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f;kakfldaka uy;df.a by; lS l%shdl,dmh fya;=fjka iajdëk ue;sjrK ksÍlaIK wdh;khkays wmlaImd;SNdjh iïnkaOfhka uyck úYajdih oeä f,i ì|jefgk nj;a" tu wdh;kj, ld¾hNdrh wj;lafiare jk nj;a" tlS ksÍlaIK wdh;kj,g wjirh ,ndfok ue;sjrK fldñIka iNdfõo ls¾;skduh iïnkaOfhka n,mEï iy.; ldrKhla jk nj;a Tn fj; okajd isákq leue;af;uq'

ta wkqj Tn fldñIka iNdfõ wjir,;a ksÍlaIK ixúOdkhl m%Odksfhl= f,i f;kakfldaka uy;df.a l%shdl,dmh iïnkaOfhka fidhdn,k f,i;a" hï kshdukhla$kshdukhka W,a,x>Kh lsÍula fy,sorõ jkafka kï kS;s m%ldrj lghq;= lrk f,i;a b,a,d isáuq'

fuhg úYajdiS"

f,alï"

Y%S ,xld ;reK ckudOHfõ§kaf.a ix.uh

YS%,kalka .=jka iud.u ñyska ,xld .=jka iud.u iy YS% ,kalka

flagßka iud.fï isÿù we;s ¥IK jxpd fiùu i|yd m;a l<

ckdêm;s fldñifï idudðlhskag m;aùï ,sms m%odkh miq.shod

ckdêm;sjrhd úiska ckdêm;s ld¾hd,fha § isÿlrkq ,enqKs'

úY%du ,;a fYa%IaGdêlrK úksiqre iqks,a .=Kr;ak fuu fldñifï

iNdm;sjrhd jk w;r úY%du,;a wNshdpdkdêlrK úksiqre

B'ta'Ô'wd¾' wurfialr úY%du,;a uydêlrK úksiqre mshfiak

rKisxy úY%du,;a ksfhdacH ú.kldêm;s tï' ã' i¾ yer,aâ hk

uy;ajre o ú.kl m%.;s iólaIK uKav,fha wOHlaI ví'fÊ'fla

.S.kf.a fukúh fuys fiiq idudðlhka fõ'

Y%S ,kalka ñyska ,xld ¥IK fiùfï fldñiu m;aflf¾

foaYmd,k w¾nqoh yuqfõ

remshf,a w.h ;j ;j;a wj

m%udKh fjñka mj;sk w;r

fvd,rfha úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a

156$74 njg m;a j ;sìKs'

fï wkqj ish¨ úfoaY uqo,a

yuqfõ remshf,a w.h iS>% f,i

my< hñka mj;sk w;r iag¾,ska

mjqul úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a 218'84

la f,i;a hqfrdamhg idfmalaIs;

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la njg m;aj we;'

rg ;=< foaYmd,k ia:djr

njla fmkakqï lrk f;la fï

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wd¾Ól úYaf,aIlhkaf.a u;h

fõ'

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fï w¾nqo w;r tcdm ksfhdacH

kdhl ið;a fm%auodi uy;d

mlaIh ;=< ;u n,h ;yjqre

lr.ekSu i|yd w¨;a jghlska

jev wdrïN lr we;s nj o

jd¾;d fõ'

01 msgqfjkatcdm wNHka;r


ck;dj wdKavqfõ lKg .eyqfõ wehs@

miq.shod meje;s m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhka

hymd,k wdKavqj mj;ajdf.k .sh YS%','ks'mh;a"

t'cd'mh;a wka; mrdchlg m;a fldg uE;l §

u;= jQ YS% ,xld fmdÿck fmruqK ch.%yKh lr

;sfí'

hymd,k wdKavqj msysgq jQfha meje;s uyskao

rdcmlaI md,kfha jerÈj,g tfrysj h' ¥IKh"

jxpdj" uyck foafmd< wjNdú;h wdÈh j,lajk

njg;a" jerÈ l<jqkag o~qjï fok nj;a" úOdhl

ckdêm;s Oqrh wfydais fldg kj wdKavql%u

jHjia:djla f.k tk njg;a" m%cd;ka;%jdoh

iqrlsk njg;a" cd;Ska w;r ixys¢hdj we;s lrk

njg;a" wd§ fmdfrdkaÿ lkaordjla rg yuqfõ

;enqfõ h'

Bg tlÕ jQ ck;dj hymd,k wdKavqj msysgqùu

i|yd 2015 ckjdß 08 fjks Èk Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lr

hymd,k wdKavqjlg wkque;sh ÿkafka h'

kuq;a .; jQ jir ;=k ;=< wdmiq yeÍ n,k

úg" fmkS .sfha fï ish,a,u wi;H fmdfrdkaÿ

njhs' ¥IK jxpd k;r lsÍu fjkqjg YS% ,xld

uy nexl=fõ uqo,a fld,a, lEfõ h' m%cd;ka;%

úfrdaë f,i m<d;a md,k Pkaoh fkmj;ajd

l,a ouñka isáfha h' rfÜ iïm;a iy foafmd<

úl=Kqfõ h' oßø;dj by< .sfha h' wOHdmkh"

fi!LH wd§ fCIa;%j, iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s fCIa;%j,

úfrdaO;d È.ska È.g u t,a, úh' tajd wudkqIsl

f,i u¾okh lrkakg úh' 77-94 t'cd'm wdKavq

iuh isys .kajñka f;,a ixia:d fiajl j¾ckhg

fmd¨" uq.=re .;a uerhska tõfõ h' f;,a gexls

ál úl=Kqfõ h' yïnkaf;dg jrdh úl=Kqfõ h'

ixj¾Okh k;r lf<a h' ck;djf.a wdodhï wvq

úh' /lS rlaId wvq úh' l¾udka; jeiS .sfha h'

fmdfydr iykdOdrh lmamdÿ lf<a h' mdi,a

ks, we÷ï i|yd frÈ ,nd§u k;r lr jõp¾

,nd§fuka fouõmshka wiSre;djhg m;a lf<a

h' iy,a ms<sn| m%Yak rdYshla we;slr .;af;a h'

fmd,a m%Yakhg úi÷ï fkdÿkafka h' iajdNdúl

wdmodj,g ,lajQjkg iyk ksishdldr j ,nd§ug

wfmdfydi;a úh' úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh wfydais

fldg kj jHjia:djla ia:dms; lrk njg jQ

fmdfrdkaÿj fuf;la bgq fkdlf<a h'

tneúka ck;dj ksYaYíoj isg ue;sjrK Èkfha

§ weÕg m;g fkd±kS w;s úYd, j Pkaoh m%ldY

lf<da h' bka w;s nyq;rh ysgmq ckdêm;s tkï"

hymd,kh msysgqùug fya;= jQ idOlh jk uyskao

rdcmlaI uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka w¨;ska msysgqjd

.;a YS% ,xld fmdÿck fmruqKg Pkaoh ,nd §

m<d;a md,k wdh;k w;s nyq;rhla ch.%yKh

lr ;sfí'

rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d kdhl;ajh ÿkak o

t'cd'mhg n,h ,nd.; yels jQfha iq¿ m<d;a md,k

wdh;k .Kkls' ckdêm;sjrhd kdhl;ajh ÿka

YS%','ks'm hg iy fmd't'fm g o ,nd.; yels jQfha

w,am ch.%yKhls'

fuhska lshfjkafka l=ula o@ jir 03 lg miq

hymd,k wdKavqj fï ;rï ck;djg tmd jQfha

uka o@ 2015 ckjdß 08 fjks Èk fï ish¨ n,fõ.

tl;= ù n,fhka my l< uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d

jgd h<s;a ck;dj frdo ne| .ekSug fya;=j l=ula

o@ úuiuq fujr —we;a;˜ ixjdo l,dmfhka'

ixjdo igyk( iqñ;a .,afyak

m%Odk mlaI ;=kgukdhlfhda fidhd .; hq;=hs

uypd¾h kjr;ak nKavdr

fuh m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhla jqj;a" cd;sl ;,fha foaYmd,kh flfrys ;Èka u n,md

;sfnkjd' wdKavqfõ foaYmd,k mlaI fol jk t'cd'm fha iy YS%','ks'mfha kdhl;ajhg

;Èka ±ks, ;sfnkjd w¨;a wdKavqjla yeÈh hq;= ;ekg ±ka Tjqka m;a ù ;sfnkjd' fï jk úg;a" tu

mlaI fofla u ue;s weue;s;jre ckdêm;s jrhd jgd lerflkjd'

wdKavqjg fuf,i isÿjQfha wehs@ 2015 ckjdß 08 fjks Èk ,enqKq ckjru Yla;su;a j ls%hd;aul

lsßug fkdyels ù ;sfí' tu ksid ±ka tu mlaIj, lKavdhï ;=kg y;rg leä,d' ckdêm;sjrhd

YS%','ks'm whs;s Pkao 20] la muKhs r|jdf.k bkafka' t'cd'mfha Pkao mokug;a wNsfhda. t,a,

fj,d' uyskao rdcmlaI uy;df.a mlaIh ch.%yKh l<;a" Tyqg kej;;a ckdêm;s Oqrhg tkak

neye' fï ksid m%Odk mlaI ;=kg u wo isoaO fj,d ;sfnkjd 2020 i|yd w¨;a kdhlhska fidhd

.ekSug' fï jHjia:dj fjkia jQfha ke;akï fï m%Yak tu ishü mlaIj,g we;s fjkjd'

md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhla ±ka u mj;ajkakg neye' tfia jqjukd kï" md¾,sfïka;=fõ 2$3 n,h

we;s j iïu; lr.; hq;=hs' bka wk;=rejhs ckdêm;sg md¾,sfïka;=j úiqre úh yels jkafka' ke;s

j neye'

fï jk úg" ckdêm;sjrhd t'cd'm'hg § ;sfnk wjirh ke;akï úl,amh ;uhs' w¨;a kdhlfhla

,ndfok f,i' ta w;r YS%','ks'm h o fjku wdKavqjla yok nj lshkjd' kuq;a" Tjqkg úYd, uka;S%

ixLHdjla wjYH fjkjd' t'cd'mhg wjYH ;j;a uka;S%jre 06 fofkl= muKhs' fï yryd rg uOHfha

w¾nqohla we;s lr ;sfnkjd'

ckdêm;sjrhd 2020 g h<s;a hkjd kï" 2015 ckjdß 08 ckjrug wkqj lghq;= lrkakg fjkjd'

Tyq tod lsõjd úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh wfydais lr,d f.!rjfhka f.or hk nj' kuq;a tfyu

hkakg leue;s njla fmfkkakg keye'

ta w;r md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;rh fï ish,a,u yodf.k wdKavqj f.k .sh;a fujr m<d;a md,k

ue;sjrKfha cku;hg wkqj" t'cd'mhg iy YS%','ks'mhg È.g u wdKavq f.k hdu iqcd; Ndjfhka

f;drhs'

ixys¢hdj we;s lrk nj lsõj;a" fujr Pkao m%ldY lsÍu ckj¾. wkqj isÿ ù ;sfnkjd' W;=r

kef.kysr m%foaY fjku;a" ol=Kq m%foaYj, fjku;a fï nj fmfkkjd' th krl ;;a;ajhla'

tkï" ckjd¾.sl ixys¢hdjla we;s lsÍug fkdyels fj,d' kuq;a fï w;r YS%','ks'm hï uÜgulska

W;=r kef.kysr m%foaYj, id¾:l;ajhla fmkakqï lr ;sfnkjd'

±ka ´ku wdKavqjlg isoaO fjkjd ¥IKfhka f;drj ls%hd lsÍug" tfia fkdjqj fyd;a" h<s;a

ck;dj ;SrKh .kakjd lshk tl;a fï Pkao m%;sM, úiska fmkajd § ;sfnkjd'

wdKavqj l< foa iy fkdl< foaj,a ksid merÿkd

fÊ' lÓldpd¾h Oïu Èidkdhl

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK m%;sM,j,ska fmkakqï lrkafka mj;sk wdKavqj flfrys ;sfnk ck;d

wm%idohhs' ´kEu wdKavqjla wjqreÿ 08 la 09 la 10 la l,a.; jk úg" tu wdKavqj, jerÈ

,ehsia;=jla tkjd' tys § ck;dj l,amkd lrkjd fujeks jerÈ fkdlrk fjk;a wdKavqjla wjYH

nj' ta wkqj" ;uhs meje;s uyskao rdcmlaI md,kh flfrys o u;=jqfka' kuq;a fï wdKavqj wjqreÿ

09 la hk úg" fï ;rï wm%idohg ,la jQfha flfia o@

2015 ckjdß 09 jeksod n,hg m;a jQ j;auka wdKavqj tod n,hg m;a jQfha rfÜ ol=fKa nyq;r m%foaY

chf.k fkdfõ' W;=r kef.kysr iq¿ ck Pkao nyq;rh ;uhs fmdÿ ckdêm;s wfmalaIlhdf.a

ch.%yKhg fya;=j' t'cd'mh fyda fmdÿ wfmalaIlhdf.a n,fõ. fkdfõ' tu ckdêm;s jrKfha §

51] l iuia; rfÜ Pkao m%udKhla ,nd .ekSfuka ckdêm;s f,i m;a úh yelshs'

kuq;a fuu m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfha § fldÜGdY uÜgñka Pkaoh meje;ajQjd' tys § ck;d ;Skaÿj

yßyeá meyeÈ,s j m%;s ìïnkh fjkjd' W;=r kef.kysr yereKq úg" ol=fKa úYd, m%foaYhl jeã

md,k tall wdKavqj merÿkd'

ula ksid o h;a ck;djf.a me;af;ka l,amkd lr n,k úg" 2015 ckjdß 08 ckdêm;sjrKfha

§ ÿka fmfrdkaÿ wkqj n,hg m;a ù fkdlrk ,o ls%hdjka iy lrk ,o ls%hdjka ys m%;sM, ;uhs

wdKavqj fï wdldrfhka ,nd .;af;a'

Ôjk úhou jeäùu" wd¾Ólh ia:djr lsÍug fkdyelsùu foaYmd,k" iudc w¾nqo nrm;, lsÍu"

ckj¾. w;r iduh we;s lsÍug fkdyels ùu wd§ lreKq /ila ms<sn| ck;djf.a wm%idoh ,nd

;snqKd'

ta jf.a u wdKavqj úiska lrk ,o iuyr ls%hd ksid o ck;d wm%idoh ,nd ;snqKd' 2015 ckjdß

08 meje;sfha md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhla fkdj ckdêm;sjrKhla' kuq;a ckdêm;sjrKfha § fmdÿ

wfmalaIlhd chf.k ta fudfydf;a u md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 43 la jeks iq¿;rhla ysñ j ;snQ

t'cd'mfha kdhlhd w.ue;s njg m;a l<d' tu md¾,sfïka;=j úlD;shla' ta jf.a u 2015 wf.daia;=

uy ue;sjrKfha § mrdchg m;a jQ wfmalaIlhka kej;;a cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka md¾,sfïka;=jg

f.k weu;slï mjd ,nd ÿkakd' fïjd ck;d wm%idohg fya;= jqKd'

;j o 2015 wf.daia;= ue;sjrKfha § t'cd'm'h iy t'c'ks'i w;r m%;súreoaO u; bÈßm;a lrñka

wiuÕshla fmkakqï l< o ue;sjrKfhka miqj fomsßi iuÕsj wdKavqj f.k hk whqre ck;dj

ÿgqjd' uy nexl= ne÷ïlr jxpdj .ek .ïuÜgñka mjd ixfõ§ jqKd' jHjia:djla wjYH jkafka

;sfnk m%Yakj,g W;a;r imhd .ekSug jqj;a" fudjqka jHjia:djla f.k tAug ie,iqï lf<a ;ukaf.a

foaYmd,k n,h /l.ekSug nj;a fmkqKd' fmdÿ foafmd< úl=Kñka kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd f.k

hdfï § wdKavqj l< lS foaj,a" md;d,h ysi tiùu iy th u¾okh lsÍug wfmdfydi;a ùu hkd

§ lreKq ;Èka u n,mEjd'

ol=fKa w;s nyq;r m%foaYj, Ôj;a jk ck;dj ysgmq ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d flfrys

wdl¾Ykhla jeä leue;a;la 2015 ckjdß 08 ckdêm;sjrKfha § o olakg ,enqKq w;r fï jk

úg" tu wdl¾Ykh iy ckms%h;dj jeä ù ;snqKd' ta fya;=j, M,h f,i ;uhs wdKavqj mj;ajdf.k

.sh t'cd'm" YS%','ks'm" t'c'ks'i ck;djf.ka m%;slafIam ù uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d kdhl;ajh ,nd

ÿka YS%','fmd'c' fmruqK ch.%yKh lf<a'


foaYmd,k ,shqïlre úisks

ñka fmr ;snQ mqxÑ

ue;sjrKj,g jvd fuu

ue;sjrKfhka lemS fmkqk

,laIK fudkjd o@

I. Pkaoh ÿka m%;sY;h

75]-85] w;r m%udKhla ùu

lsisfjla wfmalaId fkdlf<a h'

II. idfmalaI j msßisÿ

ksoyia iy idOdrK

ue;sjrKhla ùu'

III. m<uqjrg ue;sjrK

fldñiula úiska ue;sjrKh

fufyhùu'

IV. kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ±ä

f,i ls%hd;aul ùu'

V. foaYmd,k mlaIj,

Wmßu iyfhda.h ,eîu'

VI. rdcH fiajdj iajdëk j

ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

ta wkqj" 1931 § i¾jck

Pkaoh wdrïN ùfuka miq"

meje;s m<uq jk ksoyia msßisÿ

iy idOdrK ue;sjrKh

jYfhka fuu ue;sjrKh

ye¢kaúh yels h'

2017 foieïn¾ 21 jeksod

kdufhdackd Ndr .ekSfuka miq

2018 fmnrjdß 07 jeksod olajd

meje;s ue;sjrK jHdmdrh

idfmalaI j fmr ue;sjrKhg

jvd iduldó ùug m%n, f,i

n,mE idOlh jQfha ue;sjrK

l%ufha isÿ lrkq ,enQ fjki

h' fldÜGdY l%uh y÷kajd§u

iy ukdm l%uh wfydais

lsÍuhs'

fuu ue;sjrKfha § YS% ,xld

ksoyia mlaIh ;ksju;a" tlai;a

ck;d ksoyia ikaOdkh iuÕ

ikaOdk.; ù lf<a uq¿ukska

u m%;s úreoaO wka;fha isáñks'

tu m%n, folvùu" ;ukag

ch.ekSug myiq u.la jYfhka

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh is;=j

o tu wfmalaIdj bgqjQfha

ke;' mqxÑ Pkaofha § Pkao

odhlhd ish úfrdaO;djh m<

lsÍug fufia Pkao ÿkakdg

uy ue;sjrKhl § fuka u

;SrKd;aul wjia:dj, § tfia

u yeisf¾ o lsj fkdyels h'

YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh wdKavq

mlaIfha u fldgila jQ fyhska"

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh fj;

m%;spdr ±la jQ wdldrhg Pkao

odhlhd YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh

fj; o ta wdldrfhka m%;spdr

jir fol yudrla mqk mqkd n, n,d isá m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh ksudjg m;a úh' m%;sM, ksl=;a ù we;' th mqxÑ Pkaohla jqj o m%;sM,j,g wkqj th uy ue;sjrKhla

njg m;a j we;' uOHu wdKavqfõ meje;ajg u n,md we;s w¾nqohla m%;sM,h ;=<ska ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' wdKavql%u jHjia:d w¾nqohlg u. mE§ we;' ckdêm;s ysgmq ckdêm;sjre" w.ue;s" úmlaIkdhl wd§ foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhys iuia; kdhl;ajhu .fï uka;S%jrhd f;dark mqxÑ ue;sjrKhg lvd je§u ksid Pkao m%;sM,h cd;Hka;r iajrEmhla .;af;a h' wefußldkq iy bkaÈhdkq ;dkdm;sjre fl<ska u fuu w¾nqohg we;=,a ùfuka tys cd;Hka;r jeo.;alu o m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,en we;'

±lajQjd úh yels h'

ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK

md¾,sfïka;= fõÈldj ;u

m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd Wmßu

f,i fhdod.;a mlaIh fõ'

tfuka u ish¨ udOH ;=<ska

jeäu m%pdrhla ,nd .;af;a

o ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKhs'

m%;sY;h jYfhka úYd,

jeäùula fkd;snqk o wkqmd;

l%uh hgf;a úYd, uka;S%

ixLHdjla Èkd.ekSug c' ú' fm

iu;a úh'

uyskao rdcmlaI uy;df.a

kdhl;ajh hgf;a fmdÿck

fmruqK m%;sY;h jYfhka u

uka;S% wdik jYfhka o úYsIag

ch.%yKhla ,nd ;sfí' m<d;a

md,kfha § jeo.;a ch.%yKhla

jqj o cd;sl foaYmd,k

uÜgfuka .;a l< tu m%;sY;h

fmr meje;s uyd ue;sjrKhg

fuka u ckdêm;sjrKh ,o

m%;sY;hg wvq nj ms<s.; hq;=

h' tfia ùug n,mE idOlh"

iq¿;rfha ck fldgia ;ju;a

ÿria ù isàuhs' fuh fkdi,ld

yeßh yels idOlhla fkdfõ'

mqxÑ Pkaoh jYfhka .;a

l< m<uq jrg wksjd¾h

ldka;d ksfhdackhla ,eîu

m%cd;ka;%jdofha bÈß .ufka

;j;a bÈß mshjrls' i¾jck

Pkaohh ,enqk o .; jQ jir

87 ;=< § tjeks ksfhdackhla

iudch úiska ,nd§ug ;rï

wfma Pkao odhlhd ÈhqKq

;;a;ajhl fkdisá nj meyeÈ,s

h' foaYmd,kfha ldka;d

iyNd.s;ajh iSud ù ;snqKq o

;rul m%.;shla ,enqfõ jfï

jHdmdrh yryd h' kS;s mekùu

;=<ska hg;a msßfika 25] la j;a

,nd§ug .;a mshjr w.h lruq'

ta wkqj" fujr m<d;a md,k

fCIa;%hg foaYmd,k kjlhska

fooyila muK msúfikq we;'

kj ue;sjrK l%uh ksidu"

ldka;d Woafhda.h kxjd,Sug

yels úh' tu ksidu Pkaoh ÿka

m%;sY;h 80]-85] olajd jeä

jQ nj wfma ms<s.ekSuhs' m<d;a

md,k ue;sjrK m%;sM, foi

wdmiq yeÍ n,k úg" wmg ±l

.; yels jkafka 60]-65] l

m%;sY;hls' tfuka u uOHu

wdKavqfõ n,fha isák mlaIfha

u nyq;rhla f;aÍ m;a jQ njhs'

fujr th o fjkia úh'

fuu mqxÑ Pkaofha uq¿ rfÜ

u m%;sM,h .;a úg CIKsl

wjOdkh fhduq jQfha iuia;

rg jYfhka .;a l< tlai;a

cd;sl mlaIhg ,eî ;snqfka

32' 6] Pkao m%;sY;hla muK

h' fulS m%;sY;h we;eï

m%dfoaYSh iïm%odhdkql+, j

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh kd.ßl

m%foaYj, Yla;su;a nj wms ±k

isáfhuq' tfy;a" tlS m%foaYj,

mjd ;u Pkao moku CIh ù

f.dia ;sfí' óg n,md we;s

fya;= ljf¾ o@ m%Odk idOl

jYfhka ie,lsh yels idOl

jkafka ne÷ïlr u.äh" Ôjk

úhou iy ú/lshdjhs' .;

jQ jir ;=k tlai;a cd;sl

mlaIh ish¨ flakaøSh wud;HxY

md,kh l< o tajdhska isÿ jQ

fiajh uo fuka u

ukao.dó h' Bg ,enqk

m%;sls%hdjla Pkao nexl=j is£

hEu' tu Pkao úfrdaO;d Pkao

jYfhka fiiq mlaIj,g ÿka

nj lsj yels h'

YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh

folv ù fjk fjk u m%n,

kdhl;ajhka hgf;a ;rÕ

jeÿk m<uq wjia:djhs' 1960

ud¾;= fujeks wjia:djla jqj o

tod lKavdhula ;rÕ lf<a hQ'

weka' mS iuÕ ikaOdk .;ù h'

fuys § W;=r" kef.kysr iy

j;=lrfha § YS% ,xld ksoyia

mlaIh fujr ,nd we;s uka;S%

wdik ixLHdj Èß .ekafjk

iq¿ h' W;=r m<df;ka uka;S%

Oqr 40 la o kef.kysr m<df;a

uka;S% Oqr 68 la o ,nd we;'

m%.;sYS,S l|jqrg wh;a

B'mS'ã'mS h o úYd, wdik

ixLHdjla fujr Èkd f.k

;sfí' jdudxYsl mlaI B'mS'ã'mS

mlaIhg wdOdr ÿkafka h'

hqoaOfhka miq meje;a jQ

ue;sjrK ie,ls,a,g .;a l<

cd;sl iuÕshg jdis jkakd

jQ fuka u m%.;sYS,S n,fõ.

hka i|yd jQ ys;lr fldkafoais

ks¾udKh jk nj fmfka'

j¾Ordcd fmreud,af.a iudc

m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIh iy

wdkkao ix.Íf.a øúv tlai;a

úuqla;s fmruqK o fujr

W;=f¾ fuka u kef.kysr

m%dfoaYSh iNd uka;S% wdik

lSmhla u ch f.k we;'

j;=lrfha kqjrt<sh uy

k.r iNdj yereK úg"

fiiq m%dfoaYSh iy k.r iNd

ish,a, u f;dkavuka uy;df.a

kdhl;ajfhka YS%,ksmfha

wdOdr we;s j ikaOdkh

Èkdf.k ;sfí' ta wkqj"

W;=r-kef.kysr-j;=lrh ;=<

idOkSh foaYmd,k m%jk;d u;=

fjñka ;sfnkjd fmfka'

W;=f¾ wka;jd§ n,fõ.

oñ< ix.ufha fmdkakïn,ï

jgd frdla jk w;r fiiq

uOHia: u;OdÍ n,fõ. oñ<

ix.ufhka ÿria ù ;sfí'

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh

wjika jQ ú.i" tys m%;sM,fha

n,mEu t,a, ù we;af;a

cd;sl foaYmd,khg h'

m%;sM,fha n,h u; msysgd

uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d

md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yer

jydu uy ue;sjrKhla

mj;ajk f,i b,a,d isà'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 19

jk ixfYdaOkhg wkqj"

md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍfï

n,h ckm;sg we;af;a ke;'

Tyqg tu n,h ,efnkafka

jir 4 1$2 la ksud jQ ;efka §

h' wksla w;g" md¾,sfïka;=j

úiqrejd yeÍu wjYH kï" ta

i|yd uka;S%jrekaf.ka ;=fkka

foll Pkaoh wjYH h' ta

i|yd wjYH iydh ,nd .ekSu

t;rï myiq fkdjkq we;'

tfia kï" l< hq;af;a" l<

yelafla l=ula o@

;ks mlaIhlg wdKavqjla

msysgqùug wjYH uka;S% ixLHdj

lsisÿ mlaIhlg ke;' l< yels

tlu foa ms,a udre lsÍu h' th

yer fjk;a úl,amhla ke;'

ms,a udre lsÍu i|yd wjYH

uqo,a ne÷ïlr u.äfhka Wmhd

we;ehs foaYmd,k ksÍlaIlfhda

fmkajd fo;s'

ta w;r YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh

o ;ks wdKavqjla msysgqùula

.ek l:d lrhs' msysgqjkafka

flfia ±hs ljqre;a fkdoks;s'

fkdlsh;s' ±ka we;af;a

jHjia:dodhlh ;=< w¾nqohls'

jHjia:dodhlfha w¾nqoh

úOdhlhg fuka u wêlrKhg

o n,mdkq we;' w¾nqoh

wrdðl;ajh lrd j¾Okh ùug

bv ;sfí'

idlÉPd ud¾.fhka m%Yak

úi|d,Sfï foaYmd,k

ixialD;shla wm rg ;=< ke;'

ckdêm;s ;=ud" ;u mlaIfha

kdhlhskag lshd isáfha

;uka ±fkk fjkila lrk

njhs' tu fjki l=ula±hs wms

fkdoksuq'

fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a ne÷ïlr

u.äh we;=¿ ish¨ kvq yn

ksud lr,Sfï fldkafoaishla

u; w¾nqoh myiqfjka úi|d,sh

yels nj muKla wms oksuq'

tfia jqj fyd;a" ÿka Pkaofha

jákdlug l=ula fõ o@

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh wjika

jQ ú.i" tys m%;sM,fha n,mEu

t,a, ù we;af;a cd;sl foaYmd,khg h' m%;sM,fha n,h u; msysgd uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d

md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yer jydu uy

ue;sjrKhla mj;ajk f,i b,a,d isà'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 19 jk ixfYdaOkhg wkqj" md¾,sfïka;=j

úiqrejd yeÍfï n,h ckm;sg we;af;a

ke;'


wdrdê;hdf.aflf ld,u

uydpd¾h kjr;ak nKavdr

w¨;a ck;djla m;a lr .; hq;=j ;sfí 2

by; ud;Dldfjka ,shjqKq miq.sh i;sfha ,smsfha iïmsKvkh

jQfha z;ukaf.a ckjd¾.sl;ajh rc lrjkakg W;aidy lrñka

ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,kfha ksr;ùfuka wfma nyq;r ck;djg ;E.s jYfhka

¥Is; rdcHhla Wreuù ;sfnk w;r tys m%;smlaI ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,kfha

ksr; ù isák iq¿;r ck;djkag th o~qju f,i ,eî ;sfnk njh'Z fï

ish,a, fufia isÿfjoaÈ ¥Is; foaYmd,khkag yqf¾ ouñka ck;dj Tjqka

miqmi hk neúka wo l< hq;af;a md,lhka m;a lr .ekSu fkdj w¨;a

ck;djla m;a lr .ekSu hhs tys i|yka lf<ñ'

oeka isÿjkafka ksfhda ,snr,ajd§ m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg k.ñka úYaùh

m%d.aOkh fuys le|jñka ¥IKhg mdr lmd .kakd w;r wfma foaYmd,lhka

udrefjka udrejg tu úfoaY m%d.aOkfha wd.ukh ;jÿrg;a idudkH

ckhdf.a ckjd¾.sl wkdrlaIs;;djh weúiaiSug fhdod .ekSu h' fuhg

fya;=j tu wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj,ska Tjqkaf.a Ôú; ;jÿrg;a wkdrlaIs;

lrñka ;sîuh' Tjqkaf.a wOHdmkh" fi!LH h iy iudc fiajd wdrlaIdj

iy;sl l< iudc whs;sjdislï fj<|m, NdKav njg m;a lrñka

zYla;sjka;hdg muKla Ôj;aùfïZ kHdh ̂ theory of survival of the fittest& iudc .; lrñka iEu wdKavqjlau 1977 isg fuu wkdrlaIs;;djh f.dv

ke.=fjda h' tfy;a ck;dj th f;areï f.k ke;' Tjqka th foi o

n,kafka ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,k udkfhks' mx;s foaYmd,k udkfhka

fkdfõ' ta ;rug Tjqkaj tu foaYmd,kh úiska ks¾úkaokh lr we;'

ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,kfha f.dÿre njg m;aù i;=re udkisl;ajhkag

ck;dj m;aùfï m%;sM,h jkafka cd;sh f.dv ke.Sfï kQ;k jHdmD;sh

ksoyi ,nd jir ye;a;Ejlg miqj o ksu fkdjQ ld¾hhla j mej;Su h'

Y%S ,xld rdcHh cd;sh njg m;a lr .ekSu id¾:l lsÍug fkdyelsùug

furg n,fha isá iy fkdisá iEu mlaIhlau mdfya j. lsjhq;= h' ish

ckjd¾.sl;ajh iy wd.u fm!oa.,sl fohla f,i ;nd f.k mqrjeishka

f,i iudk;ajfhka foaYmd,khg m%úYaGùug ck;djg u. fmkaùug

Tjqkag fkdyels úh' wjidkfha ish¨ md¾Yaj ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,kfha

f.dÿre njg m;ajQy' 1957 È isxy, muKla jHdmdrhg tfrysj ztla

NdIdjla rdcHhka folla - NdId folla tla rdcHhlaZ hk úYsIaG meyeÈ,s

lsÍu bÈßm;a l< furg jduxYh ;uka tod úreoaOjQ foh 1972 § jHjia:d

.; lsÍug yjq,a úh'

tu meyeÈ,s lsÍu u.ska lshjqkq mKsúvh b;d meyeÈ,sh' zrdcHh cd;sh

njg m;alr .; yelafla ck;djf.a m%lD; iïnkaO;d ms<sìUq lrk

ckjd¾.sl wkkH;djh fkd;ld yeÍfuka fkdfõ' rdcH m%;sm;a;s u.ska

tajd iudkd;au;djfhka ms<s.ekSfuka tajdfha m%;sksIamdokhg /ljrK

ie,iSfuksZ'

ish¨ ckj¾. iy wd.ï iudk;ajfhka ms<s.ksñka Tjqkaf.a ixj¾Okhg

wdOdr wkq.%y §u isÿlrkafka ke;s kï lsisÿ ckj¾.hl idudðlhl= tu

rdcHh mqrjeisNdjh ;ukaf.a fmdÿ wkkH;djh i|yd tl ys;lska fhdod

.kafka ke;' rdcHh ;u ixialD;sl wkkH;djh iudk;au;djfhka

ms<s.kafka ke;skï isÿjkafka rdcHh iy tu ckjd¾.sl;ajhka w;r

.egqï we;sùu h' tys m%;sM,h jkafka ;u ckjd¾.sl;ajh foaYmd,kh

fj;g f.k taug tajdfha idudðlhkaj fmd<Ujd .ekSug n,f,daNS

foaYmd,lhkag wjldY újD; ùu h'

1956§ tia ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d jgd isá n,fõ.j,g

isxy, fn!oaO ck;dj ;uka jgd /ialr .;af;a tu wkdrlaIs;;djh

isxy, fn!oaO ck;djg oekqk ksid h' 1955 wjidk md¾,sfïka;= újdofha

§ rdcH NdIdj ms<sn| m%Yakh ue;sjrK foaYmd,khg f.k hkafka ke;sj

mlaI kdhlhka úiska jg fïi idlÉPdjlska úi|d .ksuq hhs fhdackd

l< nKavdrkdhl uy;dg meh úis y;rlska isxy, rdcH NdIdj njg

m;a lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿùug ue;sjrKfha § isÿjqfha tu n,mEu ksid

h' 1956 isg ck;djf.a ckjd¾.sl ixfõÈ;djh foaYmd,kSlrKhg

,la lrñka rfÜ m%Odk mlaI fol fï ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,kh n,h

,nd .ekSfï jdylhla jYfhka fhdod .;ay' tys m%;sM, f,i iq¿;r

ckjd¾.slhka ;=< we;s l< wkdrlaIs; yeÕSï ovóud lr .ksñka

fou< olaIsKdxYsl kdhlhka n,h ,nd .ekSfï jdylhla f,i fou<

ckjd¾.sl;ajh foaYmd,kSlrKhg ,la lf<da h'

1972 jHjia:dj u.ska 1947 isg m%Odk ckj¾.fha wdêm;Hh

ixfla;d;aulj;a jHqyd;aulj;a ms<sìUq lrñka .kq ,enQ l%shdud¾.

jHjia:d .; lrk ,È' mqrjeis mK; rdcH NdIdj nqoaOd.u iïnkaOfhka

y÷kajdÿka úêúOdk ksid isÿjQfha fou< ckjd¾.sl;ajh b;d nrm;,

f,i foaYmd,klrKhg ,la lrñka fjku rdcHhla ms<sn| m%ldYkhla

ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd ish¨ fou< kdhlhka tlai;aùu h'

ì%;dkH wêrdcH iu`. mej;s jHjia;d iïnkaO;d iïmQ¾Kfhka wjika

lrñka iajdëk ckrchla msysgqjd hg;a úð;yrKh iïmQ¾K lsÍu tu

jHjia:dj u.ska isÿl< nj i;Hhls' kuq;a by; i|yka úêúOdkj,ska

isÿjQfha fou< iq¿;rhg tu hg;a úð;yrKh N=la;sú£fï wjia:djg

yjq,aùug fkdyels ;;a;ajhla we;s lsÍuh' Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeisNdjh

uq,a lr .;a cd;sh f.dv ke.Sug ndOdjk wdldrfhka ckjd¾.sl;ajh

foaYmd,k fn§ï ;SrKh lrk uQ, idOlh f,i bÈßhg meñKsfha

h' thska miq ld,fha mx;s idOlh hgm;a lrf.k ckjd¾.sl;ajh

foaYmd,kh ;SrKh lrk idOlh njg m;a lsÍug fou< B,ï jHdmdrh

iu;aúh'

wm ish¨ fokdgu ckjd¾.sl cd;sljdoh uq,a lr f.k hqo jeÿKq

iudchla ;=< Ôj;aùfï whs;sh wdrlaId lr .kakg ud¾. fidhkakg

isÿúh' fï ld,fha we;sjQ lïmkfhka ;ju wfma iudch ñ§ ke;'

wrdðl;ajh iu. .; l< tu §¾> ld,h ;=< iudcjd§ fukau ,snr,a

foaYmd,k oyrdjka hgm;a lrñka cd;sh f.dv ke.Su hqojd§ jHdmD;shla

njg m;aúh' oeka hqoaOh wjika hhs lsõj o ;ju;a wfma rfÜ nyq;r iy

iq¿;r ck;djka isákafka tu hqoaOh ;=< h' miq.sh i;sfha wjika jQ m<d;a

md,k Pkaofhka fmfkkafka o ol=fKa ck;dj fukau W;=re iy kef.

kysr m%foaYj, ck;dj o Pkaoh § ;sfnkafka tu ckjd¾.sl yeÕSïj,g

uq,a ;ek foñka njh' ksfhda ,snr,ajdoh úiska ;jÿrg;a m%j¾Okh

lrk fuu ckjd¾.sl cd;sljdoh y÷kajkafka ksfhda cd;sljdoh ^neo nationalism& hkqfjks' fï cd;sljdoh .ek ó<Õ i;sfha l;d lruq'

miq.sh jljdkqj ;=< meje;s

foaYmd,k jd;djrKhg jvd

fjkia jQ ;;a;ajhla ue;sjrK m%;sM,

yryd Èia ù we;' ,enQ Pkao ixLHdfjka

hymd,k rchg mlaI ù we;s Pkao ixLHdj

miq.sh uy ue;sjrKhg idfmalaI j wvq

ù ;sfí' tf,i u mj;sk rchg m<d;a

md,k wdh;k ,nd§fï m%;sm;a;sfhka

ck;dj neyer j ;Skaÿ f.k we;s

nj fmfka' fuh ck;dj úiska b;d

meyeÈ,sj u rchg ,nd ÿka mKsjqvhls'

m%cd;ka;%hg .re lrk rgla f,i

bÈßhg hd hq;= kï" ck;d mKsjqvhg

ysi kud ls%hd lsÍula isÿ úh hq;= h'

;jÿrg;a mj;sk wdldrfhka u rch

bÈßhg f.k hdfï idOdrKd;aul

whs;shla rchg ;sìh fkdyels h'

ck;dj n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka mqgq

udre lsÍula muKla u fkdfõ'

m%;sm;a;suh fjkila o rchg wjYH

h' ue;sjrK m%;sM, ckdêm;sjrhdf.a

n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka lsÍug fya;= ù

;snqkd jqj o m%;sM, iuÕska Tyqf.a

j.lSï úYd, jYfhka jeä ù we;' ±ka

wm f;areï .; hq;= m%Yakhla ;sfí'

tkï" rg wrdðl lsÍfuka j,lajd,Su

iEu mqrjeisfhl=f.a u i;= j.lSula

nj h' ckdêm;sjrhd" w.%dud;Hjrhd"

úmlaIkdhl we;=¨ foaYmd,k mlaI

iy isú,a ixúOdkj, j.lSu jkafka

md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ck;djg ms<s.;

yels úi÷ula fjkqfjka lghq;=

lsÍu h' ;u ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k mlaI

/l.ekSu mfil,d rfÜ wkd.;h

fjkqfjka ;SrK .; hq;= wjia:djlg

rg meñK ;sfí'

ch.%yKfhka Woï wkñka

fmdfydÜgqj md¾Yajh rchg tfrysj

ck;dj fhduq lsÍug iQodkï jkafka

kï" th wjia:djg WÑ; ls%hdjla

fkdfõ' tf,i u fmdfydÜgqj ,nd

we;s ch.%yKh wj;lafiare lsÍug

rch iQodkï jkafka kï" th o ms<s.;

fkdyels h' m<uqj isÿúh hq;af;a m<d;a

md,k wdh;kj, n, jHqyh ilia

fldg tu wdh;k i|yd wjYH md,kh

msysgqjd ,Suh' ta ta m<d;a md,kj,

nyq;r n,h ,nd.;a msßia uQ,sl j l<

hq;= tu j.lSu bgq l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd

rch läkñka ls%hd l< hq;= h'

ckdêm;s kdhl;ajh hgf;a ,ndÿka

md¾Yajhg wvq Pkao m%udKhla ,eîu

;=<ska ks¾udKh ù we;s m%Yakh i,ld

ne,Su o l< hq;= h' YS% ,xld ksoyia

mlaIh iy tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh YS%

,xldfõ m%Odk mka;s n,fõ.hka

folla ksfhdackh lrhs' tu mka;Skaf.a

.eg¨ iy wjYH;djhka fjkia h'

tf,iu iudcfha we;s fjk;a iudc

n,fõ.hka o ue;sjrKhl § m%;sls%hd

lrk wdldrhla ;sfí' fï lsisjla ksis

mßÈ wjfndaO lr fkd.kakd foaYmd,k

n,fõ.hlg ksis f,i rg md,kh l<

fkdyels h'

±ka rg bÈßfha we;s úi÷u ,nd

.ekSug kï b;sß ù we;s ó<Õ iq¿

ld,h bÈßhg f.k hdu i|yd

md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<ska u úi÷ula ,nd

.; hq;= h' ckdêm;sjrhdg ta i|yd ksis

kdhl;ajhla ,nd§ug isÿfõ' ta i|yd

md¾,sfïka;=j ksfhdackh lrk m%Odk

mlaI ms<s.kakd mßÈ Ndrldr rchla

msysgqjd .ekSu iqÿiq o hkak b;d .eUqßka

úuid ne,sh hq;= h' tfia fkdjkafka

kï" ckdêm;sjrhd m%ldY lr we;s mßÈ

w.%dud;Hjrhd we;=¨ weue;s uKav,fha

lemS fmfkk fjkila we;s lsÍfuka

rg ;=< wo flÍf.k hk ck;d úfrdaë

jev igyka fjkia lsÍfï ls%hdj,shlg

rg f.k hd hq;= h'

fjkia úh hq;af;a ckjdß 08

ch.%yKh ;=<ska Èkd.;a lsisjla wdmiq

yrjd ,Sug fkdfõ' bka bÈßhg h'

wvqmdvqlï ;snqkd jqj o kj ue;sjrK

l%uh ck;dj ,enQ by< u ch.%yKhls'

ksfhdað;hska ixLHdj jeä ùu tys we;s

m%Odk; u wvqmdvqjhs' bÈßfha § th

ksjerÈ úh hq;= h'

Kh f.ùfï uqjdfjka rfÜ cd;sl

iïm;a úfoaYsl wdh;kj,g mejÍfï

fuka u úlsKSfï jev igykg ;s;

;eìh hq;= h' wd¾Ólh úfoaYSlrKh

lsÍfï jevigyka fjkia fldg rg ;=<

ck;dj N=la;s ú¢k wd¾Ól lghq;= jeä

ÈhqKq lsÍfï M,odhS jevigykla rg

;=< ls%hd;aul úh hq;= h'

¥IKh msgq±lSu iy ¥Is;hskag o~qjï

§fï jevigyk bÈßhg f.k hdu

mlaI fNaofhka f;dr j isÿ l< hq;= h'

ta i|yd kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ;yjqre l<

hq;= h'

19 jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yryd

,enQ ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, iSud lsÍï

b;d jeo.;a f,i i,ld m%cd;ka;%jdoh

;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a l< hq;= h' jHjia:dj

wkqj ckdêm;sg md¾,sfïka;=j ksis

ld,hg fmr úiqrejd yeÍug fkdyels

ùu md¾,sfïka;=j Yla;su;a ùuls'

tfyhska" ue;sjrK meje;aúh hq;af;a

ksis ld,hg ñi bka fmr fyda miq j

fkdfõ'

t'cd'mh fld<U k.rfha ,ndf.k

we;s ch.%yKh ;=<ska fld<U k.rfha

Ôj;a jk nyq;r ck;dj t'cd'mhg we;s

m%idoh fmkajd we;' tfy;a" bka msg;

ck;dj t'cd'mh j¾;udkfha wkq.ukh

lrk foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

m%;slafIam lr ;sfí' tfyhska" Ndrldr

rchla m;ajkafka kï" rfÜ ck;djf.a

woyiaj,g .re lrkakd jQ foaYmd,k

iy wd¾Ól jevigykla fjkqfjka

lem ù ls%hd lsÍu foig keUqre ùug

Tjqka iQodkï úh hq;= h'

idudkH ck;djg Ôj;aùu uyd

m%Yakhla njg m;a lr ;sfí' ;ukag

,efnk wdodhñka w;HjYH NdKav

álj;a ñ,§ .ekSug fkdyels ;;a;ajhla

rg ;=< ;sfí' tf,iu ck;djg ,efnk

wdodhï mjd wjysr ù we;s jd;djrKhla

rg ;=< ;sfí' fuu .eg¨j,g miqmi

yrjd rfÜ ixj¾Okh .ek muKla

kka fodvùfuka m,la ke;' ó<Õg

rg Ndr.kakd msßi fï ms<sn| j i,ld

lghq;= lrkafka kï mj;sk w¾nqofhka

rg uqojd f.k bÈßhg hd yels h'

tfia fkdjkafka kï" ó<Õ w¾nqoh

o wm úiska u <Õd lr.kakd neõ o

lK.dgqfjka jqj o m%ldY l< hq;= h'

ckdêm;s ,ndfok kdhl;ajh ;SrKd;aulhs

olaIsK lxldkïf.a

kdu,a rdcmlaI kS;s{fhla o@kdu,a rdcmlaI jD;a;sfhka kS;s{fhls' Tyqf.a

tlS kS;s{lu .ek furg miq.sh ld,fha úúO

l;d ny jd¾;d úh' fï tjeks l;djla fkdfõ'

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK m%;sM, ksl=;a flreKq miq

Tyq udOH bÈßfha l< m%ldYhla iïnkaO l;djls'

tu m%ldYfha § Tyq lshd isáfha ue;sjrK m%;sM,

wkqj j;auka wdKavqj ck;dj úiska m%;slafIam lr

we;s nj;a jydu md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yer uy

ue;sjrKhla meje;aúh hq;= nj;a h'

kS;s{fhl= f,i Tyq rfÜ uQ,sl kS;sh jk jHjia:dj

iïnkaOfhka fld;rï ÿrg ±kqj;a o hkak fï yryd

u;=jk m%Odk m%Yakh hs' 19 jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh

wkqj wjqreÿ 4 1$2la .;jk f;la md¾,sfïka;=j úiqreùfï

n,h ckm;sjrhdg ,efnkafka ke;' tfuka u wdKavqj

úiqrejd yßkakg kï md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjrekaf.ka

;=fkka foll Pkaoh wjYH h' fulS lreK ms<sn|j;a

wjfndaOhla ke;s kdu,a rdcmlaIf.a fnd<| m%ldYh

ms<s.; yels o@

±ka rg bÈßfha we;s úi÷u ,nd .ekSug kï b;sß ù we;s ó<Õ iq¿

ld,h bÈßhg f.k hdu i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<ska u úi÷ula ,nd .; hq;=

h' ckdêm;sjrhdg ta i|yd ksis kdhl;ajhla ,nd§ug isÿfõ' ta i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j ksfhdackh

lrk m%Odk mlaI ms<s.kakd mßÈ Ndrldr rchla msysgqjd

.ekSu iqÿiq o hkak b;d .eUqßka úuid ne,sh hq;= h'


YS% ,xldj f,dal is;shfï we;s rgj,a w;ßka

b;d l=vd rgla jqj o f,dalfha wfkl=;a

rgj,a yd ii|k l< È.= b;sydihla we;s

rgls' tu b;sydih wúÉýkak j f.dv ke.S

we;s úYajdikSh idOlj,ska msß jxYl;dj,ska

;yjqre ù ;sfnkakls' —uydjxYh˜ wfma

b;sydih ms<sn| ,sÅ; j i|yka jk .%ka:hls'

tys ls%'mQ 543 isg ls%'j isg ls%'j 301 olajd uq,ald,

mßÉfþofha rfÜ rdcH md,lhska ms<sn| j

i|yka fõ' tys fojk fldgi jQ —iq¿ jxYfha˜

bka miq rdcH md,lhska o ;=kajk fldgfia

uykqjr rdcOdksh olajd rdcH md,lhskaf.a

úia;r we;=<;a h' uydjxYh muKla fkdj

Bg;a jvd merKs b;sydi .; lreKq we;=<;a

Ys,d f,aLk wfma mqrd úoHd{hska fidhdf.k

we;' fuu ft;sydisl f;dr;=rej,g wNsfhda.

l< yels rgla f,dalfha fkdue;' wNsfhda.

t,a, jkafka ngysr wOHdmkfhka wdpd¾h"

uydpd¾hjrekaf.ka yd Tjqkaf.a b.ekaùï

wkqj hk w; f,diaila foaYmd,{hskaf.ka

h' wfma wOHdmk úIhOdrdj ;=<ska b;sydih

úIh yd idys;H úIh bj;a l< hq;= hhs u;hla

Tjqka ;=<ska m%ldY fõ'

1970 oYlfha bÈßm;a jQ fuu woyi w;ayod

ne,Sula f,i b;sydi yd N+f.da,Sh úIhka

ixlaIsma; lrkafka iudc wOHhkh kñka

úIhla mdi,a wOHdmkhg we;=,a jQ w;r idys;H

úIh i|yd ;snQ fndfyda m; fmd; bj;a lrk

,§' fuu úIhkaf.a lmamdÿj ;=< ìys jQ fndfyda

;reK ;reKhska ;uka Wmka uõ ìug jvd

úfoaY rgj,g wdorh lrk msßila njg m;a

jQy' jevjiï md,khlg iy hg;a úð;hla

j meje;s rgl ksoyi ,nd jir ye;a;Ejla

iïmQ¾K jk úg" j;auka jQ mrïmrdjla ìysùu

w;sYhska u lK.dgqodhl lreKls' fujeks

udkisl;ajhlska hq;= msßila wm rg ;=< ìys ù

we;af;a ;uka Wmka rfÜ wNsudkj;a b;sydih

w.d chfiak

ud;%djm%shka; cdisx r;akdhl

uyskao rdcmlaI

uka;%Sjrhd úiska

fïlg Pkaoh fokak lshd

fmd,a f,,a,la oeïu;a talg

Pkafoa fok jy¨ka msßila

;ukag isák nj nkaÿ,

.=Kj¾Ok uka;%Sjrhd Bfha

meyeÈ,sju m%ldY lr ;sì‚'

fuu m%ldYfhka uka;%Sjrhd

l=ula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQjo

fuh uyskao rdcmlaIg l<

nrm;, wmydihla nj kï

meyeÈ,sh'

ta fmdfydÜgq mlaIhg

Pkaoh ÿka ish¨ fokd ta

;rïu my;a ksjg jy¨ka

f,i fï kdhlhd i,lk

nj .=Kj¾Ok uka;%Sjrhd

f.a l;dfõ uQ,sl yrh jk

ksidh'

fmdfydÜgq Pkao rfÜ cku;h fkdfõ' th wd.ñl u;hls'

f*aianqla ud;%dj

tfukau fmd,a f,,a,lg

Pkaoh fokak ;rï

fmdfydÜgq mdlaIslhd msßyqKq

wfhl= nj ks, jYfhkau

mjid ;sîu fmdfydÜgq

mlaIfha ch.%yKfha we;a;

l;dj meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu

myiq ù ;sfí'

.=Kj¾Ok uka;%Sjrhd

fï lshkafka fmdfydÜgq

mdlaIslhdf.a f.da;%sl jy,a

udkisl;ajh .ekh' f.da;%sl

jy,a Ndjfha .s,S isákakl=g

Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lsÍu .ek

ys;kak" foaYmd,k fyda

wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s .ek

jk idlÉPdjla wjYH

fkdfõ' ixjdo úixjdohkayS

iyNd.s;ajhla wjYH ke;'

yß foa l=ulao jeros foa

l=ulao hkak f;dard .ekSula

wjYH ke;' fyd| krl

úuiSu wjYH ke;' .ug

rgg jevodhlo hkak oek

.ekSu wjYH ke;' ta ;nd

;udg ;ukaf.a wUqorejkag

hym;la fõúo hkak .ek

úYajdihla o wjYH ke;'

uyskao Èkqjdu we;sh' fï

iqrejï jkaokdjla ñi fjk

flfyïu,la fkdfjhs'

f.da;%sl jy,d lshkafka

fok ksfhda.hla bgq lsÍug

wksjd¾fhkau ne£ isák

wirK mSä;fhls' ;uka

mSvdjg ,laj isák nj;a

Tjqka okafka ke;" w; mfha

jk ú,x.= YÍrfhu fldgila

hehs l,amkd lrkafka fï

wirK ñksiqkah'

rdcmlaI mjq,a md,k

iufha § f.dvkeÕ=fõ jy,a

udkisl;ajhla iys; msßils'

ta ksid uyskao rdcmlaI

kñka fmd,af,,la oeuqj;a

Bg leue;a; m%ldY lrk

uq.aO Pkaoodhl m%cdjla

;ukag isák nj nkaÿ,

.=Kj¾Ok lshk l;dj

i;Hhls'

fmd,a f,,s l;dfõ

w¨;au ;;ajh kï .ug

m;alr .;a ksfhdað;hd

.eyekshlao msßñfhlao

lshd fyda ;ju fmdfydÜgq

mdlaIslhdgj;a oek.

ekSug fkdyelsùuh' oeka

oeka jd¾;d fjk f;dr;=re

wkqj fmdfydÜgqfjka

uyck ksfhdað;hka

f,i f;dr m;alr.;a

jqka w;r ñkSurejka ux

myrkakka" ia;%S ¥Ilhka

jeks wmrdOlrejka fukau

tla;eka jQ wín.d;hkao"

j,mhhhs f.dv mhhs bkakd

wdÉÑ wïu,d iSh,d fukau"

;uka uka;%Sjrhl= oehs

;ju;a fkdokakd msßilao

fõ' we;eï ksfhdað;hka

m;aj we;af;a ;uka Ôúf;ag

mh fkd.ymq m%foaYj,sks'

Bg iqmsß WodyrKh uyr.

ñka jd¾;d ù ;sfí' ta

fmdfydÜgqfõ ^fudag¾

nhsisl,fhka ;r. l<&

uka;%Sjre 22 f.ka uyr.

ujdiSka fjkafka fofokl=

mu‚' bka tla whl= wef|ka

ke.sg .ekSug neß l;d

l< fkdyels wxYNd. frda.

sfhls' 20 fofkla .ïmy yd

je,a,j;a; mÈxÑlrejkah'

fï ksid ;uka Pkaoh

ÿkafka ldgo l=ulgo

lshdj;a fkdokak

fm dfy dÜg ql d rhk af. a

;SrKh rfÜ ienE cku;h

f,i ms<s.; yelafla

fmd,a fldaïn fuka

T¿f.ä ysia ñksiqkag

mu‚' wjdikdjlg

rfÜ ckdêm;sjrhdj;a

jefgkafka ta f.dvguh'

m%shka; cdisx r;akdhl f.a

f*aianqla msgqfjka Wmqgd .ekqKs

udlaiajdofha b;sydifhka od¾Yksl miqìu

bx.S%is cd;sl f;dauia uqj¾ ^1478-1535& —Wfgdamshd˜

kue;s ûfkda rdcHh& lD;sfhka lsis ;efkl ke;s

i¾j iïmQ¾K Ôú;hla ;sfnk ¥m;la .ek úia;r

lrhs' tu lD;sfha u; wkq.ukh l< Ñka;lhska

rdYshla ìys úh' Tjqkag ufkdardðl iudcjd§ka hk

ku ,enqKs' wo fuu ku fhdokafka wúoHd;aul

iudcjdoh ye¢kaùu i|yd h' mqoa.,sl foafmd< whs;sh

;sfnk ;=re iudc Okh w;f,diailg ,efnk ;=re

iudk;ajh f;areula ke;s fohla h hkak uqj¾f.a u;

hhs' Tyqf.a Wfgdamshdfõ mqoa.,sl foafmd< ke;' uqo,a

ke;' jev lrkafka iduQyslj h' th mqrjeis hq;=luhs'

ksIamdokh fmdÿ .nvdjg Ndr fohs' ta i|yd f.ùula

fkdue;' jqjukd yeu foau fmdÿ .nvdfjka ,efí'

mqoa.,sl foafmd< rys; iudc ixúOdkhla .ek b;d,s

cd;sl lïfmfk,a,d 1568-1639 —ksoyfia k.rh˜ kï

jQ iqm%isoaO lD;sfhys i|yka lrhs' Tyq fyd| iudc

l%uhla we;sùu ñksia ixj¾Okfha Í;shla nj fkdÿgq

nj meyeÈ,s h'

ñksia iudch tla;rd Í;s iuQyhlg wkqj j¾Okh

jkafka h hk u;h we;s jQfha 18 jeks ishjfia § h'

ro< l%uhg tÈß j ke.S isá Okm;s u;OdÍka úiska

th we;s lf<a h' Wiia l%uh f,i Tjqka ÿgqfõ mqoa.,sl

foafmd< ysñ l%u hhs' fuys kHdhka ilia lf<a m%xY

o¾Ykdj§ka h' ñksia ixj¾Okhg iSud fkdue;'

úoHdfõ iy wOHdmkfha ch.%yK ksid ñ;Hd u;

úkdY fjhs' m%.;sh we;s fjhs' øjHuh iïm;a ksmoùu

iy tys§ ñksiqka w;r we;s jk in|;d f;areï .ekSug

Tjqyq wiu;a jQy' tfy;a" ro< n,h Okm;s n,h olajd

fjkia l< hq;= nj fmkajd ÿkafka h'

lïmfk,a,d iy uqj¾f.a woyia j¾Okh l< m%xY

.;al;=jr fudfr,a,sf.a lD;shlska wkd.; iudcfha

Í;s yªkajd fohs' ta wkqj fodafmd< whs;sh wfydais fldg

yeu mqrjeisfhl=g u jev lsÍfï whs;sh ,efí' jhi"

Yla;sh iy yelshdj wkqj yeu mqrjeishd u iudcfha

hym;g ls%hd lrhs' tys fmkajd fok m%Odk uQ, O¾uh

yeu flfkl= u ;u yelshdj wkqj jev l< hq;= h

hkakhs' jqjukdjg wkqj fnod yeÍfïwjYH;djh Tyq

ms<s.;af;a h' fudr,s iy uL,S fofokd o iQrd lkakka

iy iQrdlkq ,nkakkaf.ka f;dr jQ kj iudchla

ms<sn| j isysk uejQy' tu woyia mek ke.=fka fYa%IaG

m%xY úma,jh ld,fha § h'

m%xY úma,jh tla iQrdlk l%uhla ke;s fldg ;j;a

iQrdlk l%uhla we;s lsÍula nj ms<s;a nfn*a 1760-

1797 Okm;s mka;s rcfha úmdl fmkajd ÿkafka h'

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ moku u; iudch m%;s ixúOdkh

lrk ck;d úma,jhla we;s jk ;=re fkdkj;ajd

úma,jh lrf.k hd hq;= hhs lSfõ h' Tyq woyia lf<a

Okh iudch i;= fldg iaÒr iudk;djla we;s lsÍfï

úma,jh ch.%dyS jk njhs' yeu flfkla u jev l<

hq;= h' Okj;=ka fyda ÿmam;=ka fkdisáh hq;= h' lsisu

flfkl=g foafmd< ysñ lr.; fkdyel' wkd.;

iudch lDIs ld¾ñl tlla nj is;+ Tyq ks¾Ok mka;s

fmrgq n, weKs ld¾hh fyda tys ft;sydisl jeo.;alu

fkdÿgqfõ h'

kshu úoHd;aul b.ekaùula mek ke.Sug miqìu

ilia jQfha o¾Ykjdofha" foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%fha"

fidaI,siaÜjdofha fYa%IaG Ñka;lhskaf.a b.ekaùï we;s

jQ 19 jk ishji uq,a Nd.fha § h' m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re

iemehsh yels jQfha uq¿ ñksia b;sydih u úoHd;aul j

øjHuh mokula u; ú.%y lsÍfuks' th bgq lf<a ld,a

udlaia iy tx.,aia úisks'

f,kska fmkajd ÿkafka udlaia tx.,aiaf.a b.ekaùï

f,dal iNH;ajfha ixj¾Okfha m%Odk m%jdyfhka

fldka jQ b.ekaùï fkdjk njhs' ñksia j¾.hd úiska

19 jk ishjfia § ks¾udKh l< c¾uka o¾Ykjdoh;a"

bx.S%is foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%h;a" m%xY fidaI,siaÜjdoh;a"

mokï lr.;a fï b.ekaùu Wiia u iïm%odhkaf.a

kshu Wreulaldrhd njhs'

19 jk ishjfia c¾uka o¾Ykjdoh

1770-1831 c¾uka o¾Ykjd§ fya.,a iïNdjkSh

o¾YkjdÈfhls' merKs foa úkdY lrf.k ksr;=rej u

w¨;a foa we;s jk ieá;a my;a ;;a;ajfha isg Wiia

;;a;ajh olajd j¾Okh jk ieá;a W.kajk ;¾ljdoh

ks¾udKh lf<a Tyq h' yeu ;eku" yeu fohl u

;sfnk mriamr úfrdaOh ksid ls%hdj Wm§' fyñka we;s

jk ixLHd;aul fjkialï msïula we;s lrjhs' ta iuÕ

u th .=Kd;aul fjkila we;s lrjhs'

1804-1872 mqj¾ ndya fya.,af.a ukialdrjdofhka

wE;a jqj o Tyqg øjHjd§ o¾Ykjdoh wkqj b;sydih

iy ñksia iudch ú.%y l< fkdyels úh' Tjqkaf.a

b.ekaùï iudcjd§ o¾Ykjdohla meke ke.Sfï miqìï

ilia lf<a h' th ks¾udKd;aul f,i ixj¾Okh

lsÍug udlaia tx.,aia g yels úh'

bx.S%is foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%h

ñksiqkaf.a iudcuh ls%hdldÍ;ajh fyj;a ksIamdokh

yd NdKav yqjudre lsÍfï in|lï id¾:l j yeoEÍfï

m%;sM,hla jQfha foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%h kï w¨;a

úoHdjla we;s ùuhs' tys m%;sM,h jQfha mka;Ska we;sùu

iy wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha iuyr hq.hka fmkajd§ug

iy iudc wdlD;sh fidhd .ekSug yels ùuhs'

,nk i;shg'''

mßirfõ§ ;s,la lkafoa.u

ms<sn| we;s wkjfndaOh ksid h' ;ukaf.a Wmka

rfÜ b;sydih ms<sn| fkdokakd mqoa.,hl= fyda

mqoa.,hska ;=<ska ksoyi yd foaYfma%uh ms<sn|

yeÕSula we;s fkdfõ' ngysr rgj,g .e;s

mqoa.,hska b;sydih úIh wfma wOHdmk úIh

Odrdj ;=<ska bj;a l< hq;= hhs lshkafka ta

ksid h'

YS% ,xldjg ksoyi wysñ jQ wdldrh iy kej;

ksoyi ,nd .ekSu ms<sn| l;d mqj; foaYSh

muKla fkdj fjk;a ´kEu rgl cSj;a jk

mqoa.,fhl=f.a is; fjk;lg fhduq fkdlrk

is;a.kakd tlls' fuu ft;sydisl f;dr;=re

.; b;sydih wfma úIh ks¾foaYj,ska bj;a

jk úg" wefußldj m%uqL f,dalfha ÈhqKq hhs

lshk rgj, ffjoH" bxðfkare úIhhka yodrk

ñksiqkag m%:ufhka W.kajkafka ;u rfÜ

b;sydi hhs' ksoyi ,nd jir ye;a;Ejla ;=<

wmg wfma fi!LH b;sydih idys;H ixialD;sh

uq,a lr.;a cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla ilia

lr .ekSug fkdyels ùh' n,hg m;ajk

foaYmd,k mlaI Tjqkaf.a wruqKq wkqj mdi,a

wOHdmkfha úIh Odrdfõ we;s l< fjkialï

;=< wfma b;sydih f,i wo W.kajkafka

úlD;s l< b;sydihls' tjeks b;sydihla ;=<ska

ksoyia Ñka;kh iys; ñksiqka ìys fkdfõ'

1815-1947 olajd ,xldfõ ì%;dkH md,k ld,h

;rï ,dxlslhskag ñf,aÉP wkaoñka ysßyer

l< ld, mßÉfþohla fkdù h' jev jiï

hq.fha isá ,dxlslhska mjd 1818 yd 1848 tu

oreKq md,khg úreoaO j ke.S isáfha wfma

ck;dj fuf;la cd;shla hgf;a isàug we;s

wlue;a; ksid h' 1948 fmnrjdß 04 fjks Èk

,enQ ksoyi tla f,a ì|laj;a fkdfy<d ,enQ

ksoyila f,i w¾: ±laùu b;sydih úlD;s

lsÍuls' hg;a úð; núka rg ksoyia lr .ekSu

i|yd Èú mrÿjg ;nd igka lf<a isxy,hska

muKla fkdfõ fou<" uqia,sï ck;dj o Bg

tla jQy' fuu b;sydi l;dj tla cd;shlg

muKla iSudùfï b;sydi l;dj ,sùfuka

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ksoyi ,nd jir ye;a;Ejla ;=< cd;Ska w;r

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miq ,xldfõ ìys jQ kj uOHu mka;sh

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igkaldó ksoyia wr.,h bÈßhg .uka lf<a

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ksoyia wr.,fha Woaoduh yd ta iuÕ we;s jk

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fhdackd ls%hd;aul jkafkka tu n,mEu

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fjks Èk Oj, m;s%ldjla yryd oaú uKav,

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hgf;a isÿlrk fhdað; c,dY

jHdmD;sh ksid mjq,a 1200lg

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fï ;rï úkdYhla kE' mjq,a

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tkak mdrlaj;a ;snqfK kE'

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ta f.d,af,da lsõfõ ck;dj

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tajd ysfgõfõ tajd hgfjkjd

lsh,d' wvqu ;rñka fï f.d,af,da

ta ojiaj,j;a we;a;la lsõfõ kE"

lsõfju fndre' fï <.È lsõjd

mjq,a 38la hg fjkjd lsh,d'

oeka lshkjd mjq,a 78la ú;r

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hgjk wh;a mosxÑ lrkafka

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lshkjd álla ÿr hkak fjhs¨'

yenehs .ïudk kjhla mqrdu

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jejla yokjd lsh,d'˜

fï jpkj,g fmrf,kafka

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kE' wms iajhxfmdaIs;hs' wmg

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we;s' wms wjqreÿ foiShla f,vla

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fmd<fõ yefok foaj,a ld,d'

fïl r;a;rka fmd<jla' odk

´k tlla yßhkjd' fnfy;a

fmdfydr ´fka kE' ta;a Th wmg

fokjd lshk wlalr ndf.a wms

fldfyduo Ôj;a fjkafka' wfma

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fjkafka'@ fï bvïj, kï ´k

;rï bv ;sfhkjd' ta ñksiaiq

lshkjd fïõjd fudk bvï o@

fuõjd jákafka kE lshjd' wfma

wdodhu udfig mkaodyg jvd

wvqhs lsh, w;aika lrkak¨'

wms hkak leue;shs lsh, w;aika

lrkak¨' wmg i,a,s u,a,la

fokakï¨' thd,d fok i,a,s

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ú;rla .kakjd ,laI y;rla'

lsß yrla bkakjd' wfma f,dl=

mq;df.a lsß yrla 140la bkakjd'

jej nekaou wms fld;eko ta

yrla n¢kafka' wms ys.kafkda

fjkjd' fï ñksiaiq n,kafka

wms kslx wirK ñksiaiq álla

lsh, fmkakkak' ux lsõjd wms

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;uhs ta ojiaj, fïl kj;a;,

udÿreTh c,dYh nòskak .sfha'

ta ojiaj, Yla;su;a ke;s lkao

oeka Yla;su;a fjkafka fldfydu

o@ fuhd,d okafka kE" fï .`f.a

hk j;=r m%udKh' 1970 .Kkaaj,

fhdackdjla oeka l%shd;aul lrk

tl je/oshs' uvl,mqfõ .xj;=r

md,k lrkakhs rUlekaThg

j;=r .kakhs kï fï jej

yokafka wdKavqjg mq¨jka

we<la lm, .`. rUlekaThg

yrjkak' wuqKla jf.a tlla

yo,d' wmg;a ydkshla kE'

uvl,mqjg .xj;=r tkafk;a kE'

rUlekaThg j;=r;a ,efnkjd'

fï lrk jefvka fjkafka mjq,a

odia .Kkla wj;eka fjk tl'

uyTfha yoj; fïl' idrj;au

N+ñh hg lr, ksire lE,a,g

j;=r fokakhs yokafka' fuhd,d

rUlekaTh yeÿjd' oeka l=Uqre

wlalr odyla j.d lrkj o@ kE'

fmdf<dj ksirehs' j;=r kE' fï

c,dYh yeÿj;a j;=r fokafka

ksire milg' wjqreoaolg wms lsß

ksIamdokh lrkjd' fldaá .dKl

fnda. wms j.d lrkjd' fï .u

ke;sjqfKd;a uyTh" mosh;,dj

lshk fj<o k.r fol;a ke;s

fjkjd' fï yokafka tajd

Tlafldu j;=rg hg lr, wmj;a

ys`.ufkag odkak'˜

Tyqf.a woyia i;HoeZhs úuiSug

wm .fï lsß iñ;sh fj; .sfhuq'

jrdmsáfha muKla lsß tl;=lsÍfï

uOHia:dk ;=kls' ffokslj

wdikak jYfhka tl;=jk lsß

m%udKhd ,Sg¾ 830ls' ta wkqj

jd¾Islj lsß ksIamdokh ,Sg¾

;=ka ,laI foodia kjish mkyls'

tla lsß ,Sgrhla remsh,a 70

ne.ska ñ<oS .kq ,enQjo remsh,a

fofldaá fodf<dia ,laI yhoyia

mkaishhls' ^re'2"12"06"500& lsß

f.dúhka 78la we;s fuu .fuys

tla f.dúfhl=f. jd¾Isl

wdodhu remsh,a fo,laI ye;a;E

tlaoyia wgish ye;a;E wgls'

^re'2"71"878& tkï wdikak

jYfhka lsß f.dúfhl=f.a udisl

wdodhu úis fooia yhish mkia

yhls' ^2"12"06"500$78} re'22"656&

tjeks mjq,l udisl wdodhu

remsh,a mkaoyig jvd wvqhsheZhs

;lafiare jd¾;d ilia lrkafka

wehs@ wmf.a ksÍlaIKhg yiq

jQ wfkla lreK jkafka hï

mjq,l lsß yrla md,kh fndfyda

úg f.ú,sh úiska isÿlrk

w;r mshd yd wfkla orejka

fiiq f.dú;ekaj, ksr; jk

wdldrhhs' wvqu ;rñka j¾Ifha

tl lkakhlg muKla nvbß.=

îc lsf,da mfya melÜ tlla fyda

j.d lrk flkl=f.a mjq,g ;j;a

,laI foll wu;r wdodhula

tl;= fjhs'

is,a,r fj<odfuys ksr;jk

ch;s,l uy;d yuqjkafka .fï

f;dr;=re tl;= lrñka hk úgh'

lsisfjl= lka fkdfok Tyqf.a

y`vg o lkafouq'

—.u wdrïNfha wfma ñksiaiq

ysáfha lgqueá .ymq f.j,aj,'

ta;a oeka .u oshqKqhs' fï c,dYh

nekafod;a ìì, <`. nq¨msáh

olajdu j;=r .,kjd' fïl f,dl=

Thla' wlalr 55"000la hgfjkjd

lsh, lshkafka' wms okafka fuu

.f.a hk j;=r m%udK h' ta wh

ojila uekf.k .shd md,fu <.

wä folla ú;r Wäka j;=r tkafka

lsh,d' ux lsõjd uy;a;fhda

fïfla j;=r fï md,ug Wäka

.ykjd' j;=r n,kak Tfka kï

tkak lsõjd jeis ojiaj,' ye;a;E

.Kkaj, jf.a fkfjhs oeka

wmg yeu fohlau ;sfhjd' wms

ldgj;a w; mdkav ´fk kE' nia

myla jev lrkjd' mdi,a hkak

orejkag myiqlï ;sfhkjd'

wms ysgmq ;;a;ajhg jvd my;a

;ekg jefgkafka' ukskak tk

lÜáhf.ka weyqju lshkjd

hgfjkafka kE lsh,d' fojeks

mdr wdmq lÜáh lshjd wfma f.a

hg fjkjd lsh,d' ,laI 15la .shd

f.a yokak' fï jf.a foys .yla

fmd,a .yla yokak fldÉpr

l,ahhs o@ l=Uqre ÿkak;a fokafka

wlalr nd.hhs' tal weoao wmsj

Ôj;a lrjkak'˜

.`. wdikakfha u iaÓr ksjdihla

idodf.k isák ã'tï' úfÊmd,

uy;d o wm iu`. l;dnyg tla

úh'

—rn¾ bvï wlalr myla

;sfhkjd' nvbß.= wlalr

folla ;sfhkjd' nvbß.=j,ska

lkakg remsh,a ,laI myla

ú;r .kakjd' lõmSj,kq;a ,laI

;=kla ú;r .kakjd' jÜglald

,laI ;=kla ú;r .kakjd' uf.a

f.a hg fjkjd' wmsj fldydg

yß .sysx oeïu;a Ôj;a fjkak

úosyla kE' wms ys;uq jkaos úosyg

,laI ;syla ÿkakd lsh,d' wmg

fï bvï j,ska wjqreÿ ;=fkka

ta .dk .kak mq¨jka' Th lshk

jkaos fokafk;a kE' rUlekaTh

c,dYfhka wkd: fjÉp

ñksiaiqkag ;du jkaos f.j,

kE' f.jkafk;a fidÉpuhs' ug

fldaá myla ÿkak;a wms hkafk

kE˜

O¾uodi wm iu. m%ldY lr

isáfha fï lkakfha Tyq nvbß.=

îc melÜ 28la isgjQ njhs' tjeks

uydmßudk f.dú;eka lrk

lsysm fofklau .fïoS yuq úh'

idudkHfhka melÜ tllska

wfmalaIs; wdodhu remsh,a

,laI folls' túg wdodhu

is;d.; yelsh' .fï mia yh

fofklau lsßyrla ish fokd

ne.ska muK we;s lrhs' .fï

fndfyda msßilg ijka oSfuka

miqj Tjqka f.dú;ekska yd

lsß yrla md,kfhka jd¾Islj

Wmhk jákdlu fidhkak

W;aidy .;suq' rn¾ j.dfjka lsß

,nd.ekSu wdrïN ùug ;j

jir fol ;=kla hkq we;'

Tjqka ,nd ÿka j.djkays wdodhï

wvqu kshoshla jYfhka f.k

Wml,amkh lr fuu j.=j ilia

lr we;'

fuys m<fjk j.=fõ .Kkh

lsÍï lr we;af;a wvqu kshos

w.hla f.k h' .fï mjq,a hï

m%udKhla f.dú;eka lrk úg

wfkla ish,af,dau f.dú;eka

fkdlrkafka h hk Wml,amkfha

isg fnod ne¨j;a tl mjq,l

udisl wdodhu remsh,a 46"045

î' tï' iq.;md,

Wmkkao

tÉ' tï' .=Kj¾Ok

ksYap, pxp, foam,

tÉ' tï' .=Kj¾Ok

ã'tï' úfÊmd,

ls' wfkla miska fuu wdydr

ksIamdokh lrkafka rfÜ ck;d

fjkqfjka h' tf,i n,k úg

fuu wdydr ksIamdokh ish,a,u

k;r fjhs' jrdmsáh .fï

muKla f.dú;eka lrñka yd lsß

yrla md,kfhka Wmhk wdodhu

remsh,a fldaá úisy;rls' th hg

jk wfkla .ï wglg wdfoaY

l< úg remsh,a 194"20"52"000ls'

fuu w.h óg jvd by< w.hla

jk nj wmf.a ksÍlaIKj,ska

fmkS .sfha h' j¾Ihl § muKla

fldaá tlish wkQy;rla Wmojk

idrj;a N+ñhla hgfldg lrk

ixj¾Okh l=ula o@ wfkla

jeo.;au lreK fuu f.dúhka

fuu wdodhu Wmojkafka rcfha

lsisu Wmldrhlska f;drj ùuhs'

fujka ck;djg l< hq;af;a

hgfldg Tjqka wdkd:Ndjhg

m;a lsÍu fkdj" wdydr

ksIamdokhg osß oSuhs' Tjqka

uQ,H l<ukdlrKhg fhduq

lr rfÜ ixj¾Okhg fhdod

.ekSuhs' fuf,i tla mjq,l

udisl wdodhu kso¾Ykhla

jYfhka f.k ;yjqre lrkakg

wjYHh jQfha weia;fïka;=

lsÍug meñfKk ks<sOdÍka fuu

ck;dj wvq wdodhï,dNSka f,i

fmkaùug W;aidy oeÍuhs'

mjq,a 1200la wkd: lrkfï c,dYfha wre; lsu@

uyTh .`. yria lr,d fõ,a,la n¢kak

hkjd' 1818 W!j fj,a,iai le/,a, ksid

fufy mÈxÑhg wdj Woúh fufya bkafka'

mjq,a 11la ;uhs uq,skau weú;a ;sfhkafka' fï fjkfldg wfma .fï ú;rla mjq,a 430la bkakjd' wfkla .ï tlal .;a;u wvqu

;rñka mjq,a 1"200lg ú;r Wkaysá;eka

ke;sfjkjd fï jej yeÿfjd;a'˜

fnda. j.dj lkak m%udKh tla mqoa.,hl=f.a

jd¾Isl wdodhu

j.d lrk mjq,a

ixLHdj

j.dfjka

.fï uq¨

wdodhu

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nv bß.= 01 2"00"000 300 6"00"00"000

jÜglald 02 4"00"000 200 8"00"00"000

meKsflduvq 02 2"00"000 50 1"00"00"000

lõmS 02 2"00"000 250 5"00"00"000

foys j¾Ih mqrdu 2500kg«70 =1"75"000 50 87"50"000

.ïñßia - 1"00"000 20 20"00"000

fmd,a - 1"00"000 100 1"00"00"000

lcq - 80"000 10 8"00"000

ish¨ fnda. j.d lrkakl=f.a

jd¾Isl tal mqoa., wdodhu

17"26"828 .fï uq¨ jd¾Isl

wdodhu

24"27"56"500

tal mjq,l idudkH jd¾Isl wdodhu 5"64"550

tal mjq,l idudkH udisl wdodhu 47"045'83

jrdmsáh .ïjeisfhdam%Yak lr;s

ufya< tka' rxj,


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tA ;=< hula È,sfikq ÿgq ud

th l=ulaoehs neÆ úg th ud

fidhk i;Hh úh' l,n, jQ

ud i;Hfhka úuiqfõ zzTn l=Kq

lkao hg ieÕù l=ula lrkafka

o@ZZ hkak h' Tyq ÿka ms<s;=frka

uu uú;hg m;aùñ' i;Hh ug

lsõfõ Tyq l=Kq lkao,a ;=<

ieÕ ù fkdisák nj;a" ñksiqka

Tyq isák ;ek fmkaùu i|yd

oud .eiQ foa nj h' tAjd wo

l=Kq lkaola ù we;' i;Hh

l=Kq lkaog jeiS we;' tu l=Kq

l=ulaoehs ud mßlaId lrk úg"

ug olskakg ,enqfka Tyq lS

foa i;Hhla nj h' tys ;snqfka

;¾l" o¾Yk" jdo" újdo fndre

wdÈh h'

yÈisfha u fuu woyia uf.a

is;g meñKsfha fjk lsisjla

ksid fkdj" fujeks isÿùula Y%S

,xldfõ wo isÿfjñka mj;sk

ksid h' YS% ,xldjg fï Èkj,

we;af;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk

wdldrfha ksh.hls' ;j;a

jpkj,ska lsõfjd;a bfvdarhls'

fufia jQfha wehs oehs uu

fkdoksñ' mßirfõÈfhl= jQ ud

f,dal f.da,h WKqiqï lsÍu

ms<sn|j ú.%yhl fhfoñka

ish,a, tys m%;sM,hla f,i ;Skaÿ

lsÍug W;aidy .ekSu jerÈ hehs

is;kafka mDÓúh kshdu O¾u

05 lg wkqj md,kh fjk

nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska

foaYkd l< nj jgyd .;a úgh'

tA wkqj fufia o úh yels h'

zzfoafjda jiaiiq ldf,ak - iín

iïm;a;s fya;=p

mSf;da Nj;= f,dafldap - rdcd

Nj;= Oïñ fldaZZ

wfma wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ

wka;sug we;af;a fuh h'

rÊcqrefjda O¾ñIaG jqj fyd;a"

jeiai kshu fj,djg ,efnk

nj;a" .ia fld,ka fyd|g

jefvk nj;a" tA wkqj ú.%y

fõ' rÊcqrefjda O¾ñIaG o@

wO¾ñIaG o fiùug hdug ug

wjYH ke;' ug wjYH jkafka

jeiai h' ,efnk iq¿ jeiafika

m%fhdackh .ekSug ud mqreÿ ù

we;' foaYmd,k f,dalhg ksh.

hla ;sfnk nj ud oek isáfhñ'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh j, m,a,g .sfha

h' uyd iïu;h wiïu;hla

úh' fydre /,j,a foaYmd,k

N+ñh ;=< ch.%yKh lf<a

h' uyckhd n,d isáfha h'

f.dú;ek f.dúhdg wjYH jqj;a"

jeiai ke;sj f.dú;ek l<

fkdyels fuka" fydre mekaùu

wjYH jqj;a" tA i|yd uyckhdg

Pkaohla wjYH h' foaYmd,k

bfvdarhg o fmdo jeiaila

jeiafia h' jeiaig f.dúfhda

jydu wdhqO w;g .kakdla fuka"

fuys§ Pkao odhlfhda;a" ;ukaf.a

w;g wiq jQ mekai,a fldgh kï

jQ wdhqOfhka m%fhdack .;ay' Tyq

lmá foaYmd,{hskag ;rd;srula

fkdn,d o~qjï l<y' lgueo

fov jQ ñksiqkaf.a lgj,a jid

oeuQy' Tjqka isáh hq;af;a Tjqkaf.a

lgj,a jidf.k h' tfia isàug

ksy;udkS jQ ñksiqka o isák nj

ud ÿgqfjñ' Tjqka m%{djka;hska

h' m%nqoaO kï jQ lD;sh ,shk

úg fialr Tjqka jekakka .ek

lsõfõ fufia h'

zzokafkda l:d fkdlr;s' l:d

lrkafkda fkdoks;s' tneúka Tn

nqÿ flfkls' Tyq tfia lsõfõ

l:d fkdlrk ysÕkafkl=g h'ZZ

fuu isÿùfï§ jerÈ l< fndfyda

wh ;u je/oao jid .ekSu i|yd

fndfyda foa lshj;s' ud;r§

ñksfila ug b.eka jQ lúh Tng

lshQ nj ug u;l h' th kej;

jrla Tng lsùu fï fudfydf;a

b;d jeo.;a h'

zzkka kka okka Wka Wkaf.a

jerÈ jid

wka Wka wNsnjd hEug lsh;s

uqid

wka Wka lshk wka Wkaf.a jerÈ

fodid

lkafol jidf.k isáfhñ

wefik ksid

Tn lkafol jidf.k isákafka

kï Tn m%d{fhls' h:d¾:hg

uqyqK§ug neß h:d¾:h f;areï

.ekSug neß úlD;s ukila

we;af;da fndfyda foa lsh;s' tA

Tjqkaf.a weia fkdfmfkk ksid

h' wkaOfhda hula ú.%y lrkafka

weia fkdfmfkk ksid w;.d

n,d h'

Èkla wkaOhkag w,sfhla

wyqjqfka h' Tjqka tl tl úÈhg

w,shd ú.%y lf<a h' tA w,shdf.a

wjhj wyqjqk wyqjqk wdldrhg'

w,shdf.a lK wyq jQ wkaOhd

lsõfõ w,shd l=,a,la fuka nj

h' w,shdf.a ll=,la wyqjqK

wkaOhd lsõfõ w,shd jxf.

ähla fuka nj h' ;j l=ulafoda

wyqjqK wkaOfhla w,shd ú.%y

lf<a fuda,a .ila f,i h'

w,shdf.a iuia;h oelSu i|yd

Tjqkag yelshdjla ke;s ksid

Tjqka tjeks ú.%yhla l<y' uf.a

wïud lshdÿka l:d w;r ;snQ fï

l:dj yßhg u ug jegfykafka

oeka h' w| nd, foaYmd,k{fhda

o ck;djf.a fï ;Skaÿj ms<sn|j

tjeksu ú.%yhl fhfoñka we;'

tA wkqj merÿKq wh mer§ ke;'

Èkmq wh Èkd o ke;' iuyr wh

ú.%y lrkafka fuh foaYmd,k

iqkdñhla f,i h' fN!;sl fuu

WodyrKh w;sYhska jeo.;a h'

iqkdñhla we;sjkafka /,a,la

ksid h' /,a, we;sjkafka

uqyqfoa we;sjk tla;rd isÿùula

ksid h' N+ ;eáhla fi,ùu

fyda N+ñlïmdjla tu fya;=j

úh yels h' fya;=M,jdoh

úia;r lrk jqka nqoaêu;=ka h'

f,dalfha nqoaêu;=kaf.a foaYh

f,i y÷kajkafka Y%S ,xldj

nj Tn fkdokakjd úh yels

h' idr wixL l,am ,laIhla

ixidrfha fmreïmsÍula fkd

fyd;a" mdrñ;djla f,i nqoaêh

ÈhqKq lrñka .uka lrk nqoaêuh

i;ajhd y÷kajkafka fndaê

i;ajhl= f,i h' tkï nqoaêuh

i;ajfhl= f,i h' Tyq úiska

fidhd.kakd úYaj Yla;sh nqoaêuh

oyuhs' th mj;skafka jir

5000 ls' tu ksid nqÿ flfkla

nqÿ jkafka miajdka oyilg h'

wjidk nqÿrcdKka jykafia

f,i wm y÷kajk f.!;u

nqÿrcdKka jykafia fidhd.;a

tA i;Hh jir 2500 lska miq

CIh ù hk f;la" mj;skafka YS%

,xldfõ nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia

u foaYkd lr we;s njla ud

wid we;' th tfia úh hq;af;a

nqoaêu;=ka isákafka Y%S ,xldfõ

jk ksid h' tu ksid" fuh

nqoaêu;=kaf.a foaYhhs' fuys isák

nqoaêu;a ñksiqkaf.a ;Skaÿjg

ks.%y fkdlrk f,i w| nd,

foaYmd,k ú.%yhlhskaf.ka uu

b,a,d isáñ'

;uka m;alrk wKavqjla

jerÈ u.l hkafka kï tA

ms<sn|j oekqï §u i|yd Tjqkag

;snQ wjia:djla 77 wdKavql%u

jHjia:dfjka Wÿrd .;af;a h'

tA w;=re ue;sjrKh h' tfia

úreoaO ùug Tjqka ue;sjrKhla

meñfKk f;la n,d isáh hq;=

úh' ue;sjrK l,a oeóu ke;

fyd;a" ue;sjrK is;shu wl=,d

oeóu 1977 isg fï rfÜ ;snqKq

l%Svdjla úh' kshñ; fõ,djg;a

l,ska ue;sjrKhlg hEu Tjqka

ÿgqfõ fudavlula f,i h' tu

ksid" ue;sjrK l,a oukakka

ms<sn|j fujeks wjia:djl rfÜ

ñksiqka isákafka ffjrfhka h'

ffjrhlska isák .eñhd ;ukag

n,h ,enqKq úg thska m%fhdack

.kakd nj .eñfhla jQ uu

oksñ' ud l=vd l, w,a,mq .fï

pkaäkag lshkafka zzjfrka wfma

.ug" fokakï nefÜæZZ hkqfjks'

tu ksid" fujr .eñhd ;ukag

wiq jQ úg nefÜ ÿkafka h' tu

ksid thg uqyqKÿka ñksiqka jyd

i;Hh f;areï .; hq;= h' .kq

fokq lrkafka Tjqka iuÕ kï

Tjqkaf.a reÑ wreÑlï jgyd

.; hq;= h' ke; fyd;a" ish,a,

fjkiaúh yels h' ;j;a iqkdñ

03 la fuï iuÕ u u;=úh

yels h' m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKh"

md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh"

ckdêm;s ue;sjrKh tA iqkdñ

03 h' tu iqkdñ 03 g uqyqK§ug

fuh fmryqrejla lr .kak'

iqkdñ wk;=re oekqï fok

ix{d f;areï .; yels k,d

yhslr .kak' th lsÍu i|yd

Tn m%fhdackhg .; hq;af;a

Tfí yoj; fkdj fud<h h'

Tn m%fõYï lr.; hq;af;a Tfí

lg h' l:d fkdlrk ;dlal,a

fudavhd nqoaêuf;ls' l:d l<

fyd;a Tyqf.a fudavlu m%o¾Ykh

fjhs' l,ah,a n,d f.dú;eka

lsÍfï§ ld,.=Kh y÷kdf.k

f.dú;eka lsÍu fyd|

wiajeiakla i|yd w;sYh jeo.;a

h' wl=Kqj,ska m%fhdackh ,nd.

ekSu i|yd Èk .Kka n,d

jemsßh hq;= h' wl=Kq hkq fmdar

h' tu ksid" wl=Kq wjYH h'

zztu ksid fyK .ymka .Kka

n,dmkaZZ hkq f.dúhkaf.a

m%d¾:kh yd l%shd;aul ùu h'

W!j fj,a,iafia ñksiqkag fuh

uka;rhla ù we;' kuq;a W!j

fj,a,iai foaYmd,k{hskag

fuu jelsh foaYmd,k

fõosldjg f.k wdfõ h' Tjqka

fyK .ymka .Kka n,dmka

lsõfõ ldgoehs uu fkdoksñ'

ish,a, Wvqhál=re ù we;'

ish¨ foaYmd,k{hskaf.ka

uu b,a,kafka lg mßiaiï

lrf.k nqoaêu;aj foaYmd,k

ú.%ylsÍïj, fhfok f,i h'

túg Tng foaYmd,k úuqla;sh

,nd.; yels h' tfia jkafka

i;Hh jgyd .ekSug Tng

yels jk ksid h' fialr fufia

lsõfõ tA ksid h'

zzhfYdaOd mila l<d uu ;j;a

i;Hhla

id.;fhka fmf<k ;ekl

j.d fkdjk nj O¾uh

id.skafkka fmf,k whg

mila lr.; fkdyels

O¾uhZZ

YS% ,xldfõ j;=j,g

bkaÈhdfjka lïlrejka

f.kaùfï§ md,lhskag .súiqï

wjYH jqfha ke;' bkaÈhdjhs"

,xldjhs folu tu md,lhskag

tlu md,khl ;snQ ksid

h' tfia bkaÈhdfjka f.kd

ñksiqka w;r kQ.;a lïlrejka

msßila isáfha h' fndfyda úg

Tjqka fhdod .;af;a msßisÿ lsÍï

lghq;=j,g h' Tjqka ye¢kajQfha

ilals,s f,i h' kQ.;alu ksid

u fudjqka .Kka yokak okafka

ke;' tu ksid" mäh w;g .;a

Èk ? t<sfjk f;la .Kka

yo;s' tlu .d, f.daÜáhla

,hsu ;=< mgka .ks;s' lsisfjl=g

kskaola ke;' ckjyf¾ fuh

ye¢kajQfha zzilals,s mä .;a;d

jdf.aZZ f,i h' fuu wjia:dfõ

tfia fkdlr.kakd f,i uu

Tfnka b,a,d isáñ'

wkaOfhda w,shd w;.dñka we;mßirfõ§

;s,la lkafoa.u

ue;sjrK rdcldßfhka l<ukdldr iyldr ks,Odßka

lmamdÿjla2018 m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhaoS l<ukdldr iyldr ks,OdÍkaf.

ka nyq;rhla ue;sjrK rdcldÍ i|yd fhdojd fkdue;s nj

rdcH fiajd l<ukdlrK iyldr ks,OdÍkaf.a ix.uh udOH

ksfõokhla ksl=;a lrñka m%ldY lrhs' idudkHfhka ue;sjrK

l%shdj,shloS l<ukdlrK iyldr ks,OdÍka úiska jeo.;a

ld¾hNdrhla bgq lr we;s nj;a iEu ue;sjrKhloSu iyldr

f;aÍïNdr ks,OdÍ" fcHIaG Pkao ia:dkdêm;s iy ,smsldr hk

;k;=rej,oS l<ukdlrK iyldr ks,OdÍka ;SrKd;aulj iy

j.lSï iy.;j lghq;= l< nj;a tu udOH ksfõokfha i|yka

fõ'

fujr m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhaoS o fiiq ue;sjrKj,oS fukau

b;d Wkkaÿfjka yd Woafhda.fhka rdcldÍ lsÍug l<ukdlrK

iyldr ks,OdÍka wfmaCId l< o fujr Tjqkag mejfrk

rdcldÍ fjk;a ia:dkj, ks,OdÍkag mjrd we;s njg rdcH

fiajd l<ukdlrK iyldr ks,OdÍkaf.a ix.uh fpdaokd lrhs'

fujr ue;sjrK rdcldÍ i|yd fhoùfïoS l<ukdlrK iyldr

ks,OdÍkag isÿ ù we;s widOdrKh ms<sn|j fidhd n,k f,i

ue;sjrK fiajd fldñIka iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhdf.ka ,sÅ;j

b,a,Sula lr we;'

úlsrK úoHd ;dCIKfõoSka j¾ckhl

osjhsk mqrd ishü rcfha frday,aj, úlsrK úoHd ;dCIKfõoSka

úiska 15 jeks osk isg wLKav jev j¾ckhla wdrïN lr we;s nj

jd¾;d fõ' ks,OdÍ ysÕhg úi÷ï ,nd.ekSu" wu;r fiajd f.ùï

iïnkaOfhka we;s ù ;sfnk .eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,nd .ekSu"

úlsrK m%;sldr ks,OdÍkaf.a rdcldÍ fN!;sl{jreka úiska

w;am;a lr.ekSu k;r lsÍu hk b,a,Sï ;%s;a;jh uq,a lr .ksñka

rcfha úlsrK úoHd ;dCIKfõoSkaf.a ix.ufha uQ,sl;ajfhka

fuu jev j¾ckh wdrïN lr we;'

úlsrK úoHd ;dCIKfõoSka úiska b,a,Sï lsysmhla uq,a lr

.ksñka óg fmr o wjia:d lsysmhloS jev j¾ck i|yd fhduqùug

;SrKh l< w;r fi!LH n,OdÍkaf.a ueosy;aùfuka tu jD;a;Sh

l%shdud¾. w;aysgqjk ,os' flfia jqj;a ish b,a,Sï iïnkaOfhka

isÿ l< ,sÅ; oekqïoSïj,g rch úiska ie<lsh hq;= wjOdkhla

fhduq fkdl< nj;a ish jD;a;Sh l%shdud¾. wjika lsÍug ñi

jD;a;Sh .eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,nd oSug n,OdÍka lghq;= fkdl<

nj;a rcfha úlsrK úoHd ;dCIKfõoSkaf.a ix.uh fpdaokd

lrhs'

lïlre wr., uOHia:dkfha w;am;%sldjg úfrdaOh

bl=;a 14 jeks osk lïlre wr., uOHia:dkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka Man

Power fiajlhkaf.a jD;a;Sh iqrCIs; Ndjh ms<sn|j uyck;dj

oekqïj;a lrñka w;am;%sld fnoSfï jHdmdrhla fld<U" fldgqfõoS

l%shd;aul úh' Man Power jy,a fiajh wfydais lsÍu" ishü Man

Power fiajlhka iaÓr lsÍu iy iaÓr fiajlhkaf.a jegqma yd

whs;Ska lmamdÿ fkdlsÍu hk b,a,Sï ;%s;a;jh uQ,sl lr .;a

lreKq wka;¾.; lrñka fuu w;am;%sld fnod yßk ,os' tla;rd

mqoa.,fhl= úiska fufia w;am;%sld fnoñka isá lïlre wr.,

uOHia:dkfha ksfhdað;hkag neK ;¾ckh lr we;s w;r ta

mqoa.,hdf.a wkkH;djh ms<sn|j meyeos,s i|ykla ke;' flfia

jqj;a lïlre wr., uOHia:dkh m%ldY lrkafka fujka ;¾ck

yuqfõ jev lrk ck;dj fjkqfjka ;uka úiska f.k hk

wr.,h w;afkdyßk njh'


{dkl;didrd¾:f.a

;drl trkao l,afoard,shhs

05' fldgi

zfïl fÊïia t*a'

f;dïika tlaodia

kjish mkia y;frÈ

wymq m%YakhlaZ idrd¾:

ÿrl;khg ;Ügqjla oud

fïifhka mekafka h'

zuydpd¾h;=ud W;a;rhla

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zm%Yakh bÈßm;a lrkak

n,kakz iamSlrh l;d lf<a

h'

zyß" flda iaúÉ tl @Z

m%Yakh ufkdag h'

zfudk iaúÉ tl o @Z

zjyf< t,af,k n,aí

tflaZ

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w÷r ueÈka wefia'

kej; n,anh oe,ajqfKa h'

zTõ ug mq¿jka n,aí tl

ksjkakhs ´*a lrkakhs" fï

iaúÉ tflka'Z idrd¾: lSfõ h'

zksjkjhs ´*a lrkjhs folu

tlhsZ ufkda jyd ;ud úiska

w,ajd .;a m<uq je/oao jyd

bÈßm;a lf,a h'

idrd¾:f.a uqyqK §ma;su;a

úh' zwyd Tn fyd|g wyf.k

bkakjdZ

zfukak fïlhs m%YafkZ

Tyq úlafgdaßhdkq kdgH

rx. ffY,shla .;af;a h'

zuf. wf;a ;sfhkjd ghsu¾

Trf,daiqjla' wks;a w;ska iaúÉ

tl Tka lrkakhs ´*a lrkakhs

mq¿jka' oeka uu iQodkï

fmdä jevlg' ug ta jefâg

;sfhkafk úkdä folhs'Z

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uu iaúÉ tl Tka lrkjd'

úkdähla .sh .uka ´*a

lrkjd' úkdä nd.hla .sh

.uka wdfh;a Tka lrkjd'

;j úkdä y;frka tlla

.sh .uka ´*a lrkjd' B<Õ

úkdä wfgka tl .sh .uka

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l,ska j;dfj ld, wka;frka

yß wvla .sh .uka uu iaúÉ

tl fjkia lrkjd'Z

idrd¾: ufkdaf.a fïih

wjqiaid lvodishla f.k l=regq

.dkakg úh' zfufyuZ

0.000 On

1.000 Off

1.500 On

1.750 Off

1.875 On

''' '''

2'000 @

zoeka m%Yafk f;afrkj we;s'

f;dïika wykafk úkdä fol

bjrjqKdg miafi n,aí tl

m;a;= fj,d ;sfhhs o ksú,d

;sfhhs o lsh,' W;a;rhla

;sfhkj kï lshkak n,kak'Z

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h'

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lsõfjd;aZ ufkda lsis u

úYajdihlska lshQjla fkdfõ

th'

zm;a;= fj,d ;snqfKd;aZ

idrd¾: lshhs' zu;l

;shd.kak fïl jdr

wkka;hl l%shdjla'

wjidkhla ke;s ksid

m;a;= fj,d ;snqfKd;a

B<Õg wksjd¾h ksú,d

;sfhk wjia:djla

;sfhkjd' ta jf.a u

ksú,d ;sfhk wjia:djla

msgqmi wksjd¾h m;a;=

fj,d ;sfhk wjia:djla

;sfhkjd'Z

zyaïï'''Z ufkda wiqkg

nr úh'

z.%kaä fY%a‚hZ y~la

weiqfKa h' uydpd¾h Y%S;s'

idrd¾: fïihg ke.

ÿrl;khg fnßyka ÿkafka h'

zkshuhs uydpd¾h;=ud wkak

Tn l;d lrkjdZ

-;j fldgila ,nk i;sfha

fldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkh

,Sùu ld,a udlaia

- fm%âßla tax.,aia iuÕ wdrïN

flf<a 1847 foieïn¾ udifha

§ h' 1848 ckjdß wjidkfha

§ ,shd ksulrk ,o tu

lD;sfha wruqK jqfha ta jk

úg hqfrdamfha j¾Okh fjñka

meje;s fldñhqksiaÜ jHdmdrfha

idudðlhka wkd.;fha §

we;sfjk foaYmd,k igkaj,g

kHdhsl yd foaYmd,k jYfhka

iQodkï lsÍu b;d jeo.;a

ld¾hNdrh f,i Tjqka ie,l=

neúks'

fuu uyÕ= ld¾hNdrh udlaia

yd tx.,aia fj; mjrk ,oafoa

1847 fkdjeïn¾ 8 jeksod olajd

meje;s fldñhqksiaÜjrekaf.a

ix.ufha fojk iuq¿fõ § h'

ch.%yKhla

fuh udlaia iy tx.,aiaf.a

kHdhsl yd foaYmd,ksl jYfhka

,enq w;s úYd, ch.%yKhla úh'

fuys jeo.;alu iïmQ¾K jYfhka

w.h l< yelafla bka blaì;sj

f,dalfha we;s jq j¾Okhka iu.

ii|d ne,Sfï§ h' zzfldñhqksiaÜ

mlaIfha m%ldYkhZZ úoHd;aul

fldñhqksiaÜjdofha m%:u igka

uÕ fmkajk ,shú,a,ls' udlaia

iy tx.,aia úiska ,shk ,o

fuh fY%aIaG;u lD;shla jk

w;r Tjqkaf.a o¾Ykfha ixhqla;

fldgia ;=k jq o¾Ykjdoh"

foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdj iy

úoHd;aul iudcjdoh úia;r

lefrk ixlaIsma; mQ¾K uQ,O¾u

iys; l%ñl úia;rhla tu.ska

Tjqyq bÈßm;a l<y'

fuu lD;sfha kHdhsl

fmdfydi;a nj .ek ù'whs

f,kska fufia ,shqfõ h' zzfuu

lD;sh u.ska iqmeyeÈ,s iy

§ma;su;a nfjlska hq;=j m%{djka;

f,i iudÔh Ôú;hg n,mdk

øjHjdoh .ek;a ixj¾Okh

ms<sn| wre;a ire O¾uhla iy

Wmßuh jYfhka i¾j iïmQ¾K

ohf,la;sl úoHdj .ek;a"

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ iudcfha kj

ks¾udKlhd jk ks¾Ok mka;sh"

mx;s wr.,h wrNhd jq kHdhsl

iy iuia; f,dal ft;sydisl

l%shd l,dmh .ek;a jq c.;a

o¾Ykh l%udkql+, f,i Ñ;%hg

k.d we;'ZZ

ft;sydisl fN!;sljdofha

kHdhsl mQ¾j ;;a;ajhka Wmfhda.s

lr .;a fuu lD;sfha l;=jre

tu m%;súfrdaO;d iys; iudcfha

;;a;aj hgf;a ixj¾Okfha

.dul n,fõ.h f,i l%shd le/

kafka mx;s wr.,h nj kHdhsl

f,i iQ;%.; l<y' fuf;la

meje;s ish¨ iudcj, b;sydih

mka;s wr.,j, b;sydih úh'

udlaiajdofha ks¾ud;Djrhka

úiska fidhd .kakd ,o iQrdlk

iudcfha ixj¾Okh yd úkdYh

ms<sn| kHdh u Okjd§ iudchg;a

n,mdk nj Tjqyq Tmamq l< y'

tu i;H kHdhsl f,i ikd:

lrkqjia fuu ld;sfha zzOkm;s

mka;sh iy ks¾ok mka;shZZ

kue;s m%:u mßÉfþoh lemfldg

we;'

fuys Okjd§ iudch

ft;sydisl f,i úYaf,aIKhg

Ndckh fõ' tys mekke.Su iy

ixj¾Okh kSÍlaIK lrñka" tu

iudchg wdfõKsl wNHka;ßl

m%;súfrdaO;d fy<sfldg" tajd

úiska ksrdhdifhkau th

úkdYhg hjk ieá fy<s lrhs'

ro,Z iudch Èrdm;a ùfï iy

úkdYùfï m,hla f,i Okm;s

iudch ìysúh'

lïy,aj, ksIamdokh we;s

fjñka ksIamdok n,fõ.

hka ;jÿrg;a w;s úYd, f,i

j¾Okh ùu .ek;a tu lD;sh

ksis we.ehSula lrhs' tfia jqjo

ixj¾Okfha tla;rd wjêhl §

Okjdoh ksIamdok n,fõ.hkaf.a

j¾Okhg ndOdjla njg m;afõ'

oi ,laI ixLHd; lïlrejka

lïy,aj,g talrdYS lrk Okm;s

l%uh ksIamdok l%shdoduhg

fmdÿ iudchSh iajrEmhla ,nd

fohs' tfy;a ksIamdokfha fï

iudÔh iajrEmh úiska ksIamdok

udOHhka f.a whs;sh iudch i;=

lsÍula b,a,d isà' tfia jqjo

th ;jÿrg;a fm!oa.,sl Okm;s

whs;sh f,i mj;S' ksIamdok

udOHhka f.a fuu fm!oa.,sl

whs;sh ksIamdok n,fõ.hka

f.a bÈß j¾Okh hoïj,ska

ne| ;nhs' úkdYfhka ksIamdok

n,fõ. fírd .ekSu o ñksia

YsIagdpdrh úiska ,nk ,o

uyÕ= m, wdrlaId lr .ekSuo"

hym;a wkd.;hla i|yd ñksia

ixy;shg u. fy<s lsÍu o l<

yelafla ks¾Ok mka;s úma,jhg

muKls'

fuu lD;sfha fojeks

mßÉfþoh zzks¾Okfhda iy

fldñhqksiaÜjd§fhdaZZ ks¾Ok

mka;sh foaYmd,k mlaIhla

ixúOdkh lsÍfï w;HjYH;dj

ikd: lsÍug o" tys l%shd

l,dmh" wruqKq yd ld¾hh

Ndrhka úia;r lsÍugo lemù

we;' ks¾ok mka;sh foaymd,k

mlaIhla ms<sn| W.ekaùfï

moku fuys§ udlaia iy tx.,aia

bÈßm;a lr;s'

uQ, O¾uh

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka f.a

kHdhsl uQ,O¾u iy Tjqkaf.a

ienE wruqKq fy<slrk

udlaiajdofha ks¾ud;Djrfhda"

fldñhqksiaÜjrekg úreoaOj

lrk igfka§ fldñhqksiaÜjdofha

y;=rka nyqck;dj rjgkq

msKsi weondk fndre iy

oafõI iy.; m%pdr lgql yd

;shqKq Wmydifhka fy,sorjq

lr;s' k.rfha iy .fï iq¿

Okm;ska ìh .kajkq msKsi;a"

Tjqka ks¾OkSkag úreoaO j Wis

.kajkq msKsi;a" Okm;Ska i;=

foafmd< muKla fkdj" kd.ßl

iq¿ Okm;Ska f.a iy .ïj,

f.dùka f.a fm!oa.,sl foam<

o úkdY lr;shs lsh;s' fujeks

fndre m%pdr ksIam%N lrk

udlaia iy tx.,aia l=vd foafmd<

whs;sh úkdY lr oukafka

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka fkdj Okm;s

l%uh;a uy mßudK l¾udka;

nj Tmamq lr;s' Okm;s iudch

;=< n,mdk uQ,O¾uh Y%%uh

jeh lrkakd lsisjla ,nd fkd.

kS' yeu fohla u ,nd .kakd

Y%uh jeh fkdlrhsZZ' Y%uh jev

lrk ck;djf.a fmdfydi;a

lsÍfï iy Ôú;h ieye,a¨

lsÍfï udOHhla njg m;ajkafka

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ iudchla ;=<

muKls'

fldñhqksiÜjd§ka fm!oa.,sl

ksoyi we;=¿ il, úê ksoyi

úkdY lrk nj lshñka Tjqka msg

oafõI iy.; f,i jro mgj;s'

fuh m%;slafIam lrk udlaia iy

tx.,aia we;a; jYfhka u Okm;s

l%uh ;=< mj;sk zzfm!oa.,sl

ksoyiZZ l=ula±hs úia;r l<y'

zzOkm;s iudch ;=< m%d.aOkh"

ksoyi iy fm!oa.,sl;ajhla

,nd .kakd w;r Y%uh jeh

lrkakka f.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh

wfydais o fjhs'ZZ

fuu in|;dj úkdY lsÍu

Okm;s mka;sh y÷kajkafka

fm!oa.,sl;ajh iy ksoyi ir,

lsÍula f,isks' th i;Hhls'

we;a; jYfhka u fuys§ Okjd§

iajdëk;ajh iy Okjd§ ksoyi

wfydais ùuls' zz fm!oa.,sl;ajfha

ienE ksoyi iy;sl l<

yelafla o Okjd§ iajdëk;ajh

iy Okjd§ ksoyi iy;sl l<

yelafla o Okjd§ iQrdlEu

iy il,úê mE.Sï wfydais

le/,Sfuks' lïlre mka;sl

iy fldñhqksiagjd§jHdmdrfha

b;d jeo.;a uQ,O¾uh jk

ks¾Ok mka;sh cd;Hka;rjdofha

kHdhsl f,i ;yjqre lsÍu'

zzfldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkfhysZZ

wvx.= fõ' ks¾ok mka;sfha

ch.%yKhka iuÕ il,úê

cd;sl fNao Nskakùïj,g iy

tla cd;shla jy,a Ndjh weo ±óu

iïmQ¾Kfhka u w;=reoyka jk

nj udlaiajdofha ks¾ud;Djrhd

l,a;nd ÿgy' hqoaO úiska f.fkkq

,nk oyila úm;a yd ÿla

lrorj,ska ñksia ixy;sh uqojd

.; yelafla ks¾Ok mka;shg

muKls' mqoa.,hl= úiska ;j;a

mqoa.,hl= iQrdlEu o wfydais

lrekq we;' cd;shla ;=< we;s

mka;s m%;súfrdaO;d wfydaisùu;a

iuÕu cd;Ska w;r we;s i;=re

wdl,am o wfydais jkq we;'

ks¾Ok mka;sl fkdj iudcjd§ u;jdohka

zzks¾Ok mka;sh ish foaYmd,k

wdêm;H mdúÉÑ le/ñka

mshjfrka mshjr uq¿ uy;a

m%d.aOkh u Okm;s mka;sfhka

Wÿrd .ekSug;a" rdcHh ysñ

mka;sh f,i ixúOdh jq

ks¾Ok mka;sh keue;s rdcHfha

yia;fhys ksIamdok WmlrK

ish,a, flakaø.; lsÍug;a"

ksIamdok n,fõ.hka f.a

iuia;h yels ;rï blaukska

jeä lsÍug;a l%shd lrkq we;'ZZ

tu lD;sfha f;jeks

mßÉfþofhka iudcjdofha

Och hgf;a tjlg meje;s úúO

ks¾Ok mka;sl fkdjk W.ekaùï

úfõpkhg yiq fldg we;' fuu

W.ekaùïj, ;sfnk idjoH

ndjh iy i;=re nj Tmamq lrk

udlaia yd tx.,aia tys mka;suh

uq,a fy,s le/;s'ZZ fldñhqksiaÜ

m%ldYkfha ZZ y;rjeks mrÉfþoh

uÕska zz úúO rgj, úreoaO mlaI

wrNhd fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a

ia:djrhZz keue;s isria;,h

hgf;a fldñhqksiaÜjrekaf.a

fmdÿ kHdhsl mokï iy

Wml%u igykafldg we;'

ks¾Ok mka;sfha foaYmd,k

m%;sm;a;sh yev .eiaùu i|yd

øjHjd§ ohf,la;sl úoHdj

Wmfhda.S lr.;a udlaiajdofha

ks¾ud;Djrfhda" ks¾Ok mka;sh

foaYmd,k mlaIfha Wml%u ms<sn|

úoHd;aul fldñhqksiaÜjd§ uQ,sl

ia:djrh fuf,i iQ;%.; l<y'

fldñhqksiaÜjre lïlre mka;sfha

yÈis wruqKq iy jqjukdjka

i|yd igka lr;s' ta w;ru Tjqyq

wkd.; wruqKq i|ydo igka

lr;s'ZZ zzfldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha

m%ldYkhZz wjika jkafka

ks¾Ok mka;sh úma,jhg lrk

újD; iy fm%!v wdhdpkfhlsks'

zzfldñhqksiaÜjd§ úma,jh

bÈßfha § md,l mka;sh ìfhka

ief,;ajd' iajlSh ú,x.= yer

ke;sùug ks¾OkSkag wka lsisjla

ke;' Èkd .ekSug f,dalhla

Tjqkg we;' ks¾Ok mka;sfha

ixl,am úoHdj" lïlre mka;s

jHdmdrfha kHdhsl o¾Ykh jk

udlaiajdoh 1848 - 1849 hqfrdamfha

ks¾Ok mka;s wr., iy 1871

m%xYfha meßia lïlrejkaf.a

m%:u ke.sàu jq meßia fldñhqkh

mrdch ùfuka miq hqfrdamfha

we;s jq úma,jjd§ isoaëkaj,

ft;sydiSh ikd: lsÍula lrkq

,eîh'

1882 fldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkfha

2 jk reishka uqøKhg ,shq

fmrjofkka udlaia yd tx.,aia

fufia i|yka lf<ah'zz reishdj

1848-1849 úma,ùh iufha§

hqfrdamfha rdc l=udrhskag

muKla fkdj" hqfrdamfha Okm;s

mka;shgo" tjlg wjÈ ùug mgka

f.k isá ks¾Ok mka;sfhka

.e<ùfï tlu ud¾.h ie,iS

;snqfKa reishdkq ueÈy;a ùfuka

muKls' hqfrdamSh m%;s.dó;ajfha

kdhlhd f,i id¾ rcq m%ldYhg

m;a lrk ,§' wo id¾ rcq

úma,jfhys hqo isrlrejl= njg

m;a ù isà' reishdj hqfrdamsSh

úma,jfhys mqfrda.dó n, weKsh

njg m;a ù isà'

kQ;k Okjd§ foafmd<

whs;sfhys fkdje<ela úh yels

iy <xfjñka mj;sk úkdYh

m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu ZZ fldñhqksiaÜ

m%ldYkfhys ZZ wruqK úh' tfy;a

reishdfõ iS.%fhka j¾Okh jk

OfkaYajr fld,a,hg;a" ÈhqKq

ùug mgka f.k ;sfnk Okjd§

bvï foafmd< whs;Shg;a uqyqKg

uqyqk ,d bvï j,ska yß wvlg;a

jeäh f.dùkaf.a fmdÿ whs;shg

hg;aù we;s ieá wms olsuq'

zz wo fï m%Yakhg Èhyels tlu

ms<s;=r fufiah' tllska wksl

iïmQ¾K jkfia reishka úma,jh

ngysr ks¾Ok mka;s úma,jhg

mQ¾j ksñ;a; jkafka kï "

bvï ms<sn| iuld,Sk reishdkq

fmdÿ whs;sh fldñhqksiaÜjd§

j¾Okhl wdrïNl fudfyd;

jkq we;'

1848 j¾Ifha §

,shd m%ldYhg m;a

l< fldñhqksiaÜ

m%ldYkhg 2018

j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 21

jk odg wjqreÿ

170la iïmQ¾K fõ'

fï ,smsh m< jkafka

ta ksñ;af;ks'

úoHd;aul iudcjdofha m%:u igka uÕ fldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkh

tia'iqoisxy"

ksfhdacH m%Odk f,alï"Y%S ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh

11 msgqjg


,nk i;shg'''

mßj¾;kh bkaÈl fmf¾rd

Tn mdi,a hk ld,fha;a l¿

iqÿ fNaoh ;sfhkakg we;s''@

keye' tfyu fn§ula

m%isoaêfha ;snqfKa keye'

ienkSgdfõ fyda nßkdiaj,

kï tfyu olskakg mq¿jka

jqfKa keye' uu l=vd mka;sj,

isáh§;a iqÿ cd;slhka jqKq

fld¾fudfgda ,skdfria

mjqf,a <uhskg w;sf¾l

b.ekaùï l<d' Tjqka wmg

l¿ cd;slfhl=f.a <uhska

f,i ie<l=fõ keye' kuq;a

Tjqka fjku u m%foaYj,g

f.dKqfjñka ;snqkd' kuq;a tajd

ol=Kq w*%sldfõ isÿjqKd fuka

wmlS¾;su;a f,i isÿjqfKa

keye'

fíia fnda,a ksid Tn

ckm%sh;ajhg m;afjkjd'''æ

tfyu lshkakgu neye'

kuq;a wfma lKavdhu;a uu;a

úfYaIfhka ;j lsysmfofkl=;a

ms<sn| ;ek ;ek l;djqKd'

mqj;am;a wmj jd¾;d lf<a

yßu wvqfjka' kuq;a láka lg

hdfuka kï wvqjla ;snqfKa

r;a;rx ju;aldrhd lsõfõ ughskeye' udj ye¢kajqfha —r;a;rx

ju;aldrhd˜ f,i' tal k.rfha

yeu;ekï m%isoaO fjñka

;snqKd' ud Ôú;fha m<uqjrg

.‚ld ksjdihlg .shd u

t;ek ysgmq ,iaik fl,a,la

uf.a w;ska weof.k .sfh;a

—tkak uf.a r;%ka ju;aldrhd˜

lshñka'

fudì,a iud.fuka miafia

wmg —fldkaáfkkag,a

f¾äfhdafjka˜ Woõ l<d'

Tjqkag fudì,a jf.a fkdfjhs

Tjqkag hï jevigykla ;snqKd'

uu l<uKdldrjrhd f,i

jev l<;a Tjqka f¾äfhdafõ

ksIamdoljrfhl= jqKq

we,ajrdfoda l<ukdldrjrhd

f,i m;afldg tjd

;snqKd' we;af;kau uu

l<uKdldÍ;ajh bf.k .;af;a

Tyqf.ka' Tyq m;a;r l,djg

wu;rj .=jkaúÿ,s l,djg

wu;rj fíiafnda,a .ek fyd¢ka

oek isáhd' Tyq wfma ÿmam;a

miqìu .ek;a oekf.k ysáhd'

Tyq wmg fm!oa.,slju;a

fjkhï wkq.%dylhka udAr.

fhkq;a Woõ l<d'

fldkaáfkkag,a f¾äfhdafjka

wmg úYd, m%pdrhla

,enqKd' we,afjrdfoda Tyqf.a

jevigykaj,ska wmg f,dl=

bvla ,ndÿkakd' ta yryd kï

m%isoaêhla ,enqKd'

fï fjkfldg wm m%n,

fukau jD;a;Sh lKavdhï

iu`. ;r. lrk ;eklg tñka

;snqfKa'

fï ksid wOHdmkh

u.yefrkakg we;s''@

yaï''' keye tfyug;a keye'

wOHdmksl lghq;=;a bfíu

flreKd' tal wr iycfhka

wd olaI;d ksid fjkakg;a

we;s' ta jqk;a wfkla whg kï

wOHdmkh ms<sn| Wkkaÿj

wvqfjñka ;snqKd' iuyr whg

uu fm!oa.,slju ueÈy;a fj,d

fmd;mf;a jev lshdÿkakd'

ta whf.a lgl;dj,ska ;j;a

wu;r whg;a ug W.kajkakg

isÿjqKd' fï w;sf¾l

b.ekaùïj,ska hï hï jdis o

we;sjqKd' uu mdvï lshdÿka

wh w;f¾ rEu;a bfkia

frdidf,ia jf.au nßkdia

mqrm;s jqKq fodia;r fâúâ

ue,afodkdfvdaf.a Èh‚h

;dfhia ue,afodkdfvda;a b;d

mshlre wh'

ta;a ld,hla hoaÈ uf.a

fï jev ksid wOHdmksl

lghq;=j,g wjOdkh ke;sjqKd

fuka oekqkd'

fíiafnda,a fjkqfjka ug

ojfika jeä ld,hla .;

lrkakg isÿjqKd' nßkdiaj,

fi,a,ï lr lr ðgmq wms m<d;a

uÜgfuka l%Svd l<d' B<Õg

wmg cd;sl l%Svd Wf<,j,aj,g

nßkdia ksfhdackh lrkakg

isÿjqKd' Wfoa yji uykais

ù mqyqKqùïj, fhÿKq ksid

YdÍßlj f,dl= fmkqula

;snqKdg úNd.j, ,l=Kq flÜgq

fjkakg mgka .;a;d' ;d;a;d

uf.a ,l=Kq wvqùu oekf.k

isáhd' Tyq Bg fya;=j;a

oekf.k isáhd'

fíiafnda,a''@

Tõ' wdÉÑ wïud;a uf.a

fíiafnda,a .ek Wkkaÿfjkakg

mgka .;a;d' weh uf.a ,l=Kq

.ek;a oekf.k isáhd' ta

jf.au ljodj;a fíiafnda,a

.ek Wkkaÿjla fkdoelajQ

weh;a ál ál fíiafnda,a .ek

Wkkaÿfjka l;d l<d'

wjidkfha uf.a m<uq

b,lalh njg fíiafnda,a

m;ajqKd' 1969 wf.daia;=fõ

ta b,lalh iaÓr lrñka

cd;sl l‚IaG lKavdhug

udj f;dard.ekqkd' l‚IaG

lKavdhug l%Svlhka f;dard.

kak jhia iSudj jqfKa oyihg

wvq yd myf,dfjka by<'

ta;a l%svd iudc fndfyduhla

lf<a jxpdj' Tjqka fndre

ye÷kqïm;a yo,d ,shlshú<s

bÈßm;alr,d lKavdhug

we;=¿ l<d' fcdfh,a iqwdfria

tlal uu ;uhs nßkdiaj,ska

f;aÍm;ajqfKa' wms fokakdg

ú;rla fjkakg we;s kshñ;

jhfia ksjerÈ ,shlshú,s

;snqfKa' wfkla yefudagu jhi

fjkia lrk ,o ,shlshú<s

Tjqkaf.a l%Svd iudcj,ska

ili,d ;snqKd' iuyr whg ta

fjkfldg;a wjqreÿ úiailg

jvd jhihs'

Tng ;rÕ lrkakg jqfKa

jeäysá lKavdhula tlal''@

Tjqka yeu me;af;kau

jeäysáhka jqKd' wjqreÿ oyifha

yeÿkqïm;a ;shdf.k úiai

úis tfla jeäysáhka iyNd.S

fjk jevj,g iyNd.S jqKd'

úfYaIfhka Tjqka k.rfha

.‚ld ksjdij, mÈxÑ fj,d

ysáhd lSfjd;a yß' ug;a áflka

ál Tjqka iu`. jeäysáfhla

f,i Ôj;a fjkakg jqKd'

wjqreÿ myf<djhs Tng''@

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,xldjg wdishdkq l=i,dkh Èkd

fokafka tf;la jeäu mr;rhlska

Y%S ,xldj ÈkQ wdishdkq l=i,dkh

th njg m;a lrñka h'

kuq;a th wehg fyda ,xldjg

jdikdj f.fkk chla fkdù

h' f,dal fYa%Ks.; lsÍïj,

m<uq 14 w;rg meñK ;snQ Y%S

,xld lKavdhu f,dal l=i,dkh

i|yd mqyqKqlsÍfï wjia:dj l%Svd

n,OdÍka úiska wehg wysñ lf<a

h' wk;=rej weh kej;=fKa nDkdhs

foaYhg fkÜfnda,a y÷kajd foñka

tys mqyqKq wOHlaIjßh f,i h'

—uf. ys; ;snqfK fufy' wmsg

f,dalfha uq,a 10 w;rg tkak

mq¿jka' nDkdhsj, rcfhka

,enqfKd;a ñila fm!oa.,sl

wxYfhka l%Svdjg ksjdvqjlaj;a

,efnka keye˜

;s,ld lshkafk mqyqKqldßhl

f,i ;uka uqo,ska muKla

;Dma;su;a fkdjk njh'

—uf.a yelshdjkaf.ka jevla

lrduhs uu jeäfhkau i;=gq

jkafk˜

weh uqo,g jvd cd;sl;ajh iy

yelshdfjka ,eìh yels ;Dma;sh

fidhd wfkal flkys,slï

lr ish uõ rfÜ oe,a mkaÿjg

uu nq,Ü y;la fkfuhsfod<ylau yokjd ;s,ld ðkodi

wdishdkq l=i,dkh Èkd §u kej;

Ndrf.k we;' fï Èkj, iqmqreÿ

mßÈ weh lKavdhï ixhq;sfha

;snQ Ydßßl fhda.H;djh iy ord

.ekSfï yelshdjg m%uqL;djh

foñka fï Èkj, mqyqKq ieis

fufyhjkafka h'

—tl ;uhs Ydßßl fhda.H;djh'

uu 2009 È;a fkdfhla ndOd

lsÍï ueo lKavdhu mqyqKq ;rÕ

i|yd u,dú wrx .shd' wekavDD

o fu,a lshk ,dxlslhd wfma

<uhskag ta mßirh ;ukaf.

kjd;ekla ;rug ióm l<d'

ta wh fyd| udkisl;ajhlska

f,dafl wxl myg bkak

lKavdhug fyd| ;r.hla

foñka m%.;shla fmkakqjd'

tal ;uhs wdishdj fjkog

jvd iqúfYaIS úÈyg wms ta mdr

ch.;af;a'˜

;s,ld fmkakd fokafka ;ukaf.a

mqyqKq l%ufõohg wksjd¾fhkau

fyd| mqyqKq ;r. o we;=<;a jk

njhs' fmr mqyqKqj fukau ;r.

fmr mqyqKqj o ch.%yKhg b;du

jeo.;a nj weh mjikakS h'

;s,ld fmkajd fok mßÈ fuu

lreKq fol ms<sn|j u wjYHh

;rï wjOdkhla fhduq fkdùu

j¾:udkfha Y%S ,xld oe,amkaÿfõ

miqnEug uQ,slju n,md we;'

—uu u,, l%Säldjla' t;kÈ

ish,a,g ;ksfhka uqyqK fokak

´ks' lKavdhï l%SvdjlÈ

tal yefudau tld jf. fnod

.kakjd' tal ixlSrK jqKdg

ys; ieye,a¨ lrkjd hï

uÜgulg' yefudau Wmßuh

lf<d;a ch.kak wmyiq keye'˜

ta Tiafia wwf.a u;lh ;¾ckS

kï Y%S ,xldj ìysl< f,dj Wiu

oe,a mkaÿ úÈkakshf.a ch.%yK

fj; fhduq lf<a h'

—yqÕla wh lsõfõ ;¾ckS isá

ksid ñi uu mqyqKql< ksid

ch .;a;d fkfuhs lsh,d'

kuq;a wehg mkaÿj .,df.k

tkak ´ks' wks;a oe, úÈkaksh

fj; mkaÿj .,df.k hk tl

kj;a;kak ´ks' oe, úÈkaksh

fyd|u lshk tlg jvd

fydou m%;sY;h ;sfhk lshd

y÷kajkjghs uu leu;s' t;kÈ

weh wehg ,efnk fl;rï

mkaÿ m%udKhla oe, fj;

fhduq lrkj o lshk tl wks;a

ia:dkj,g jvd fyd¢ka i<ld

nef,kjd'˜

;s,ld fmkajd fokafka ;¾ckSg

;uka mqyqKqldr OQrh orkakg

fmr fukau Bg miq o lKavdhfï

l%Svd l< o" ch.%yK fkd,enqK

nj h' weh olaI jqKdg weh

lrd mkaÿj fhduq jk m%udKh

ch.%yKh i|yd n,mdk nj

weh fmkajd fokakS h'

—tlafld iuyr n,OdÍkaf.

ys; fkduÕ hjkak fï fndrej

me;sfrkak ÿkakd' ke;akï

iuyre tal úYajdi lrf.k

lKavdhula yeáhg ÈhqKq

fkdlr ;¾ckSf.ka hefmkak

.sysx ,xldfj fkÜfnda,a

jefgkak ÿkakd˜

;s,ld yeu wNHdihl§ u" yeu

ldrKhl§u tfia lrkafka wehs"

tfia lshkafka wehs hkqfjka

fya;= oelaúh yels wkaofï

oekqj;a Ndjhlska fmdfydi;a h'

—tal uu bf.k.;af;a uf.a

i¾f.ka˜

;s,ldf.a i¾ hkq l%Svdfõ

m%dfhda.sl iy ffioaOdka;sl

oekqu ms<sn| j weúÈk

mqia;ld,hla n÷ fhda.dkkao

úfÊiqkaor h' Tyq yeuúgu

l%Svlhd hula l< hq;af;a wehs o

hkak ms<sn|j l%Svlhdg wjfndaO

lr §fï jeo.;alu fufkys l<

wfhls'

—uu;a i¾ jf.a fjkak we;s'

ug;a ´ks uf.a yevh uf.a

l%Svlhkaf.ka olskak'˜

ta jpk weh b;sydifha wjia:dj

,o ieu wjia:djlu ikd: lr

fmkakqjd h'

—uu yokafk nq,Ü y;la

fkfuhs' yÈisfh Í-maf,aia

tlla uf.a àï tfla wdfjd;a

t;kg odkak;a ;sfhkafk ta

jf.u nq,Ü tlla' uf.a àï tl

fkfuhs wjidk ixÑ;hu nq,Ü'

ta lshkafk nq,Ü 12 la'˜

wehf.a uqfjka .,d tkafka

jpk njg fm/,s uyd úYajdihla

h' ta úYajdih t<efUk wdishdkq

l=i,dkh jkq we;' wdishdfõ oe,a

mkaÿ /ðKshka ljodj;a ke;sj

fydxfldxj,g;a jvd msgqmiska

f,dal fYa%Ks.; lsÍïj, isák

fudfyd;l" kej; weh iuqf.k

hoa§ f,dal uÜgfï Èkd § ;snQ

14 jk ia:dkh fukau" wdishdkq

iQr;djh o ,xldjg Èkd fokakg

iQodkï h'

—.sh mdr uu f,dal l=i,dkhg

hk tl kj;a;kakhs iuyrekg

´ks jqfKa' fï mdr tfyu fjk

tlla keye' taflka wjqreÿ

.dKla ú|mq mdvï ;sfhk

ksid' ta jf.u uu;a fï mdr ta

b,lalh imqrdf.k f,dalfha

wjOdkhg wfma lKavdhu

<Õd lrjkak n,dfmdfrd;a;=

fjkjd˜

weh mjikafka 2009g;a

jvd ;reK idudkHhla fï

lKavdhfï ;sfnk nj h'

ta ksid cjh ms<sn| ksjerÈ

u. fmkaùula l< úg fyd|

Yla;sjka; lKavdhula ;efkkq

we;s nj weh im; lrkakS h'

wms ta im: lsÍu ms<snoj

úYajdih ;nkafkuq' rn¾ fnda,

Èfha Tínd ;nd .; yelafla

w,a,d isák flkdg w; ßfoklï

muKs' ;s,ld fjkqfjka ta foaj,a

´kEjg;a jvd isÿ úh' kuq;a tajd

flÈkl fyda hgm;a ù olaIhdf.a

u;=ùu wksjd¾fhka isÿjkafka

h'

;s,ldæ Tng;a rgg;a ch

zwe;a;Z lS foa we;a;u nj Okxch fmkajhsY%S ,xldj ,enQ ,l=Kq 215 l

oejeka; ch.%yKh fjkqfjka

,l=Kq 24 g lvqÆ 5 la ,nñka

ch.%yKfha mqfrda.dóhd jQfõ

h' Tyqf.a m<uq fgiaÜ ;r.fha

§ u lvq¨ 8 la ,l=Kq 44 g ì|

ouñka Tyq wfma igyk jvd;a

we;a; igykla njg m;a lf<a

yßhg u wm Tyq .ek igyk

;nd Èk yhla .;fjk ;ek

§ 2015 fmnrjdß 10 jk Èk

h'

u,, l%Svd msáfhka oe,amkaÿ cd;sl lKavdhug md

;nk weh jvd;a tu flaIa;%fha

l;dnyg ,lajkafka mqyqKqldßhl

f,i h'

Date post:	10-Apr-2018
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