Vaccination for Contagious Diseases

Livestock Handling and Vaccine AdministrationAdapted from the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases (2011)

Handling and Restraint for Vaccination

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

• Safety is first consideration• All restraint should be imposed by

experienced handlers• Use behavioral principles to move

and restrain animals• Always leave an escape route

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Key Points of Handling

Flight Zone, Point of Balance, Blind Spot

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

General Handling

• Halters–Most common method

• Equine Stocks– Different from cattle

stocks, no head catch– Never enter the stocks

with a horse• Twitch – Places pressure on a

horse’s upper lipUSDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Equine Handling

• Chutes–With or without

headgates and metal arms

• ‘Lock ups’– Dairy operations at the

feed bunk

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Cattle Handling

• Approach slowly, calmly• ‘Tipping’ restraint– Set a sheep onto its rump

• Cupping under jaw and behind head to restrain

• Cupping under jaw and on dock of tail to move

• Alleys and gates

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Sheep Handling

• Tall alleyways, fences• A chute with headgates• Halter• Fitting table or milking

stand

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Goat Handling

• Often placed into a smaller pen

• Young pigs may be held• Snare poles• Flags, plastic paddles or

panels should be used as primary movement aids

• Avoid overuse of electric prods

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Swine Handling

Vaccine Administration

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

• For all species:– Use a new needle for each animal– Dispose of needles appropriately– Do not give multiple vaccinations in

the same site on any animal– No more then 10 ml in any one site, and

separate injection sites by 4 inches– Check to make sure needle has not

punctured a blood vessel

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Vaccine Administration

• Neck is the preferred injection site for subcutaneous injection

• Administer intramuscular vaccines in the neck

• May administer in muscles of the hindquarters

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Equine

• Subcutaneous or intramuscular injections– In triangular region of the

neck• Do not inject the upper

rump or upper butt

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Cattle

• Subcutaneous injections in the loose skin of axillary region

• Intramuscular injections given in the neck muscles

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Sheep

• Subcutaneous injections: axillary region

• Intramuscular injections in large muscles along the side of the neck

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Goat

• Small pigs– Subcutaneous injections:

loose flaps of flank skin or behind the elbow

• Large pigs– Subcutaneous injections in

the neck, just behind and below the ear

• Intramuscular injections: in the neck just behind and below the ear

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Swine

• Recommended needle sizes are based on:– Species– Age of the animal– Route of administration–Manufacturer recommendation

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Needle Sizes

Record Keeping

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

• Individual animal or group identification– Devices and number(s)

• Owner’s name and mailing address

• Signalment– Species, age, sex, breed

• Vaccination date

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Vaccination Record

• Vaccination route and location• Vaccine information– Brand or manufacturer– Product name or number– Lot number– Expiration date

• Withdrawal date (for food-producing animals)

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Vaccination Record

• FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines & SOP: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases (2011)– http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_h

ealth/emergency_management/

• Vaccination for Contagious Diseases web-base training module– http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

For More Information

Authors (CFSPH)• Jim Roth, DVM, PhD, DACVM• Amber Stumbaugh, MS• Anna Rovid-Spickler, DVM, PhD• Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH,

PhD, DACVPMReviewers (USDA) • Patricia Foley, DVM, PhD• R. Alex Thompson, DVM, PhD

USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination of Contagious Disease - Administration

Guidelines Content

AcknowledgmentsDevelopment of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services

PPT Author: Patricia Futoma, Veterinary Student, Iowa State UniversityReviewers: Cheryl L. Eia, JD, DVM, MPH; Janice Mogan, DVM