UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

West African forest frogs : ecology, evolution, and conservation

Hillers, A.P.

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):Hillers, A. P. (2008). West African forest frogs : ecology, evolution, and conservation.

General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s),other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, statingyour reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Askthe Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam,The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

Download date: 17 Mar 2021

137

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

REFERENCES

Ahl, E. (1924): Neue Reptilien und Batrachier aus dem Zoologischen Museum

Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 90: 245-254.

Anthony, N.M., M. Johnson-Bawe, K. Jeffery, S.L. Clifford, K.A. Abernethy,

C.E. Tutin, S.A. Lahm, L.J.T. White, J.F. Utley, E.J. Wickings and M.W.

Bruford (2007): The role of Pleistocene refugia and rivers in shaping

gorilla genetic diversity in Central Africa. Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences, USA, 104: 20432-20436.

Assémian, N.E., N.G. Kouamé, B. Tohé, G. Gourène and M.-O. Rödel (2006):

The anurans of the Banco National Park, Côte d‟Ivoire, a threatened West

African rainforest. Salamandra 42: 41-51.

Aubréville, A. (1962): Savannisation tropicale et glaciations quaternaires.

Adansonia sér. 2, 2: 16-84.

Aubréville, A. (1949): Contribution à la paléohistoire des forêts de l‟Afrique

tropicale. Société d‟Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales,

Paris, 99 pp.

Avise, J.C. and D. Walker (1998): Pleistocene phylogeographic effects on avian

populations and the speciation process. Proceedings of the Royal Society of

London B 265: 457-463.

Bakarr, M., B. Bailey, D. Byler, R. Hams, S. Olivieri and M. Omland (eds.)

(2001): From the forest to the sea: Biodiversity connections from Guinea to

Togo, Conservation Priority-Setting workshop, December 1999.

Washington D.C., Conservation International, 78 pp.

Beaumont, M.A. and M. Panchal (2008): On the validity of the nested clade

phylogeographic analysis. Molecular Ecology 17: 2563-2565.

Beentje, H.J., B. Adams and S.D. Davis (1994): Regional Overview: Africa. In:

Davis, S.D., V.H. Heywood and A.C. Hamilton (eds.): Centres of plants

diversity. A guide and strategy for conservation. Vol. 1, 354 pp.

Beerli, P. (2002): MIGRATE: documentation and Program part of LAMARC.

Version Version 2.1.2. Available from: http://popgen.csit.fsu.edu/

migrate.download.html.

Beier, P., M. van Drielen and B.O. Kankam (2002): Avifaunal collapse in West

African forest fragments. Conservation Biology 16: 1097-1111.

Bell, K.E. and M.A. Donnelly (2006): Influence of forest fragmentation on

138

community structure of frogs and lizards in northeastern Costa Rica.

Conservation Biology 20: 1750-1760.

Benedick, S., J.K. Hill, N. Mustaffa, V.K. Chey, M. Maryati, J.B. Searle, M.

Schilthuizen and K.C. Hamer (2006): Impacts of rain forest fragmentation

on butterflies in northern Borneo: species richness, turnover and the value

of small fragments. Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 967-977.

Benítez-Malvido, J. and M. Martínez-Ramos (2003): Impact of forest

fragmentation on understory plant species richness in Amazonia.

Conservation Biology 17: 389-400.

Bickel, T.O., C.A. Brühl, J.R. Gadau, B. Hölldobler and K.E. Linsenmair (2006):

Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic variability in leaf litter ant

populations in tropical rainforest of Sabah, Borneo. Biodiversity and

Conservation 15: 157-175.

Blackburn, D.C., J. Kosuch, A. Schmitz, M. Burger, P. Wagner, L.N. Gonwouo,

A. Hillers and M.-O. Rödel (2008): A new species of Cardioglossa (Anura:

Arthroleptidae) from the Upper Guinean forests of West Africa. Copeia

2008: 603-612.

Blaustein, A.R., D.B.Wake and W.P. Sousa (1994): Amphibian declines: judging

stability, persistence, and susceptibility of populations to local and global

extinctions. Conservation Biology 8: 60-71.

Bonnefille, R., J.C. Roeland and J Guiot (1990): Climatic reconstruction for the

last 40,000 years in East Africa. Nature 346: 347-349.

Bossuyt, F. and M.C. Milinkovitch (2000): Convergent adaptive radiations in

Madagascan and Asian ranid frogs reveal covariation between larval and

adult traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 97:

6585-6590.

Bourgat, R. (1979): Trématodes d‟amphibiens du Togo. Bulletin du Muséum

d‟Histoire Naturelle 3: 597-624.

Bowie, R.C.K., J. Fjeldsa, S.J. Hackett, J.M. Bates and T.M. Crowe (2006):

Coalescent models reveal the relative roles of ancestral polymorphism,

vicariance, and dispersal in shaping phylogeographical structure of an

African montane forest robin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38:

171-188.

Bowles, I.A., R.E. Rice, R.A. Mittermeier and G.A.B. da Fonseca (1998):

139

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

Logging and tropical conservation. Science 280: 1899-1900.

Braun-Blanquet, J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde.

Springer, Wien.

Brooks, T., A. Balmfor, N. Burgess, J. Fjeldså, L.A. Hansen, J. Moore, C.

Rahbeck and P. Williams (2001): Toward a blueprint for conservation in

Africa. Bioscience 51: 613-624.

Bush, M.B. (1994): Amazon speciation: a necessarily complex model. Journal of

Biogeography 21: 5-17.

Carstens, B.C., J.D. Degenhardt, A.L. Stevenson and J. Sullivan (2005):

Accounting for coalescent stochasticity in testing phylogeographical

hypotheses: modelling Pleistocene population structure in the Idaho giant

salamander Dicamptodon aterrimus. Molecular Ecology 14: 255-265.

Chatelain, C., H. Dao, L. Gautier and R. Spichiger (2004): Forest cover changes

in Côte d‟Ivoire and Upper Guinea. In: Poorter, L., F. Bongers, F.N.

Kouamé and W.D. Hawthorne: Biodiversity of West African Forests. And

ecological atlas of woody plant species. CABI Publishing, Wallington, UK,

pp. 15-32.

Chatelain, C., L. Gautier and R. Spichiger (1996): A recent history of forest

fragmentation in southwestern Ivory Coast. Biodiversity and Conservation

5: 783-791.

Cheviron, Z.A., S.J. Hackett and A.P. Capparella (2005): Complex evolutionary

history of a Neotropical lowland forest bird (Lepidothrix coronata) and its

implications for historical hypotheses for the origin of Neotropical avian

diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 338-357.

Clement, M., D. Posada and K.A. Crandall (2000): TCS: a computer program to

estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9: 1657-1659.

Clifford, S.L., N.M. Anthony, M. Bawe-Johnson, K.A. Abernethy, C.E.G. Tutin,

L.T.J. White, M. Bermejo, M.L. Goldsmith, K. McFarland, K. J. Jeffery,

M.W. Bruford and E.J. Wickings (2004): Mitochondrial DNA

phylogeography of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Molecular Ecology 13: 1551-1567.

Colinvaux, P.A., G. Irion, M.E. Räsänen, M.B. Bush and J.A.S.N. De Mello

(2001): A paradigm to be discarded: geological and paleoecological data

falsify the Haffer and Prance refuge hypothesis of Amazonian speciation.

140

Amazoniana 16: 609-646.

Collwell, R.K. (2005): EstimateS Version 6.0b1. Statistical estimation of species

richness and shared species from samples. - http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/

estimates (last checked on 30 July 2007).

Cushman, S.A. (2006): Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: a

review and prospectus. Biological Conservation 128: 231-240.

deMenocal, P.B. (1995): Plio-Pleistocene African Climate. Science 270: 53-59.

Dupanloup, I., S. Schneider and L. Excoffier (2002): A simulated annealing

approach to define the genetic structure of populations. Molecular Ecology

11: 2571-2581.

Dupont, L.M., S. Jahns, F. Marret and S. Ning (2000): Vegetation change in

equatorial Africa: time-slices for the last 150 ka. Palaeogeography

Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 155: 95-122.

Endler, J.A. (1982): Pleistocene forest refuges: fact or fancy? In: Prance, G.T.

(ed.): Biological Diversification in the Tropics. Columbia University Press,

New York, pp. 641–657.

Ernst, R. and M.-O. Rödel (2006): Community assembly and structure of tropical

leaf-litter anurans. Ecotropica 12: 113-129.

Ernst, R. and M.-O. Rödel (2005): Anthropogenically induced changes of

predictability in tropical anuran assemblages. Ecology 86: 3111-3118.

Ernst, R., A.C. Agyei and M.-O. Rödel (2008): A new giant species of

Arthroleptis (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) from the Krokosua Hills

Forest Reserve, south-western Ghana. Zootaxa 1697: 58-68.

Ernst, R., T. Konrad, K.E. Linsenmair and M.-O. Rödel (2007): The impacts of

selective logging on three sympatric species of Leptodactylus in a Central

Guyana rainforest. Amphibia-Reptilia 28: 51-64.

Ernst, R., K.E. Linsenmair and M.-O. Rödel (2006): Diversity erosion beyond the

species level: dramatic loss of functional diversity after selective logging in

two tropical amphibian communities. Biological Conservation 133: 143-

155.

Excoffier, L., P. Smousse and J. Quattro (1992): Analysis of molecular variance

inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to

human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479-491.

Faith, D., P.R. Minchin and L. Belbin (1987): Compositional dissimilarity as a

141

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

robust measure of ecological distance. Vegetatio 69: 57-68.

Falk, T.M., G.G. Teugels, E.K. Abban, W. Villwock and L. Renwartz (2003):

Phylogeographic patterns in populations of the black-chinned Tilapia

complex (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from coastal areas in West Africa: support

for the refuge zone theory. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 81-

92.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2006): Global forest resources

assessment 2005. Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO

forestry paper 147. FAO, Rome. 352 pp.

Frost, D.R. (2008): Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Version

5.1. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html (last

checked on 1 June 2008).

Frost, D.R. (2007): Amphibian species of the World: an online reference. Version

5.0 (1 February 2007). Available from http://research.amnh.org/

herpetology/amphibia/ index.php. USA (accessed 25 January 2008).

Frost, D.R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R.H. Bain, A. Haas, C.F.B. Haddad, R.O. De

Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S.C. Donnellan, C.J. Raxworthy, J.A.

Campbell, B.L. Blotto, P. Moler, R.C. Drewes, R.A. Nussbaum, J.D.

Lynch, D.M. Green and W.C. Wheeler (2006): The amphibian tree of life. -

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1-370.

Gascon, C., J.R. Malcolm, J.L. Patton, M.N.F. da Silva, J.P. Bogart, S.C.

Lougheed, C.A. Peres, S. Neckel and P.T. Boag (2000): Riverine barriers

and the geographic distribution of Amazonian species. Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences, USA, 97:13672-13677.

Gautier, L. and R. Spichiger (2004): The forest-savanna transition in West Africa.

In: Poorter, L., F. Bongers, F.N. Kouamé and W.D. Hawthorne:

Biodiversity of West African Forests. And ecological atlas of woody plant

species. CABI Publishing, Wallington, UK, pp. 33-40.

Goudie, A.S. 2005: The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous. Geomorphology

67: 437-456.

Greenbaum, E. and J.L. Carr (2005): The herpetofauna of Upper Niger National

Park, Guinea, West Africa. Scientific Papers of the Natural History

Museum University of Kansas 37: 1-21.

Guibé, J. and M. Lamotte (1963): La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba.

142

XXVIII. Batraciens du genre Phrynobatrachus. Mémoires de l‟Institut

fondamental d‟Afrique noire 66: 601-627.

Guibé, J. and M. Lamotte (1958): La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba.

XXVIII. Batraciens (sauf Artholeptis, Phrynobatrachus et Hyperolius).

Mémoires de l‟Institut fondamental d‟Afrique noire 53: 241-273.

Haffer, J. (1997): Alternative models of vertebrate speciation in Amazonia: an

overview. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 451-476.

Haffer, J. (1969): Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165: 131-137.

Hall, J.P. and D.J. Harvey (2002): The Phytogeography of Amazonia revisited:

New evidence from Riodinid butterflies. Evolution 56: 1489-1497.

Hamilton, A. (1976): The significance of pattern of distribution shown by forest

plants and animals in tropical Africa for the reconstruction of Upper

Pleistocene paleoenvironments: A review. In: van Zinderen Bakker, E.M.

(ed.): Paleoecology of Africa, the surrounding islands and Antarctica 9: 63-

97.

Harper, K.A., S.E. MacDonald, P.J. Burton, J. Chen, K.D. Brosofske, S.C.

Saunders, E.S. Euskirchen, D. Roberts, M.S. Jaiteh and P.-A. Esseen

(2005): Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented

landscapes. Conservation Biology 19: 768-782.

Heyer, W.R., M.A. Donnelly, R.W. McDiarmid, L.-A.C. Hayek and M.S. Foster

(1994): Measuring and monitoring biological diversity, standard methods

for amphibians. Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 364 pp.

Hill, J.L. and P.J. Curran (2003): Area, shape and isolation of tropical forest

fragments: effects on tree species diversity and implications for

conservation. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1391-1403.

Hillers, A., M.A. Bangoura, N.S. Loua and M.-O. Rödel (2006): Rapid survey of

amphibians and reptiles in the Boké region, northwestern Guinea. In:

Wright, H.E., J. McCullough and M.S. Diallo (eds.): A rapid biological

assessment of Boké Préfecture, northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of

Biological Assessment 41, Conservation International, Washington D.C.,

pp. 131-136, appendices 5-7, pp. 178-181.

Hillers, A., C.O. Boateng, G.H. Segniagbeto, A.C. Agyei and M.-O. Rödel (2009,

in press): Assessment of the amphibians in the forests of southern Ghana

and western Togo. Zoosystematics and Evolution.

143

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

Hillers, A., N.-S. Loua and M.-O. Rödel (2008a): Assessment of the distribution

and conservation status of the viviparous toad Nimbaphrynoides

occidentalis on Monts Nimba, Guinea. Endangered Species Research 5: 13-

19.

Hillers, A., M. Veith and M.-O. Rödel (2008b): Effects of forest fragmentation

and habitat degradation on West African leaf litter frogs. Conservation

Biology 22: 762-772.

Hillers, A., B. Zimkus and M.-O. Rödel (2008c): A new species of

Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from north-

western Guinea, West Africa. Zootaxa 1815: 43-50.

Hofer, U., L.-F. Bersier and D. Borcard (2000): Ecotones and gradient as

determinants of herpetofaunal community structure in the primary forest of

Mount Kupe, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 517-533.

Hooghiemstra, H. (2001): The continuing debate on the history of the Amazonian

rain forest. Amazoniana 16: 653-656.

Huelsenbeck, J.P. and F. Ronquist (2001): MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of

phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.

Hugall, A., C. Moritz, A. Moussalli and J. Stanisic (2002): Reconciling

paleodistribution models and comparative phylogeography in the Wet

Tropics rainforest land snail Gnarosphia bellendenkerensis (Brazier 1875).

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99: 6112-6117.

Hulselmans, J.L.J. (1972 “1971”): Contribution à l'herpétologie de la République

du Togo, 4. Description de Conraua derooi, n. sp. (Amphibia). Revue

Zoologique Botanique Africaine 84: 153-159.

IUCN (UICN) (1996): L‟atlas pour la conservation des forêts tropicales

d‟Afrique. Jean-Pierre de Monza, Paris, 310pp.

IUCN, Conservation International and NatureServe (2004): Global Amphibian

Assessment. www.globalamphibians.org (last checked on 18 September

2008).

Johnson, N.K. and C. Cicero (2004): New mitochondrial DNA data affirm the

importance of Pleistocene speciation in North American birds. Evolution

58: 1122-1130.

Jongman, R.H.G., C.J.F. Ter Braak and O.F.R. Van Tongeren (eds.) (1995): Data

analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press,

144

Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Kapos, V., E. Wandelli, J.L. Camargo and G. Ganade (1997): Edge-related

changes in environment and plant responses due to forest fragmentation in

Central Amazonia. Pages 33-44 in W.F. Laurance and R.O. Bierregaard Jr.

(eds.): Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of

fragmented communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Knapp, S. and J. Mallet (2003): Refuting Refugia? Science 300: 71-72.

Knowles, L.L. and W.P. Maddison (2002): Statistical phylogeography. Molecular

Ecology 11: 2623-2635.

Kouamé, N.G., C.O. Boateng and M.-O. Rödel (2007): A rapid survey of the

amphibians from the Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Eastern Region, Ghana.

pp. 76-83 in: McCullough, J, L.E. Alonso, P. Naskrecki, H.E. Wright and

Y. Osei-Owusu (eds.): A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Atewa Range

Forest Reserve, Eastern Ghana. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 47,

Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, 194 pp.

Kruskal, J.B. (1964): Non-metric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method.

Psychometrika 29: 115-129.

Kulo, S.-D. (1980): Mode de transmission des trématodes au Togo. Doctoral

thesis in Natural Sciences, University of Perpignan, 165 pp.

Lamotte, M. (1971): Le Massif des Monts Loma (Sierra Leone), Fasciule I; XIX.

Amphibiens.Mémoires de l‟Institut fondamental d ‟Afrique noire 86 : 397-

407.

Lamotte, M. (1967): Les batraciens de la région de Gpakobo (Côte d‟Ivoire).

Bulletin de l‟Institut fondamental d‟Afrique noire 29: 218-294.

Laurance,W.F., T.E. Lovejoy, H.L. Vasconcelos, E.M. Bruna, R.K. Didham, P.C.

Stouffer, C. Gascon, R.O. Biereegaard, S.G. Laurance and E. Sampaio

(2002): Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year

investigation. Conservation Biology 16: 605-618.

Leaché, A.D., M.-O. Rödel, C.W. Linkem, R.E. Diaz, A. Hillers and M.K. Fujita

(2006): Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the Togo

Hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22-45.

Leal, M.E. (2001): Microrefugia, small scale ice age forest remnants. Systematics

and Geography of Plants 71: 1073-1077.

Legendre, P. and L. Legendre (1998): Numerical ecology. Developments in

145

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

environmental modelling 20. 2nd English edition. Elsevier Science B.V,

Amsterdam.

Lessa, E.P., J.A. Cook and J.L Patton (2003): Genetic footprints of demographic

expansion in North America, but not in Amazonia, during the late

Quaternary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,

100:10331-10334.

Lézine, A.-M. and C. Vergnaud-Grazzini (1993): Evidence of forest extension in

West Africa since 22,000 BP: a pollen record from eastern tropical

Atlantic. Quaternary Science Reviews 12: 203-210.

Lieberoth, I. (1982): Bodenkunde. Aufbau, Entstehung, Kennzeichnung und

Eigenschaften der landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden der DDR. 3rd

edition. Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin.

Lovett, J.C., S. Rudd, J. Taplin and C. Frimodt-Møller (2000): Patterns of Plant

diversity in Africa south of the Sahara and their implications for

conservation management. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 37-46.

Maley, J. (2001): The impact of arid phases on the African rain forest through

geological history. In: Weber, W., L. White, A. Vedder and L. Naughton

(eds.): African rain forest ecology and conservation: An interdisciplinary

perspective. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 68-87.

Maley, J. (1996): The African rain forest - main characteristics of changes in

vegetatin and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104B: 31-73.

Maley, J. (1987): Fragmentation de la forêt dense humide africaine et extension

des biotopes montagnards au Quaternaire récent: nouvelles données

polliniques et chronologiques: Implications paléoclimatiques et

biogéographiques. Paleoecology of Africa 18: 307-334.

Marsh, D.M. and P.B. Pearman (1997): Effects of habitat fragmentation on the

abundance of two species of leptodactylid frogs in an Andean montane

forest. Conservation Biology 1: 1323-1328.

McClean, C.J., J.C. Lovett, W. Küper, L. Hannah, J.H. Sommer, W. Barthlott, M.

Termansen, G.F. Smith, S. Tokumine and J.R.D. Taplin (2005): African

plant diversity and climate change. Annuals of the Missouri Botanical

Garden 92: 139-152.

McCullough, J., L.E. Alonso, P. Naskrecki, H.E. Wright and Y. Osei-Owusu

146

(2007): A rapid biological assessment of the Atewa Range Forest Reserve,

eastern Ghana. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment, 47, Conservation

International, Arlington, VA.

McCune, B. and J.B. Grace (2002): Analysis of ecological communities. MjM

Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon. Magurran, A.E. 2004.

Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Measey, G.J., M. Vences, R.C. Drewes, Y. Chiari, M. Melo and B. Bourles

(2007): Freshwater paths across the ocean molecular phylogeny of the frog

Ptychadena newtoni give insights into amphibian colonization of oceanic

islands. Journal of Biogeography 34: 7-20.

Meffe, G.K., C.R. Carroll and Contributors (1997): Principles of conservation

biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Moritz, C., J.L. Patton, C.J. Schneider and T.B. Smith (2000): Diversification of

rainforest faunas: an integrated molecular approach. Annual Review of

Ecology and Systematics 31: 533-563.

Morley, R.J. (2000): Origin and evolution of tropical rainforest. John Wiley and

Sons, New York. 325 pp.

Murcia, C. (1995): Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for

conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10: 58-62.

Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B da Fonseca and J. Kent

(2000): Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-

858.

Nago, S.G., O. Grell, B. Sinsin and M.-O. Rödel (2006): The amphibian fauna of

Pendjari National Park and surroundings, northern Benin. Salamandra 42:

93-108.

Neckel-Olivieira, S. and C. Gascon (2006): Abundance, body size and movement

patterns of a tropical treefrog in continuous and fragmented forests in the

Brazilian Amazon. Biological Conservation 128: 308-315.

Nelson, B.W., C.A.C Ferreira, M.F, da Silva and M.L. Kawasaki (1990):

Endemism centres, refugia and botanical collection density in Brazilian

Amazonia. Nature 345: 714-716.

Nichol, J.E. (1999): Geomorphological evidence and Pleistocene refugia in

Africa. The Geographical Journal 165: 79-89.

Palumbi, S.R. (1991): Nucleic Acids II: the Polymerase Chain Reaction. In:

147

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

Hillis, D.M., C. Moritz and B.K. Mable (eds.): Molecular Systematics. 2nd

edition, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp. 205-247.

Panchal, M. (2007): The automation of Nested Clade Phylogeographic Analysis.

Bioinformatics 23: 509-510.

Panchal, M, and M.A. Beaumont (2007): The automation and evaluation of nested

clade phylogeographic analysis. Evolution 61: 1466-1480.

Parker, H.W. (1936): Amphibians from Liberia and the Gold Coast. Zoologische

Mededelingen 19: 87-102.

Parren, M.P.E. and N.R. de Graaf (1995): The quest for natural forest

management in Ghana, Côte d‟Ivoire and Liberia. Tropenbos Series 13,

Wageningen, 199 pp.

Perret, J.-L. (1988): Les espèces de Phrynobatrachus (Anura, Ranidae) à éperon

palpébral. Archives des Sciences Genève 41: 275-294.

Perret, J.-L. (1966): Les amphibiens du Cameroun. Zoologische Jahrbücher

(Systematik) 8: 289-464.

Petit, R.J. (2008): The coup de grâce for the nested clade phylogeographic

analysis? Molecular Ecology 17: 516-518.

Pfenninger, M. and D. Posada (2002): Phylogeographic history of the land snail

Candidula unifasciata (Helicellinae, Stylommatophora): fragmentation,

corridor migration, and secondary contact. Evolution 56: 1776-1788.

Pineda, E. and G. Halffter (2004): Species diversity and habitat fragmentation:

frogs in a tropical montane landscape in Mexico. Biological Conservation

117: 499-508.

Plana, V. (2004): Mechanisms and tempo of evolution in the African Guineo-

Congolian rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of

London B 359: 1585-1594.

Poorter, L., F. Bongers and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (2004): West African forests:

introduction. In: Poorter, L., F. Bongers, F.N. Kouame and W.D.

Hawthorne (eds.): Biodiversity of West African Forests: an ecological atlas

of woody plant species. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 5

-14.

Porembski, S., W. Barthlott, S. Dörrstock and N. Biedinger (1994): Vegetation of

rock outcrops in Guinea: granite inselbergs, sandstone table mountains and

ferricretes – remarks on species numbers and endemism. Flora 189: 315-

148

326.

Posada, D. and K.A. Crandall (1998): MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA

substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817-818.

Posada D., K.A. Crandall and A.R. Templeton (2000): GeoDis: a program for the

cladistic nested clade analysis of the geographical distribution of genetic

haplotypes. Molecular Ecology 9: 487-488.

Poynton, J.C. (1999): Distribution of amphibians in sub-Saharan Africa,

Madagascar, and Seychelles. In: Duellman, W.E. (ed.): Patterns of

distribution of amphibians, a global perspective. John Hopkins University

Press, Baltimore, pp. 483-539.

Ramos-Onsins, S.E. and J. Rozas (2002): Statistical properties of new neutrality

tests against population growth. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 2092

-2100.

Riezebos, E.P., A.P. Vooren and J.L. Guillaumet (1994): Le Parc National de Taï,

Côte d‟Ivoire. Tropenbos Series 8. Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen,

The Netherlands.

Rodríguez, F., J.F. Oliver, A. Marín and J.R. Medina (1990): The general

stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. Journal of Theoretical Biology

142: 485-501.

Rödel, M.-O. (2007): The identity of Hylambates hyloides Boulenger, 1906 and

description of a new small species of Leptopelis from West Africa.

Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Zoologische Reihe

83: 90-100.

Rödel, M.-O. (2003): The amphibians of Mont Sangbé National Park, Ivory

Coast. Salamandra 39: 91-110.

Rödel, M.-O. (2000): Herpetofauna of West Africa, Vol. I: Amphibians of the

West African savanna. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt/M., 335 pp.

Rödel, M.-O. (1998): A new Hyperolius species from Tai National Park, Ivory

Coast (Anura: Hyperoliidae: Hyperoliinae). Revue française Aquariologie

Herpétologie 25: 123-130.

Rödel, M.-O. and A.C. Agyei (2003): Amphibians of the Togo-Volta highlands,

eastern Ghana. Salamandra 39: 207-234.

Rödel, M.-O. and M.A. Bangoura (2004): A conservation assessment of

amphibians in the Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Simandou Range,

149

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

southeastern Republic of Guinea, with the description of a new Amnirana

species (Amphibia Anura Ranidae). Tropical Zoology 17: 201-232.

Rödel, M.-O. and W.R. Branch (2002): Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo

and Cavally Forests, western Ivory Coast, I. Amphibians. Salamandra 38:

245-268.

Rödel, M.-O. and R. Ernst (2004): Measuring and monitoring amphibian diversity

in tropical forests. I. An evaluation of methods with recommendations for

standardization. Ecotropica 10: 1-14.

Rödel, M.-O. and R. Ernst (2003): The amphibians of Marahoué and Mont Péko

National Parks, Ivory Coast. Herpetozoa 16: 23-9.

Rödel, M.-O. and R. Ernst (2002a): A new reproductive mode for the genus

Phrynobatrachus: Phrynobatrachus alticola has nonfeeding, nonhatching

tadpoles. Journal of Herpetology 36: 121-125.

Rödel, M.-O. and R. Ernst (2002b): A new Phrynobatrachus from the Upper

Guinean rain forest, West Africa, including a description of a new

reproductive mode for the genus. Journal of Herpetology 36: 561-571.

Rödel, M.-O. & R. Ernst (2000): Bufo taiensis n. sp., eine neue Kröte aus dem Taï

-Nationalpark, Elfenbeinküste. herpetofauna, 22: 9-16.

Rödel, M.-O., P.J. Adeba, R. Ernst, A. Hillers, S.G.A. Nago, J. Penner and M.

Wegmann (2008): Threatened islands of amphibian diversity in West

Africa. In: Stuart, S. N., M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J.

Berridge, P. Ramani and B.E. Young (eds.): Threatened amphibians of the

world. Lynx Edicions in association with IUCN-The World Conservation

Union, Conservation International and NatuServe, pp. 62-63.

Rödel, M.-O., M.A. Bangoura, & W. Böhme (2004a): The amphibians of south-

eastern Republic of Guinea (Amphibia: Gymnophiona, Anura).

Herpetozoa, 17: 99-118.

Rödel, M.-O., M. Gil, A.C. Agyei, A.D. Leaché, R.E. Diaz, M.K. Fujita and R.

Ernst (2005a): The amphibians of the forested parts of south-western

Ghana. Salamandra 41: 107-127.

Rödel, M.-O., T.U. Grafe, V.H.W. Rudolf and R. Ernst (2002): A review of West

African spotted Kassina, including a description of Kassina schioetzi sp.

nov. (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae). Copeia 2002: 800-814.

Rödel, M.-O., J. Kosuch, M. Veith and R. Ernst (2003): First record of the genus

150

Acanthixalus Laurent, 1944 from the Upper Guinean rain forest, West

Africa, with the description of a new species. Journal of Herpetology 37: 43

-52.

Rödel, M.-O., J. Kosuch, N.G. Kouamé, R. Ernst and M. Veith (2005b):

Phrynobatrachus alticola Guibé & Lamotte, 1961 is a junior synonym of

Phrynobatrachus tokba (Chabanaud, 1921). African Journal of

Herpetology 54: 93-98.

Rödel, M.-O., A. Schmitz, O.S.G. Pauwels and W. Böhme (2004b): Revision of

the genus Werneria POCHE, 1903, including the descriptions of two new

species from Cameroon and Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae).

Zootaxa 720: 1-28.

Rozas, J., J.C. Sanchez-Delbarrio, X. Messeguer and R. Rozas (2003): DnaSP,

DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods.

Bioinformatics 19: 2496-2497.

Rutschmann, F. (2005): Bayesian molecular dating using Paml/Multidivtime - A

step-by-step manual, version 1.5 (July 2005). Available from http://

statgen.ncsu.edu/thorne/ multidivtime.html.

Schiøtz, A. (1967): The treefrogs (Rhacophoridae) of West Africa. Spolia

Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 25: 1-346.

Schiøtz, A. (1964a): A preliminary list of amphibians collected in Ghana.

Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 127: 1-17.

Schiøtz, A. (1964b): The voices of some West African amphibians.

Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 127: 35-83.

Schiøtz, A. (1964c): A preliminary list of amphibians collected in Sierra Leone.

Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 127: 19-33

+ 1 plate.

Schiøtz, A. (1963): The amphibians of Nigeria. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra

Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 125: 1-92 + 4 plates.

Schneider, C.J., T.B. Smith, B. Larison and C. Moritz (1999): A test of alternative

models of diversification in tropical rainforests: Ecological gradients vs.

rainforest refugia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,

96: 13869-13873.

Schneider, S., D. Roessli and L. Excoffier (2000): Arlequin: A software for

population genetics analysis. Version 2.000. Genetics and Biometry

151

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Segniagbeto, G.H., J.E. Bowessidjaou, A. Dubois and A. Ohler (2007): Les

amphibiens du Togo: état actuel des connaissances. Alytes 24: 72-90.

Smith, T.B., R. Calsbeek, R.K. Wayne, K.H. Holder, D. Pires and C. Bardeleben

(2005): Testing alternative mechanisms of evolutionary divergence in an

African rain forest passerine bird. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 257-

268.

Sosef, M.S.M. (1996): Begonias and African rain forest refuges: general aspects

and recent progress. In: van der Maesen, L.J.G., X.M. van der Burgt and

J.M. van Medenbach de Rooy (eds.): The biodiversity of African plants.

Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 602-611.

Sosef, M.S.M. (1994): Refuge begonias: taxonomy, phylogeny and historical

biogeography of Begonia sect. Loasibegonia and sect. Scutobegonia in

relation to glacial rain forest refuges in Africa. Studies in Begoniaceae 5.

Wageningen Agricultural University Papers, 306 pp.

Stewart, M.M. (1974): Parallel pattern polymorphism in the genus

Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Ranidae). Copeia 1974: 823-832.

Swofford, D.L. (2002): PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and

Other Methods). 4.0 Beta for UNIX or OpenVMS. Sinauer Associates,

Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Tabarelli, M. and C. Gascon (2005): Lessons from fragmentation research:

improving management and policy guidelines for biodiversity conservation.

Conservation Biology 19: 734-739.

Tamura, K., J. Dudley, M. Nei and S. Kumar (2007): MEGA 4: Molecular

Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular

Biology and Evolution 24: 1596-1599.

Templeton, A.R. (2008): Nested clade analysis: an extensively validated method

for strong phylogeographic inference. Molecular Ecology 17: 1877-1880.

Templeton, A.R. (2004): Statistical phylogeography: methods of evaluating and

minimizing inference errors. Molecular Ecology 13: 789-809.

Templeton, A.R., E. Routman and C.A. Phillips (1995): Separating population

structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical

distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander,

Ambystoma tigrinum. Genetics 140: 767-782.

152

Thorne, J.L. and H. Kishino (2002): Divergence time and evolutionary rate

estimation with multilocus data. Systematic Biology 51: 689-702.

Thorne, J.L., H. Kishino and I.S. Painter (1998): Estimating rates of evolution and

secondary structure. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15: 1647-1657.

Tocher, M.D., C. Gascon and B.L. Zimmermann (1997): Fragmentation effects on

a central Amazonian frog community: a ten-year study. Pages 124-137, in

W.F. Laurance and R.O. Bierregaard Jr. (eds.): Tropical forest remnants:

ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities.

University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N., M. Olivares-Pérez and V.H. Reynoso (2006): Herpetofauna

diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture-edge-interior

ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere

Reserve of Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 132: 61-75.

Uyeda, J.C., R.C. Drewes and B.M. Zimkus (2007): The California Academy of

Sciences Gulf of Guinea Expeditions (2001, 2006) VI. A new species of

Phrynobatrachus from the Gulf of Guinea Islands and a reanalysis of

Phrynobatrachus dispar and P. feae (Anura: Phrynobatrachidea).

Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58: 367-385.

Van Deun, K. and L. Delbeke (2000): Multidimensional scaling, ODLopen and

distance learning. Open and Distance Learning, Department of Social

Psychology, University of Bonn, Germany. Available from http://www.uni-

bonn.de/Mathpsyc/doc/delbeke/ delbeke.htm (accessed April 2006).

van Rompaey, R.S.A.R. (1993): Forest gradients in West Africa. A spatial

gradient analysis. PhD Thesis, Wageningen, 142 pp.

Veith, M., S. Lötters, F. Andreone and M.-O. Rödel (2004): Measuring and

monitoring amphibian diversity in tropical rainforests. II. Estimating

species richness from standardised transect census. Ecotropica 10: 85-100.

Vences, M. and D.B. Wake (2007): Speciation, species boundaries and

phylogeography of amphibians. In: Heatwole, H.H. & M. Tyler (eds.):

Amphibian Biology, Vol. 6, Systematics. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping

Norton, Australia, pp. 2613-2669.

Wake, D.B. (1991): Declining amphibian populations. Science 253: 860.

Werner, F. (1898): Über Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und

Tunis dem Kgl. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der

153

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

Kaiserlich-königlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft Wien 58: 191-

230.

Wieringa, J.J. and L. Poorter (2004): Biodiversity hotspots in West Africa;

patterns and causes. In: Poorter, L., F. Bongers, F.N. Kouamé and W.D.

Hawthorne (eds.): Biodiversity of West African Forests. An ecological

atlas of woody plant species. CABI Publishing, Wallington, UK, pp. 61-72.

Wilf, P., N.R. Cúneo, K.R. Johnson, J.F. Hicks, S.L. Wing and J.D. Obradovich

(2003): High Plant Diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from

Patagonia. Science 300: 122-125.

Wright, H.E., J. McCullough and M.S. Diallo (2006): A rapid biological

assessment of Boké Préfecture, northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of

Biological Assessment 41, Conservation International, Washington D.C.,

192 pp.

Zimmermann, B.L. and D. Simberloff (1996): An historical interpretation of

habitat use by frogs in a Central Amazonian Forest. Journal of

Biogeography 23: 27-46.