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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
1 INTRODUCTION
It is therefore a general object of the present invention to provide an improved
knuckler for a V net fence weaving machine. It is a particular object of the present
invention to provide an improved knuckler for bending over the cut ends of coated v-
net fabric. It is another particular object of the present invention to provide an
improved apparatus for bending over the cut ends of woven V net fence having a
coating there on to perform selvage without hamming the coating. It is another
particular object of the cut ends of coated with fabric which knuckling apparatus
rotary bending elements and it is still further particular object of the present invention
to bend the cut ends of a coated V net material to form knuckled ends having no cuts
mars or scrapes thereon.
These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by providing
apparatus for bending the cut ends of coated wire woven into a v net material. The
bending of the cut ends of the coated V net material is performed at sewage stations at
both ends of the fabric in a v net fence weaving machine the cut ends of the coated
v-net material are bent into a desired position at the selvage stations without cutting
marring or scraping the coating there on.
V net fence is simply a woven steel wire fence coated with zinc to prevent
rust, commonly referred to as galvanized fence there are two kinds of galvanized
chain link GBW or GAW: galvanized before weaving (GBW) or galvanized after
weaving (GAW).The vast majority on the market today is galvanized after weaving.
Color v net fence is sometimes called vnyle or color coated. In this process
steel wire is first coated with zinc and then covered with a vinyl polymer coating that
helps prevent to both the frame work and the fabric of the fence.
Some v net products use an aluminized coating to cover the steel in place of
the zinc that creates a highly reflective finish; regardless of the finish all v net
products offer a durable economical fence system.
1V-Net Fence Weaving Machine
L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE SELECTING V-NET
FENCE WEAVING MACHINE:-
Primary Use - If the system is mainly used to accent your landscaping or
define property boundaries, you may be able to use a lighter mesh than if you
were containing pets or protecting property.
Visual Aesthetics - If you desire a fence system that blends into the
environment then you should consider a colour coated system.
Potential Stress - If there is the potential for climbing, or leaning on the fence
you may want to consider a heavier mesh than normal.
Longevity - If the system is to remain for many years, be sure to consider the
finish coating of the mesh. The color coated meshes have a long life
expectancy, holding the appearance from day one throughout.
2.2 APPLICATION: -
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
V-net mesh is used as fencing for
sports field, river banks, construction and residence, also animal fencing.
Especially, well suitable for a wide range of application, for example for
enclosing Lawn, Road. Steel diamond mesh has a heavy galvanized coating to
ensure a long life.
2.3 CHARACTERISTICS:-
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
The V-net mesh wire construction is:
strong
with wide application
convenient in station
lower price
safe and flexible
does not break
Does not sag or roll up at the bottom.
2.3 V-NET FENCE WEAVING MACHINE:-
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION OF BELT AND DRIVES
FIG. 1 – BELT DRIVES
The belts or ropes are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by
means of pulleys which rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. The amount
of power transmitted depends upon the followings factors:
1. The velocity of the belt.
2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.
3. The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.
4. The condition under which the belt is used.
It may be noted that
1. The shafts should be properly in line to insure uniform tension across
the belt section.
2. The pulleys should not be too close together, in order that the arc of
contact on the smaller pulley may be as large as possible.
3. The pulleys should not be so far apart as to cause the belt to weigh
heavily on the shaft, thus increasing the friction load on the bearings.
5V-Net Fence Weaving Machine
L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
4. A long belt tends to swing from side, causing the belt to run out of the
pulleys, which in turn develops crooked spots in the belt.
5. The tight side of the belt should be at the bottom, so that whatever sag
is present on the loose side will increase the arc of contact at the
pulleys.
6. In order to obtain good results with flat belts, the maximum distance
between the shafts should not exceed 10 metres and the minimum
should not be less than 3.5 times the diameter of the larger pulley.
2.3.1.1 VELOCITY RATIO OF BELT DRIVE:-
It is the ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower or driven. It
may be expressed, mathematically, as discussed below:
Let = Diameter of the driver
= Diameter of the follower
= Speed of the driver in r.p.m., and
= Speed of the follower in r.p.m., and
So length of the belt that passes over the driver, in one minute
=
Similarly, length of the belt that passes over the follower, in one minute
=
Since the length of belt that passes over the driver in one minute is
equal to the length of belt that passes over the follower in one minute,
therefore
=
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
Velocity ratio, =
When the thickness of the belt (t) is considered, then velocity ratio,
=
2.3.1.2 VELOCITY RATIO OF A COMPOUND BELT DRIVE:-
Sometimes the power is transmitted from one shaft to another, through a number of
pulleys Consider a pulley 2. Since the pulley 2 and 3 are keyed to the same shaft,
therefore the pulley 1 also drives the pulley 3 which, in turn, drives the pulley 4.
Let = Diameter of the pulley 1,
= Speed of the pulley 1 in r.p.m.,
and = Corresponding values for pulleys 2, 3 and4.
We know that velocity ratio of pulley 1 and 2,
= ........ (1)
Similarly, velocity ratio of pulley 3 and 4,
= .......... (2)
Multiplying equations 1 and 2,
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
A little consideration will show, that if there are six pulleys, then
=
=
2.3.1.3 LENGTH OF OPEN BELT DRIVE :-
We have already discussed in Art that in an open belt drive, both the
pulleys rotate in the same direction as shown in fig.
FIG. 2- LENGTH OF OPEN BELT DRIVE
Let and = Radii of the larger and smaller pulleys,
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
X = Distance between the centres of two pulleys
(I.e. ) and
L = Total length of the belt.
Let the belt leaves the larger pulley at E and G and the smaller pulley
at F and H as shown in fig . Through , draw M parallel to FE.
From the geometry of the fig. We find that will be perpendicular to
Let the angle = radius.
We know that the length of the belt,
L = Arc GJE + EF + Arc FKH + HG = 2( Arc JE + EF + Arc FK ) ............(1)
from the geometry of the fig, we find that
= = =
Since is very small, therefore putting
= = ................ (2)
Arc JE = ............... (3)
Similarly Arc FK = ................ (4)
And EF=
=
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
=x
Expanding this equation by binomial theorem,
EF=x [1-
=x- .................... (5)
Substituting the value of arc JE from equ. (3), arc FK from equ. (4) and EF fromEquation (5) in equation (1), we get
L= .... (In terms of pulley
radii)
L= .... (In terms of
pulley dia.)
2.3.1.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF V-BELT DRIVE OVER FLAT BEET DRIVE:-
Following are advantages and disadvantages of the V-belt drive over flat belt
drive.
ADVANTAGES :
1. The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the
centre of pulleys.
2. The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove
is negligible.
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
3. Since the V-belt are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the
drive is smooth.
4. It provides longer life, 3to 5 years.
5. It can be easily installed and removed.
6. The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.
7. The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.
8. The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
9. The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting ratio
of tensions. Therefore the power transmitted by V-belts is more than flat belts
for the same coefficient of friction, arc of contact and allowable tension in the
belts.
10. The V-belt may be operated in either direction with tight side of the belt at
the top or bottom. The centre line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1. The V-belt drive cannot be used with large centre distances.
2. The V-belts are not so durable as flat belts.
3. The construction of pulley for V-belts is more complicated than pulleys for
flat belts.
4. Since the V-belts are subjected to certain amount of creep, therefore these are
not suitable for constant speed application such as synchronous machines, and
timing devices.
5. The belt life is greatly influenced with temperature changes, improper belt
tension and mismatching of the length.
6. The centrifugal tension prevents the use of V-belts at speeds below 5 m/s and
above 50 m/s
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
2.3.2 INTRODUCTIN OF BELTS:-
2.3.2.1TYPES OF BELTS:-
FIG 3-FLAT BELT
Though there are many types of belts used these days, yet the following are important from the subject point of view:
1. Flat belt 2. V-belt 3. Circular belt or rope
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
2.3.2.2 STANDARD PITCH LENGTH OF V-BELTS:-
According to IS: 2494 -1974, the V-belts designated by its type and nominal
inside length. For example, a V-belt of type A and inside length 914 mm is designed
as A914-IS: 2494.
The standard inside lengths of V-belts in mm is as follows:
610, 660, 711, 787, 813, 889, 914, 965,991, 1016,1092,1168, 1219, 1295,
1372, 1397, 1422, 1473, 1524, 1600, 1626, 1651, 1727, 1778, 1905, 1981, 2032,
2057, 2159, 2286, 2438, 2464, 2540, 2667, 2845, 3048, 3150, 3251, 3404, 3658,
4013, 4115, 4394, 4572,4953, 5334, 6045, 6807, 7569, 8331, 9093, 9885, 10617,
12141, 13665, 15189,16713
According to IS: 2494 – 1974, the pitch length is defined as the
circumferential length of the belt at the pitch width (i.e. The width at the neutral axis)
of the belt. The value of the pitch width remains constant for each type of belt
irrespective of the groove angle.
The pitch lengths are obtained by adding to inside length: 36 mm for type B,
56 mm for type C, 79 mm for type D and 92 mm for type E. The following table
shows the standard pitch lengths for the various type of belt.
Table.1 Standard pitch lengths of V-belts according to IS : 2494 -1974
Type of belt Standard pitch lengths of V-belts in mmA 645, 696, 747, 848, 925, 950, 1001, 1026, 1051,
1102,1128, 1204, 1255, 1331, 1433, 1458,1509, 1560, 1636, 1661, 1687, 1763, 1814, 1941,2017,2068, 2093, 2195, 2322, 2474, 2703, 2880, 3084, 3287, 3693.
B 932, 1008, 1059, 1110, 1212, 1262, 1339, 1415, 1440, 1466, 1567, 1694, 1770, 1821, 1948, 2024, 2101, 2202, 2329, 2507, 2583, 2710, 2888, 3091, 3294, 3701, 4056, 4158, 4437, 4615, 4996, 5377.
C 1275, 1351, 1453, 1580, 1681, 1783, 1834, 1961, 2088, 2113, 2215, 2342, 2494, 2723, 2901, 3104, 3205, 3307, 3459, 3713, 4069, 4171, 4450, 4628, 5009, 5390, 6101, 6863, 7625, 8387, 9149.
D 3127, 3330, 3736, 4092, 4194, 4473, 4651, 5032,
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
5413, 6124, 6886, 7648, 8410, 9172, 9934, 10696, 12220, 13744, 15268, 16792.
E 5426, 6137, 6899, 7661, 8423, 9185, 9947, 10709, 12233, 13757, 15283, 16805.
2.3.3 INTRODUCTION OF PULLEY
The pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of
flat belts, V-belts or ropes. Since the velocity ratio is the inverse ratio of the diameter
of driving and driven pulleys, therefore the pulley diameters should be carefully
selected in order to have a desired velocity ratio. The pulleys must be in perfect
alignment in order to allow the belt to travel in a line normal to the pulley faces.
The pulleys may be made of cast iron, cast steel or pressed steel, wood and
paper. The cast materials should have good friction and wear characteristics. The
pulleys made of pressed steel are lighter than cast pulleys, but in many cases they
have lower friction and may produce excessive wear.
2.3.3.1 TYPES OF PULLEYS:-
Following are the various types of pulleys for flat belts:
1. Cast iron pulleys.
2. Steel pulleys.
3. Wooden pulleys.
4. Paper pulleys, and
5. Fast and loose pulleys.
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
2.3.3.2 STANDARD SIZE OF V-BELT PULLESYS:-
According to Indian Standards (IS : 2494 – 1974), the V-belts are made in five
types i.e. A, B, C, D and E. The dimension for standard V-belts are shown in Table
1. The pulleys for V-belts may be made of cast iron or pressed steel in order to
reduce weight. The dimension for the standard V-grooved pulley according to IS:
2494 – 1974, are shown in table 2.
Table 2. Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS: 2494 – 1974.
Types of belt
Power ranges in
kw
Minimum pitch
diameter of pulley (D)
mm
Top width (b) mm
Thickness (t) mm
Weight per meter length in newtons
A 0.7-3.5 75 13 8 1.06B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89C 7.5-75 200 22 14 3.43D 20-150 355 32 19 5.96E 30-350 500 38 23 -
Table3. Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS : 2494 -1974.(All dimensions in mm)
Type of belt
W D A c f e no. of sheave grooves
(n)
Groove angel in degrees
A 11 12 3.3 8.7 10 15 6 32, 34, 38B 14 15 4.2 10.8 12.5 19 9 32, 34, 38C 19 20 5.7 14.3 17 25.5 14 34, 36, 38D 27 28 8.1 19.9 24 37 14 34, 36, 38E 32 33 9.6 23.4 29 44.5 20 -
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Design of various parts of V-Netting machine:-
3.1.1 SPEED REDUCTION:-
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
FIG .4 –SPEED REDUCTION SYSTEM
Data:
=Speed of Motor =1440 r.p.m.
=Speed of intermediate shaft
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
=Speed of output shaft
=Diameter of driver pulley = 60mm
= =Diameter of pulley B and D =356mm
=Diameter of pulley C=50mm
=
= 60*1440 356
=243 r.p.m.
=
= 60*243 356
=41 r.p.m.
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
3.1.2 DESIGN OF SHAFT:-
Torque on driver shaft,
Now power of motor is 0.5 BHP
P = P=0.5
=367.5watt
=2.43 Nm
=2430Nmm
Now, tension on driver pulley belt,
T= ( ) R
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=
=121.5 ………… (1)
Fig -5 Belt tension in V- belt
Now.
But,
=
=123.70
And, groove angle of pulley
From design data book for A-group pulley is 34
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
So,
= 9.16 ……….... (2)
Now, from equation (1) & (2)
(Tight side)
15N (Slack side)
3.1.2.1 Design of counter shaft:-
Tension on pulley B is same as on pulley A.So,
Now, torque on counter shaft
= (140-15) 356/2
=22250 N
Now, tension on pulley C
T= ( ) R
=
=635 N ………… (1)
Now.
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But,
=
=123.54
So,
= 9.16 ……….... (2)
Now, from equation (1) & (2)
(Tight side)
80N (Slack side)
Load diagram for counter shaft:-
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
Fig. 6 Load diagram of counter shaft
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Now take moment about point D,
Now, moment on point B & C
Equivalent Torque:-
=
Now, diameter of counter shaft
3.1.2.2 Design of driven shaft:
Now take moment about point C,
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
=115N
Now, moment at point B
Fig .7 Load diagram of Driven shaft
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Torque of driven shaft,
= ( ) R
= (715-80)254
=161290Nmm
Therefore, Equivalent torque is,
=
Now, diameter of driven shaft
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
3.1.3 DESIGN OF BELT:-
Fig -8 length of belt
Length of Belt between Pulley A and B:-
X = Centre distance between pulley A and B = 200mm
=40mm
=254mm
Length of belt (L) = +2X+
= +2(200) +
L = 1380mm
Length of Belt between Pulley C and D:-
X = Centre distance between pulley C and D = 190mm
=50mm
=254mm
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
Length of belt (L) = +2X+
= +2(190) +
L = 1390mm
Table 4. Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS: 2494 – 1974.
Types of belt
Power ranges in
kw
Minimum pitch
diameter of pulley (D)
mm
Top width (b) mm
Thickness (t) mm
Weight per meter length in newtons
A 0.7-3.5 75 13 8 1.06B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89C 7.5-75 200 22 14 3.43D 20-150 355 32 19 5.96E 30-350 500 38 23 -
3.1.4 SELECTION OF BEARING:-
FIG. 9 BEARINGS
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Designation of ball bearings:-
Generally the ball bearings are designated I three digits, how ever some times
it is designated in 4 or 5 digits.
Last two digits indicate bore diameter (d)
For example:
00 ----- d = 10mm
01 ----- d = 12mm
02 ----- d = 15mm
03 ----- d = 17mm
Digit 04 and after it, when multiplied by 5, give the bore diameter
For example:
04 ----- 4 5 = 20
06 ----- 6 5 = 30
20 ----- 20 5 = 100
25 ----- 25 5 = 125
Third digit from right hand side indicate the series of ball bearing,
For example:
100 – Extra light
200 – Light series
300 – medium series
400 – Heavy series
In 4 digit designation the 3rd and 4th digit from right side indicates series of
bearing.
Example of 4 digit bearing:
In SKF bearing 6205 means
Bore diameter = 05 05=25mm
62 indicate bearing series
Example of 5 digit bearing:
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In SKF bearing 51202 means
Bore diameter = 15mm
512 indicate bearing series
Table 5. Deep groove ball bearing Series 62
BearingNo.
(SKF)
Bearing dimension Basic loadRating in KN
Dynamic Static
Limiting speedin r.p.m.
lubrication
din
mm
Din
mm
Bin
Mm
Rin
mm
C in KN
in
KN
Grease Oil
6200 10 30 9 1 3.90 2.24 24000 300006201 12 32 10 1 5.30 3.10 22000 280006202 15 35 11 1 6.00 3.55 19000 240006203 17 40 12 1 7.35 4.50 17000 200006204 20 47 14 1.5 9.80 6.20 15000 180006205 25 52 15 1.5 10.80 6.95 12000 150006206 30 62 16 1.5 15.00 10.00 10000 130006207 35 72 17 2 19.60 13.70 900 110006208 40 80 18 2 23.60 16.60 8500 100006209 45 85 19 2 25.50 18.60 7500 90006210 50 90 20 2 27.00 19.60 7000 85006211 55 100 21 2.5 33.50 25.00 6300 75006212 60 110 22 2.5 36.50 28.00 6000 70006213 65 120 23 2.5 43.00 34.00 5300 63006214 70 125 24 2.5 47.50 37.50 5000 60006215 75 130 25 2.5 51.00 40.50 4800 56006216 80 140 26 3 54.00 45.00 4500 53006217 85 150 28 3 64.00 53.00 4300 50006218 90 160 30 3 73.50 62.00 3800 45006219 95 170 32 3.5 83.00 69.50 3600 43006220 100 180 34 3.5 95.00 78.00 3400 40006221 105 190 36 3.5 102.00 90.00 3200 38006222 110 200 38 3.5 112.00 100.00 3000 36006224 120 215 40 3.5 112.00 100.00 2800 34006226 130 230 40 4 120.00 112.00 2600 32006228 140 250 42 4 127.00 122.00 2400 3000
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6230 150 270 45 4 134.00 137.00 2000 2600
3.2 Specification of the V-Netting machine:-
1. COUNTER SHAFT:-
Length of shaft = 175 mm
Smaller diameter = 25 mm
Larger diameter = 28m
Intermediate diameter = 25m
2. DRIVEN SHAFT:-
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Length of shaft = 255 mm
Larger diameter = 28m
Smaller diameter = 25 mm
Intermediate diameter = 28 mm
Dimension of slot (for accommodation of flat plate)
Length= 45 mm
Thickness=5 mm
Width = 50m
3. PULLEYS:-
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Type = “A” group Type = “A” group
Diameter = 60mm Diameter = 356
Hub diameter =28mm Hub diameter = 32mm
4. HOLLOW CYLINDER AND FLAT PLATE:-
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Length of cylinder = 200 mm Length of flat = 360 mm
Outer diameter = 78 mm Thickness of flat = 5 mm
Inner diameter = 50 mm Width of flat = 50 mm
Pitch of internal thread = 38.15 mm
5. ELECTRIC MOTOR:-
Speed = 1440 r.p.m.
Current = 15 Amp
Voltage = 240 v
Phase = 1
6. ASSEMBLY:-
34V-Net Fence Weaving Machine
L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
35V-Net Fence Weaving Machine
L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
7. PROJECT MODEL:-
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
3.3 Estimating and Costing:
Sr.No Name Of Part Size
(mm)
Weight
(Kg)
No Of
Component
Rate
(Rs)
Cost
(Rs)
1 Angle for chassis - - 475
2 Rod for Shaft 45×300 5 2 37 370
3 Flat plate 400×50×6 1.5 1 37 55
4 Rod for hollow threaded
cylinder
75×300 18 1 35 630
5 Pedestal 25 - 4 150 600
6 Pulley (“A” Group) 60 - 1 125 125
7 Pulley (“A” Group) 356 - 1 550 550
8 Pulley (“B” Group) 60 - 1 100 100
9 Pulley (“B” Group) 356 - 1 525 525
10 Belt (“A” Group) 50 No. - 1 150 150
11 Belt (“B” Group) 46 No. - 1 135 135
12 Nut & Bolts - - - - 120
13 G- Sheet 1 150 150
14 1 A.C. Motor 0.5 Bhp - 1 2500 2500
15 Electric wire - 1 150 150
16 U-Clamp 75 - 2 30 60
17 M.S. Wire 1 2 - 50 100
Total material Cost 6795
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Direct material cost:6795 Rs
Direct labor cost: 2000 Rs
Total Cost
(1) Total cost = Material Cost + Labor Cost
= 6795 + 2000
= 8795 Rs
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
4. FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope of this machine, we can use sensor which automatically
measure the length of net and cut it according to requirement.
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L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department
5 REFERENCES
1. www.wiremesh-machine.com
2. www.youtube.com
3. www.begrandi.com
4. www.tradeindia.com
5. www.google.com
6. Machine design by R.S.KHURMI
7. Theory of machine by R.S.KHURMI
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