam, bark brown
Figure 6 is a comparison of both the AET Proctor tests and the Mn/DOT Proctor tests. There is a slight difference between the two labs which may be attributed to personnel, equipment or sampling location.
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100
105
110
115
120
125
0 5 10 15 20 25
Optimum Moisture Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
(pcf
)
Mn/DOT Proctors AET Proctors
Figure 6 – Mn/DOT and AET Proctors
Table 8 summarizes the results of the density, DCP, Zorn LWD, plastic limit, and moisture content testing that was done. It is important to clarify that Olmsted County does not approve or reject soil based on density tests. The locations chosen were randomly selected and may or may not have been approved by the county inspector. The density results were meant only to show the relationship between the different methods used to measure compaction of the soil.
Table 8 – Comparison of Tests
Test
AET Proctor Based
Compaction
Mn/DOT Proctor Based
Compaction DPI
(mm/drop)
Zorn Deflection
(mm) Plastic Limit
(%)
Moisture Content
(%) 1A 99% 96% 26.2 1.47 23.2 24.6 2A 98% 95% 42.4 1.58 23.2 19.5 3A 106% 103% 12.2 1.81 23.2 14.8 4A 106% 103% 12.4 1.22 23.2 15.7 1B 102% 98% 25.5 1.65 23.2 15.1 2B 101% 98% 26.2 1.23 23.2 14.1 3B 105% 102% 33.9 3.98 23.2 13.6 4B 103% 100% 30.8 4.58 23.2 16.8 1C 101% 100% 15.2 0.84 23.2 12.7 2C 102% 101% 19.0 1.06 23.2 17.0 3C 106% 105% 21.8 2.56 23.2 16.7 4C 108% 107% 21.2 3.14 23.2 17.2 1D 95% 101% 22.2 1.75 Non-plastic 24.5 2D 94% 100% 25.4 2.15 Non-plastic 22.9 3D 96% 103% 20.8 1.65 Non-plastic 22.5
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Test
AET Proctor Based
Compaction
Mn/DOT Proctor Based
Compaction DPI
(mm/drop)
Zorn Deflection
(mm) Plastic Limit
(%)
Moisture Content
(%) 4D 97% 104% 22.4 1.13 Non-plastic 20.8 1E 102% 94% 63.1 2.72 24.2 21.1 2E 95% 97% 49.7 2.81 24.2 21.4 3E 99% 101% 32.9 4.57 24.2 19.5 4E 107% 99% 44.2 5.67 24.2 20.9 1F 95% 92% 50.3 2.24 27.2 24.9 2F 94% 90% 68.3 3.63 27.2 24.9 3F 96% 93% 49.8 1.98 27.2 24.1 4F 92% 89% 49.6 2.08 27.2 24.9 1G 98% 96% 15.6 1.12 Non-plastic 15.8 2G 103% 101% 13.7 0.94 Non-plastic 15.1 3G 99% 97% 14.4 1.21 Non-plastic 15.2 4G 99% 96% 14.0 1.33 Non-plastic 14.2 1H 96% 95% 13.8 0.69 Non-plastic 15.0 2H 97% 97% 13.7 0.83 Non-plastic 15.6 3H 99% 99% 14.4 1.04 Non-plastic 14.9 4H 98% 98% 14.7 0.89 Non-plastic 14.8 1I 101% 99% 12.9 1.18 Non-plastic 13.8 2I 101% 100% 13.9 1.33 Non-plastic 15.0 3I 97% 95% 15.3 0.86 Non-plastic 14.9 4I 98% 96% 16.2 0.97 Non-plastic 14.0 1J 96% 94% 26.4 1.51 25.5 16.2 2J 100% 98% 35.6 3.28 25.5 17.2 3J 100% 99% 26.4 1.24 25.5 15.4 4J 102% 101% 21.9 1.97 25.5 14.9 1K 100% 98% 53.6 6.02 Non-plastic 17.9 2K 98% 96% 44.7 7.66 Non-plastic 19.1 3K 100% 98% 54.0 3.21 Non-plastic 17.5 4K 102% 99% 23.8 1.39 Non-plastic 16.2 1L 98% 97% 39.7 2.60 Non-plastic 17.7 2L 98% 98% 38.6 2.14 Non-plastic 18.1 3L 98% 97% 27.1 1.86 Non-plastic 16.8 4L 98% 97% 32.9 2.16 Non-plastic 17.7 1M - 107% 12.5 1.32 18.7 11.8 2M - 104% 17.5 2.09 18.7 11.7 3M - 104% 14.4 2.06 18.7 11.1 4M - 106% 12.6 1.44 18.7 11.3 1N - 104% 12.9 1.41 17.6 11.1 2N - 108% 11.8 1.71 17.6 10.9 3N - 110% 12.3 1.65 17.6 10.9 4N - 105% 16.9 2.32 17.6 11.1 1O 104% 101% 22.0 2.28 21.2 19.2 2O 104% 101% 22.0 1.71 21.2 18.8 3O 107% 104% 16.9 1.45 21.2 15.7 4O 105% 102% 21.6 2.01 21.2 17.6
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A comparison of measured DPI and Zorn deflection values is shown in Figure 7. As expected, the comparison shows that as DPI increases, the deflection tends to increase as well.
y = 0.06x + 0.60
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DPI (mm/drop)
Zorn
Def
lect
ion
(mm
)
Figure 7 - Comparison of DPI and Zorn Deflection
Target Value Analysis
DPI Target Values Mn/DOT supplied target values for comparison to DPI values. Figure 8 shows weighted average DPI values versus oven dried gravimetric moisture content. This figure also includes the DPI target values for plastic limits of 15, 20, 25 and 30 percent. DPI target value curves can be used as pass/fail criteria. The target value criterion in this report is applied by first determining the plastic limit of the soil, then comparing the DPI of the test with the nearest curve that has a plastic limit equal to or less than the test value. If the DPI lies below the curve, the test passes. If it lies above, it fails. Maximum DPI criteria should also be applied in combination with target value criteria. If maximum DPI criteria are not applied, subgrade strengths may not meet minimum design criteria. For this project, the following values were used as maximum DPI pass/fail criteria:
Non-plastic soils = less than 25mm/drop Soils with a plastic limit from 15% to 19% = less than 25 mm/drop Soils with a plastic limit from 20% to 24% = less than 35 mm/drop Soils with a plastic limit from 25% to 29% = less than 45 mm/drop
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non-plastic PL=15
PL=20
PL=25
PL=30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Gravimetric Moisture Content (percent)
DPI
(m
m/d
rop)
tests for non-plastic material tests for PL=15 to 19 tests for PL=20 to 24 tests for PL=25 to 29
Figure 8 - DPI vs. Moisture Content and Target Values
Zorn Deflection Target Values Mn/DOT supplied target values for comparison to Zorn LWD values. Figure 9 shows all Zorn deflection values versus oven dried gravimetric moisture content. This figure also includes the deflection target values for plastic limits of 15, 20, 25 and 30 percent. Target value curves can be used as pass/fail criteria. The target value criterion in this report is applied by first determining the plastic limit of the soil, then comparing the deflection of the test with the nearest curve with a plastic limit equal to or less than the test value. If the deflection lies below the curve, the test passes. If it lies above, it fails. Maximum deflection criteria should also be applied in combination with target value criteria. If maximum deflection criteria are not applied, subgrade deflections may not meet minimum design criteria. For this project, the following values were used as maximum deflection pass/fail criteria:
Non-plastic soils = less than 1.8 mm Soils with a plastic limit from 15% to 19% = less than 1.8 mm Soils with a plastic limit from 20% to 24% = less than 2.2 mm Soils with a plastic limit from 25% to 29% = less than 2.6 mm
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non-plastic
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Gravimetric Moisture Content (percent)
Def
lect
ion
(mm
)
tests for non-plastic material Tests for PL=15 to 19 Tests for PL=20 to 24 Tests for PL=25 to 29
Figure 9 - Zorn Deflection vs. Moisture Content and Target Values
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Comparison of Pass/Fail Criteria Table 9 applies various pass/fail criteria to tests of plastic soils. Pass/fail criteria for percent compaction is based on 100% of standard Proctor. Pass/fail criteria for DPI is based on the curves and data shown in Figure 8. Pass/fail criteria for the Zorn LWD is based on the curves and data shown in Figure 9.
Table 9 – Pass/Fail Comparison of Plastic Soils
Test
Plastic Limit (%)
Nuclear Gauge Relative Density
Sand Cone Relative Density
DPI Target Value
Criteria
Zorn Deflection
Target Value Criteria
1A 23.2 96% - Pass Pass 2A 23.2 95% - Fail Pass 3A 23.2 103% 103% Pass Pass 4A 23.2 103% - Pass Pass 1B 23.2 98% - Pass Pass 2B 23.2 98% - Fail Pass 3B 23.2 102% - Fail Fail 4B 23.2 100% - Pass Fail 1C 23.2 100% 110% Pass Pass 2C 23.2 101% - Pass Pass 3C 23.2 105% - Pass Fail 4C 23.2 107% - Pass Fail 1E 24.2 94% 101% Fail Fail 2E 24.2 97% - Fail Fail 3E 24.2 101% - Pass Fail 4E 24.2 99% - Fail Fail 1F 27.2 92% - Fail Pass 2F 27.2 90% - Fail Fail 3F 27.2 93% - Fail Pass 4F 27.2 89% 96% Fail Pass 1J 25.5 94% - Fail Pass 2J 25.5 98% - Fail Fail 3J 25.5 99% - Fail Pass 4J 25.5 101% - Pass Fail 1M 18.7 107% - Pass Pass 2M 18.7 104% - Pass Fail 3M 18.7 104% - Pass Fail 4M 18.7 106% - Pass Pass 1N 17.6 104% - Pass Pass 2N 17.6 108% - Pass Fail 3N 17.6 110% - Pass Fail 4N 17.6 105% - Pass Fail 1O 21.2 101% - Pass Pass 2O 21.2 101% 103% Pass Pass 3O 21.2 104% - Pass Pass 4O 21.2 102% 101% Pass Pass
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Table 10 applies various pass/fail criteria to tests of non-plastic soils. Pass/fail criteria for relative density is based on 100% of standard Proctor. Pass/fail criteria for DPI is based on the curves and data shown in Figure 8. Pass/fail criteria for the Zorn LWD is based on the curves and data shown in Figure 9.
Table 10 – Pass/Fail Comparison of Non-Plastic Soils
Test Nuclear Gauge
Relative Density Sand Cone
Relative Density
DPI Target Value
Criteria
Zorn Deflection Target Value
Criteria 1D 101% - Pass Pass 2D 100% - Fail Fail 3D 103% - Pass Pass 4D 104% - Pass Pass 1G 96% - Pass Pass 2G 101% 104% Pass Pass 3G 97% - Pass Pass 4G 96% - Pass Pass 1H 95% - Pass Pass 2H 97% - Pass Pass 3H 99% - Pass Pass 4H 98% - Pass Pass 1I 99% - Pass Pass 2I 100% - Pass Pass 3I 95% - Pass Pass 4I 96% 104% Pass Pass 1K 98% 97% Fail Fail 2K 96% - Fail Fail 3K 98% - Fail Fail 4K 99% - Fail Pass 1L 97% 98% Fail Fail 2L 98% - Fail Fail 3L 97% - Fail Pass 4L 97% - Fail Fail
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Summary Road work was done in Olmsted County during the 2008 construction season. Field tests were performed on subgrade soils with the Zorn LWD, Dynatest LWD, DCP, nuclear density gauge, and sand cone. Laboratory testing was done on samples obtained from the field including moisture content, standard Proctor, and plastic limit. DPI and Zorn deflection criteria provided by Mn/DOT and the 100% standard Proctor criterion were applied to the tests and compared. The test locations were not representative of the final subgrade. Most of the tests were performed when convenient and not necessarily after compaction was complete or accepted by Olmsted County. The DCP results for plastic soils show good correlation with nuclear density gauge results. The DPI target value pass/fail criteria for plastic soils correlates well with the 100% standard Proctor criterion. In addition to being used as pass fail/criteria, DCP testing provides useful information about soil strength and soil profile data. The results for Zorn LWD for plastic soils were mixed. The Zorn target value pass/fail criteria for plastic soils do not correlate as well with the 100% standard Proctor criterion. The results for non-plastic soils show good correlation between sand cone, Zorn, and DCP testing. The results show poor correlation between the nuclear density gauge and the other testing methods. Test pads G, H, and I all fail when applying the 100% standard Proctor criteria to nuclear gauge densities, but pass when applying the DPI and Zorn deflection criteria. Additionally, test pads G and I both pass when applying the 100% standard Proctor criteria to the sand cone densities. This difference between sand cone density and nuclear gauge density could be a result of the variable soils at the site, apparatus that were out of calibration, depth of sampling, or any other of a number of reasons. Regardless of the differences between density test methods, the application of 100% standard Proctor criteria to sand cone measurements correlates well with DPI and Zorn target value pass/fail criteria for non-plastic soils. The testing methods and criteria discussed in this report are useful for analyzing properties of compacted material. Together, the methods give a good indication of the subgrade properties. However, none of these test methods should be used alone to determine final acceptance of subgrade compaction. Engineering judgment is always important.
