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M.S RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND
COMMERCE
A SEMINAR REPORT ON
SUBMITTED ON THE FULFILLMENT OF 1STYEAR M.SC 2ND SEM
BIOTECHNOLOGY PRESCRIBED BY BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:
NAHID JAHAN ANSARI MRS. YASHODHA
2ND SEM M.SC. BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The submission of this seminar report gives me an opportunity to express
my gratitude to all those inspiring forces, which have been the pillars
behind the successful completion of this seminar.
First of all I would like to thank Mrs Yashodha , Department ofBiotechnology for guiding me and helping me in the delivery of my
seminar.
I am also thankful to Mrs. Asha, Head of Department of
Biotechnology for giving me the opportunity to deliver my seminar.
Paramita Saha
M.Sc Biotechnology
IInd Semester
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V
ACCINES
Submitted by:
PARAMITA SAHA
M.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY
II SEMESTER
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INDEX
INTRODUTION03
PRINCIPLE OF VACCINES
04
VACCINETION: A Bit Histoy
05
CLASSIFICATION06-08
VACCINE CONTENTS
09
VACCINES PRODUCTION
10
CONVENTIONAL VACCINES
11-12
SUBUNIT VACCINES
13-17
SUMMURY
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
INTRODUTION
PRINCIPLE OF VACCINES
VACCINETION- A Bit Histoy
CLASSIFICATION
VACCINE CONTENTS
VACCINES PRODUCTION
CONVENTIONALVACCINES
SUBUNIT VACCINES
CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION: What are vaccines?
Injections or oral drops.
Given any persons or even animals.
To prevent any disease caused by virus or becteria.
The word vaccine is derived from the Latin word vacca.
In Latin vaccameans cow.
First vaccines produced used the cowpox viruses from cow pox diseased
cows. Hence the name.
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THE PRINCIPLE
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PRINCIPLE OF VACCINATION
When the same virus either weakened or killed are introduced
intentionally into ones body.
Virus or bacteria attacks can cause disease to a person.
The body produces antibodies to fight against the virus.
If the virus or bacteria attack such person , the antibodies which are
already produced, fight against the disease, and the person is protected
against the disease.
Hence there is a resistence to the disease caused by the virus.
Hence vaccines can be used to prevent diseases caused by viruses or
bacteria.
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VACCINATION: A BIT OF HISTORY
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HISTORY
In 1978, Edward Janner, for the first time produced vaccines to
induces resistence to small pox .
Janner considered to be the founder of the system of vaccination.
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EDWARD JANNER
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AN IDEAL VACCINE
1. Should not be toxic or pathogenic.
2. Should have very low level of side-effects
3. Should not cause problems in individuals with an impaired immune system.
4. Should not spread either within the vaccinated individuals or to the others
individuals.
5. Should not contaminant the environment.
6. Should be effective in producing long lasting humoral and cellular
immunities.
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7. The technique of vaccination should be simple.
8. Should be cheap.
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CLASSIFICATION
Two Types :
1. Dead virus vaccines
2. Live virus vaccines
In dead virus vaccines, the viruses are killed.
In live virus vaccines , the viruses are weakened.
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CONTENT OF VACCINES
Vaccines- oil coloured/colourless clear fluid.
It is made up of Virus
About 7 million viruses are required for a dose of vaccination.
If we make sauce out of tomato, called as tomato sauce.
Vaccines are also similar to sauce but made up of viruses, hence knownas virus sauce.
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VACCINE PRODUCTION
1. Production of viruses in huge numbers.
2. Seperation of viruses.
3. Weakening or killing of viruses.
4. Proccessing, applying preservatives.
5. Packing and dispatching
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CONVENTIONAL VACCINES
It consist of whole pathogenic organisms, which may either be killed or
live; the virulence of pathogens is greately reduced (attenuation).
Conventional vaccines are produced in either whole animals or cultured
animal cells.
They are highly effective and relatively easy to produce at low cost.
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LIMITATION
Safety: Reversion to virulence.
Incomplete inactivation.
Contaminations.
Secondary effects: inflammation.
Fever.
Hypersensitivity
Immunosuppression.
Cold chain: refrigeration.
Not available against all diseases: ASF Non-differentiation between vaccinated and sick animals.
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SUBUNIT VACCINES
A vaccine containing viral antigens made free of viral nucleic acid by
chemical extraction and containing only minimal amounts of nonviral
antigens derived from the culture medium.
It is less likely to cause adverse reactions than a vaccine containingthe whole virion.
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Advantages:
Defined Composition
Various delivery systems available
Disadvantages:
Antigens must be produced and purified by cultivation of a pathogen
Multiple doses typically required
Adjuvant needed
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RECOMBINANT SUBUNIT VACCINES
Identify and isolate a specific gene from virulent bacteria or virusgene that codes immuno protective protein.
Gene is inserted into plasmid DNA and ligated with ligase.
New (engineered) plasmid inserted into another bacterium (transform).
Allowed to grow and actually produce the antigenic protein.
The vaccine is comprised of purified proteins recovered from theexpression vector.
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STRATEGIES OF R. SUBUNIT VACCINES
1.Integration of the transgene into plant genome
2.Expression as a coat protein fusion of a plant virus
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EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINES
Induce the right sort of immunity
Be stable on storage
Have sufficient immunogenicity
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SUMMARY
1. A state of immunity can be induced by passive or active.
2. In developing vaccine, the developing vaccine the branch of immune
system to be activated must be considered.
3. To induce immune system epitope must be present.
4. To induce CMI, a vaccine capable of transient intracellular growth isdesirable.
5. MHC class I molecule necessary for the CMI.
6. Three types of vaccines are currently used in humans: Attenuated,
inactivated, or Purified vaccines.
7. Recombinant vectors , including vaccinia virus,canarypox&attenuted canbe carry multiple gene s from infectious mos .
8. Plasmid DNA encoding a protein Ag from a pathogen has been shown
effective vaccine.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org
www.britanica.com
Immunology By: Kuby
Immunology and Medical Microbiology By
B.D Singh.
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